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53-700: Konakovsky District is located at two banks of the Volga River which in the limits of the district is built as the Ivankovo Reservoir . It is elongated from the southwest to northeast, along the Volga, and the total area of the district belongs to its drainage basin . The main tributaries of the Volga within the district are the Soz River (left) and the Shosha River (right). The lower course of

106-738: A connection with the hydronym Irtesh . The Turkic peoples associated the Itil's origin with the Kama . Thus, a left tributary to the Kama was named the Aq Itil 'White Itil' which unites with the Kara Itil 'Black Itil' at the modern city of Ufa . The name Indyl ( Indɨl ) is used in the Cherkess language. In Asia the river was known by its other Turkic name Sarı-su 'yellow water', but

159-539: A length of about 160 kilometres (99 miles) and includes as many as 500 channels and smaller rivers. The largest estuary in Europe, it is the only place in Russia where pelicans , flamingos , and lotuses may be found. The Volga freezes for most of its length for three months each year. The Volga drains most of Western Russia . Its many large reservoirs provide irrigation and hydroelectric power. The Moscow Canal ,

212-496: A part of Korchevskoy Uyezd . In 1796, the Viceroyalty was abolished and transformed into Tver Governorate . The uyezd center was located in the town of Korcheva , located in the current area of the district. On May 30, 1922 Korchevskoy Uyezd was abolished and merged into Kimrsky Uyezd . The western part of the district belonged to Klinsky Uyezd of Moscow Governorate. On July 12 1929, Moscow and Tver Governorates

265-506: Is located in a swampy area, adjacent to the nature reserve of Zavidovo . Population: 1,769 ( 2010 Census ) ; 4,441 ( 2002 Census ) ; 5,331 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . In 1930, the peat extraction in the area started, and the plant Izoplit started operation. The settlement was founded to host the plant workers. At the time, it was a part of Zavidovsky District of Moscow Oblast . On January 29, 1935 Kalinin Oblast

318-427: Is preserved in many Slavic languages, vlaga ( влага ) 'moisture', Bulgarian vlaga ( влага ) 'moisture', Czech vláha 'dampness', Serbo-Croatian : vlaga ( влага ) 'moisture', Slovene vlaga 'moisture', Polish wilgoć 'moisture' and Macedonian vlaga ( влага ) 'moisture', among others. The Scythian name for the Volga was Rahā , literally meaning 'wetness'. This

371-461: Is related to the Avestan name for a mythical stream, Raŋhā ( 𐬭𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬁 ), which means "wet" or "moisture", and was derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₁res- or *h₁ers- ). This name can be compared to several Indo-Iranic terms, such as: The Scythian name survives in modern Moksha as Rav ( Рав ). The Greek author Herodotus recorded two more ancient Iranic names of

424-692: Is the longest river in Europe and the longest endorheic basin river in the world. Situated in Russia , it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea . The Volga has a length of 3,531 km (2,194 mi), and a catchment area of 1,360,000 km (530,000 sq mi). It is also Europe's largest river in terms of average discharge at delta – between 8,000 m /s (280,000 cu ft/s) and 8,500 m /s (300,000 cu ft/s) – and of drainage basin . It

477-789: Is the Ob – Irtysh river system. It belongs to the closed basin of the Caspian Sea , being the longest river to flow into a closed basin. The source of the Volga lies in the village of Volgoverkhov'e in Tver Oblast . Rising in the Valdai Hills 225 meters (738 ft) above sea level northwest of Moscow and about 320 kilometers (200 mi) southeast of Saint Petersburg , the Volga heads east past Lake Sterzh , Tver , Dubna , Rybinsk , Yaroslavl , Nizhny Novgorod , and Kazan . From there it turns south, flows past Ulyanovsk , Tolyatti , Samara , Saratov and Volgograd , and discharges into

530-488: Is widely regarded as the national river of Russia . The hypothetical old Russian state, the Rus' Khaganate , arose along the Volga c.  830 AD . Historically, the river served as an important meeting place of various Eurasian civilizations. The river flows in Russia through forests , forest steppes and steppes . Five of the ten largest cities of Russia , including the nation's capital, Moscow , are located in

583-653: The Arab world . Khazars were replaced by Kipchaks , Kimeks and Mongols , who founded the Golden Horde in the lower reaches of the Volga. Later their empire divided into the Khanate of Kazan and Khanate of Astrakhan , both of which were conquered by the Russians in the course of the 16th century Russo-Kazan Wars . The Russian people's deep feeling for the Volga echoes in national culture and literature, starting from

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636-792: The Battle of Stalingrad , possibly the bloodiest battle in human history, in which the Soviet Union and the German forces were deadlocked in a stalemate battle for access to the river. The Volga was (and still is) a vital transport route between central Russia and the Caspian Sea, which provides access to the oil fields of the Absheron Peninsula . Hitler planned to use access to the oil fields of Azerbaijan to fuel future German conquests. Apart from that, whoever held both sides of

689-690: The Buzan river in the Astrakhan Oblast . Buzhan ( Persian : بوژان‎ , romanized :  Būzhān ; also known as Būzān ) is also a village in Nishapur , Iran . In late 8th century the Russian state Russkiy Kaganate is recorded in different Northern and Oriental sources. The Volga was one of the main rivers of the Rus' Khaganates culture. Subsequently, the river basin played an important role in

742-543: The Moscow – Saint Petersburg Railway , located in the settlement of Redkino , is approximately 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east of Izoplit. It belongs to the Leningradsky suburban railway line and is connected by regular passenger suburban service with both Moscow ( Moscow Leningradsky railway station ) and Tver. There is a railway branch between Redkino and Izoplit, but it is not used for passenger traffic. The settlement

795-563: The Oirats also used their own name, Ijil mörön or 'adaptation river'. Presently the Mari , another Uralic group, call the river Jul ( Юл ), meaning 'way' in Tatar . Formerly, they called the river Volgydo , a borrowing from Old East Slavic . The Volga is the longest river in Europe , and its catchment area is almost entirely inside Russia , though the longest river in Russia

848-793: The Volga–Don Canal , and the Volga–Baltic Waterway form navigable waterways connecting Moscow to the White Sea , the Baltic Sea , the Caspian Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea . High levels of chemical pollution have adversely affected the river and its habitats. The fertile river valley provides large quantities of wheat and other agricultural produce, and also has many mineral riches. A substantial petroleum industry centers on

901-467: The 12th century Lay of Igor's Campaign . The Volga Boatman's Song is one of many songs devoted to the national river of Russia. Construction of Soviet Union -era dams often involved enforced resettlement of huge numbers of people, as well as destruction of their historical heritage. For instance, the town of Mologa was flooded for the purpose of constructing the Rybinsk Reservoir (then

954-684: The 8th centuries, the Alans settled in the Middle Volga region and in the steppes of Russia's southern region in the Pontic–Caspian steppe . The area around the Volga was inhabited by the Slavic tribes of Vyatichs and Buzhans , by Finno-Ugric , Scandinavian , Baltic , Hunnic and Turkic peoples ( Tatars , Kipchaks ) in the first millennium AD, replacing the Scythians . Furthermore,

1007-552: The Caspian Sea below Astrakhan at 28 meters (92 ft) below sea level. The Volga has many tributaries , most importantly the Kama , the Oka , the Vetluga , and the Sura . The Volga and its tributaries form the Volga river system, which flows through an area of about 1,350,000 square kilometres (521,238 square miles) in the most heavily populated part of Russia. The Volga Delta has

1060-829: The East Slavs. The Russian ethnicity in Western Russia and around the Volga river evolved to a very large extent, next to other tribes, out of the East Slavic tribe of the Buzhans and Vyatichis . The Vyatichis were originally concentrated on the Oka river. Furthermore, several localities in Russia are connected to the Slavic Buzhan tribe, like for example Sredniy Buzhan in the Orenburg Oblast , Buzan and

1113-551: The GDP of the district. The district is industrialized and is the third in Tver Oblast in terms of the industrial production, behind the city of Tver and Udomelsky District . Some of the big enterprises include a mechanical plant producing cranes and specialized trucks in the urban-type settlement of Novozavidovsky and a construction industry plant in the urban-type settlement of Izoplit . The main specializations of agriculture in

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1166-640: The Middle East met the Varangian people of the Nordic countries through trading. In the 8th and 9th centuries colonization also began from Kievan Rus' . Slavs from Kievan Rus' brought Christianity to the upper Volga, and a portion of non-Slavic local people adopted Christianity and gradually became East Slavs . The remainder of the Mari people migrated to the east far inland. In the course of several centuries

1219-580: The Shosha makes a significant part of the Ivankovo Reservoir. The main tributary of the Shosha within the district is the Lama River (right). Since the 13th century, the area was a part of Principality of Tver . In the 18th century, the eastern part of the district was included into Moscow Governorate . In 1775 it was transferred to newly established Tver Viceroyalty and since 1781 became

1272-720: The Slavs assimilated the indigenous Finnic populations, such as the Merya and Meshchera peoples. The surviving peoples of Volga Finnic ethnicity include the Maris , Erzyas and Mokshas of the middle Volga. Also Khazar and Bulgar peoples inhabited the upper, middle and lower of the Volga River basin. Apart from the Huns , the earliest Turkic tribes arrived in the 7th century and assimilated some Finno-Ugric and Indo-European population on

1325-873: The Volga formed the boundary between the territories of the Cimmerians in the Caucasian Steppe and the Scythians in the Caspian Steppe. After the Scythians migrated to the west and displaced the Cimmerians, the Volga became the boundary between the territories of the Scythians in the Pontic and Caspian Steppes and the Massagetae in the Caspian and Transcaspian steppes. Between the 6th and

1378-586: The Volga valley. Other resources include natural gas , salt , and potash . The Volga Delta and the Caspian Sea are fishing grounds . A number of large hydroelectric reservoirs were constructed on the Volga during the Soviet era . They are: The Volga– Oka region has been occupied for at least 9,000 years and supported a bone and antler industry for producing bone arrowheads, spearheads, lanceheads, daggers, hunters knives, and awls. The makers also used local quartz and imported flints. During classical antiquity ,

1431-591: The Volga's drainage basin. Because the Volga drains into the Caspian Sea , which is an endorheic body of water, the Volga does not naturally connect to any of the world's oceans. Some of the largest reservoirs in the world are located along the Volga River. The river has a symbolic meaning in Russian culture – Russian literature and folklore often refer to it as Волга-матушка Volga-Matushka (Mother Volga). The Russian hydronym Volga ( Волга ) derives from Proto-Slavic * vòlga 'wetness, moisture', which

1484-417: The Volga, slightly smaller on some of the other rivers and canals) and it spans many thousands of kilometers. A number of formerly state-run, now mostly privatized, companies operate passenger and cargo vessels on the river; Volgotanker , with over 200 petroleum tankers , is one of them. In the later Soviet era , up to the modern times, grain and oil have been among the largest cargo exports transported on

1537-640: The Volga. Until recently access to the Russian waterways was granted to foreign vessels on a very limited scale. The increasing contacts between the European Union and Russia have led to new policies with regard to the access to the Russian inland waterways. It is expected that vessels of other nations will be allowed on Russian rivers soon. Izoplit Izoplit ( Russian : Изопли́т ) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement ) in Konakovsky District of Tver Oblast , Russia . It

1590-732: The Volga: The Turkic peoples living along the river formerly referred to it as Itil or Atil . In modern Turkic languages , the Volga is known as İdel ( Идел ) in Tatar , Atăl ( Атӑл ) in Chuvash , Iźel in Bashkir , Edıl in Kazakh , and İdil in Turkish . The Turkic names go back to the ancient Turkic form " Etil / Ertil ", the origin and meaning of which are not clear. Perhaps this form has

1643-626: The Whites eastward, from the Middle Volga at Kazan to the Kama and eventually to Ufa on the Belaya . During the Civil War, Joseph Stalin ordered the imprisonment of several military specialists on a barge in the Volga and the sinking of a floating prison in which the officers perished. During World War II, the city on the big bend of the Volga, currently known as Volgograd , witnessed

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1696-635: The development of modern Russians. Among the first recorded people along the upper Volga were also the Finnic Mari (Мари) and Merya (Мäрӹ) people. Where the Volga flows through the steppes the area was also inhabited by the Iranian people of the Sarmatians from 200 BC. Since ancient times, even before Rus' states developed, the Volga river was an important trade route where not only Slavic, Turkic and Finnic peoples lived, but also Arab world of

1749-446: The district are cattle breeding with meat and milk production, poultry production, vegetables growing, fur production, fish farming, and fishery. The Moscow – Saint Petersburg Railway crosses the district from south to north. In particular, it crosses the Ivankovo Reservoir over a dam. The main stations within the district are Zavidovo (in the urban-type settlement of Novozavidovsky) and Redkino . All railway stops on this line within

1802-431: The district are on the Leningradsky suburban railway line and are connected by regular passenger suburban service with both Moscow ( Moscow Leningradsky railway station ) and Tver. Additionally, in Reshetnikovo a railway line to Konakovo branches off. Konakovo ( Konakovo GRES ) is connected by regular passenger suburban service with Moscow as well. The M10 highway , which connects Moscow and St. Petersburg, crosses

1855-418: The district from southeast to northwest. In Zavidovo , a road branches off east, and proceeds to Konakovo and Kimry . There are also local roads with the bus traffic. The district contains four cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally eighty-one objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance (eight of them located in Konakovo). The federal monuments are

1908-427: The district was abolished and split between Konakovsky, Kalininsky, and Goritsky Districts . In Zavidovo , a hunting ground was established in the 1960s for use by VIPs, including the heads of state. Since 1996, Zavidovo has a status of one of the official residences of the President of Russia. Konakovo Power Station , a thermal power plant, is the biggest enterprise in the district. In 2008, it produced over 60% of

1961-407: The ensemble of the travel palace and the Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos in the selo of Gorodnya , the Poroshin House in the selo of Zavidovo , as well as a monument commemorating the Kalinin Front active during World War II . Konakovo District Museum, located in Konakovo, has exhibitions on the archeology and history of the district. The Memorial Museum of Spiridon Drozhzhin is open in

2014-405: The lakes of the North ( Lake Ladoga , Lake Onega ), Saint Petersburg and the Baltic Sea are possible through the Volga–Baltic Waterway ; and commerce with Moscow has been realised by the Moscow Canal connecting the Volga and the Moskva River . This infrastructure has been designed for vessels of a relatively large scale (lock dimensions of 290 by 30 metres (951 ft × 98 ft) on

2067-410: The largest artificial lake in the world). The construction of the Uglich Reservoir caused the flooding of several monasteries with buildings dating from the 15th and 16th centuries. In such cases the ecological and cultural damage often outbalanced any economic advantage. During the Russian Civil War , both sides fielded warships on the Volga. In 1918, the Red Volga Flotilla participated in driving

2120-406: The middle and lower Volga. The Turkic Christian Chuvash and Muslim Volga Tatars are descendants of the population of medieval Volga Bulgaria . Another Turkic group, the Nogais , formerly inhabited the lower Volga steppes. The Volga region is home to a German minority group, the Volga Germans . Catherine the Great had issued a manifesto in 1763 inviting all foreigners to come and populate

2173-528: The movements of peoples from Asia to Europe . A powerful polity of Volga Bulgaria once flourished where the Kama joins the Volga, while Khazaria controlled the lower stretches of the river. Such Volga cities as Atil , Saqsin , or Sarai were among the largest in the medieval world. The river served as an important trade route connecting Scandinavia , Finnic areas with the various Slavic tribes and Turkic, Germanic , Finnic and other people in Old Rus' , and Volga Bulgaria with Khazaria , Persia and

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2226-402: The other side from the banks of the river. In these battles, the Soviet Union was the main offensive side, while the German troops used a more defensive stance, though much of the fighting was close quarters combat , with no clear offensive or defensive side. Many different ethnicities lived on the Volga river. Numerous were the Eastern Slavic Vyatchi tribes which took a decisive role in

2279-470: The region, offering them numerous incentives to do so. This was partly to develop the region but also to provide a buffer zone between the Russians and the Mongols to the east. Because of conditions in German territories, Germans responded in the largest numbers. Under the Soviet Union a slice of the region was turned into the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . The Volga, widened for navigation purposes with construction of huge dams during

2332-495: The river could move forces across the river, to defeat the enemy's fortifications beyond the river. By taking the river, Hitler's Germany would have been able to move supplies , guns , and men into the northern part of Russia. At the same time, Germany could permanently deny this transport route by the Soviet Union, hampering its access to oil and to supplies via the Persian Corridor . For this reason, many amphibious military assaults were brought about in an attempt to remove

2385-612: The river played a vital role in the commerce of the Byzantine people . The ancient scholar Ptolemy of Alexandria mentions the lower Volga in his Geography (Book 5, Chapter 8, 2nd Map of Asia). He calls it the Rha , which was the Scythian name for the river. Ptolemy believed the Don and the Volga shared the same upper branch, which flowed from the Hyperborean Mountains. Between 2nd and 5th centuries Baltic people were very widespread in today's European Russia. Baltic people were widespread from Sozh River till today's Moscow and covered much of today's Central Russia and intermingled with

2438-833: The urban-type settlement of Novozavidovsky. The house where Drozhzhin , a poet who lived in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, built this house in the village of Nizovka, which was later submerged by water at the construction of the Ivankovo Reservoir. The house was transferred to Novozavidovsky and open as a museum. It was considerably damaged during World War II and restored later. It currently exhibits personal belongings of Drozhzhin and shows an exposition on his life. Volga River 8,103.078 m /s (286,157.5 cu ft/s) 2,806.467 m /s (99,109.4 cu ft/s) Yaroslavl (Basin size: 153,657.8 km (59,327.6 sq mi): 1,008.277 m /s (35,607.0 cu ft/s) The Volga ( Russian : Волга , pronounced [ˈvoɫɡə] )

2491-431: The western part of the district was occupied by German troops . On February 13, 1963, during the abortive Khrushchyov administrative reform, Konakovsky District was merged into Kalininsky District, but on January  12, 1965 it was re-established. In 1990, Kalinin Oblast was renamed Tver Oblast. On July 12, 1929 Zavidovsky District with the administrative center in the urban-type settlement of Novozavidovsky

2544-431: The years of Joseph Stalin 's industrialization , is of great importance to inland shipping and transport in Russia: all the dams in the river have been equipped with large (double) ship locks , so that vessels of considerable dimensions can travel from the Caspian Sea almost to the upstream end of the river. Connections with the river Don and the Black Sea are possible through the Volga–Don Canal . Connections with

2597-412: Was abolished, and the area was transferred to Moscow Oblast . Uyezds were abolished as well, and Kuznetsovsky District, with the administrative center in the town of Korcheva , was established within Kimry Okrug of Moscow Oblast . On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were abolished, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. On February 26, 1930 the urban-type settlement of Kuznetsovo

2650-448: Was created as well. It was a part of Tver Okrug of Moscow Oblast. On July 1, 1936 it was transferred to Kalinin Oblast. On November 14, 1960 the district was abolished and merged into Konakovsky District. On September 8, 1937 Orshinsky District with the administrative center in the selo of Rozhdestveno was established in the area which previously belonged to Konakovsky and Zavidovsky Districts. On October 22, 1959

2703-426: Was established, and Zavidovsky District was transferred to Kalinin Oblast. During World War II , Redkino was occupied by German troops for a month in November–December 1941. In 1946, it was granted urban-type settlement status. On November 14, 1960 the district was abolished and merged into Konakovsky District. On February 13, 1963, during the abortive Khrushchyov administrative reform, Konakovsky District

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2756-476: Was merged into Kalininsky District, but on January  12, 1965 it was re-established. In 1990, Kalinin Oblast was renamed Tver Oblast. The settlement was built to serve the eponymous plant which produced construction blocks with improved thermal isolation. By 2013 the plant, which employed virtually the whole population of Izoplit, went bankrupt, and in late 2013, it was sold to the Finnish company Paroc OY AB and reopened. The railway station of Redkino at

2809-407: Was renamed Konakovo, and Kuznetsovsky District was renamed Konakovsky. On January 29, 1935 Kalinin Oblast was established, and Konakovsky District was transferred to Kalinin Oblast. In 1937, when the Ivankovo Reservoir was filled, Korcheva was submerged into water. The administrative center of the district was transferred to Konakovo, which was granted town status. In 1941, during World War II ,

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