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Korea–Russia Friendship Bridge

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The Korea–Russia Friendship Bridge ( Korean : 조선–로씨야 우정의 다리 Chosŏn–Rossiya Ujŏngŭi Dali , Russian : Мост Дружбы , romanized :  Most Druzhby ‍ ) is a rail bridge over the Tumen River . It was commissioned in 1959 as a replacement for a temporary wooden bridge. Located immediately downstream from the China–North Korea–Russia tripoint , the bridge is the sole crossing point on the 17 km long North Korea–Russia border . Planks are laid between the tracks making crossing of road vehicles possible by special arrangement, but it is primarily a rail bridge. The tracks are dual gauge because the Russian railroad system uses a track gauge of 1,520 mm ( 4 ft  11 + 27 ⁄ 32  in ) while the North Korean system uses 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ). The bridge is served by the Khasan railway station on Russian soil and Tumangang Station on the North Korean side of the river.

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39-504: In October 2017 a fiber optic cable running across the bridge provided North Korea with an additional connection to the global Internet through Russia's TransTelekom provider, a subsidiary of Russian national railway operator Russian Railways . It allows the country to be less dependent on its primary internet connection through China Unicom (similarly running over the Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge ), after it

78-475: A "loss budget" which is the maximum amount of loss that is allowed. Invisible infrared light (750 nm and larger) is used in commercial glass fiber communications because it has lower attenuation in such materials than visible light. However, the glass fibers will transmit visible light somewhat, which is convenient for simple testing of the fibers without requiring expensive equipment. Splices can be inspected visually, and adjusted for minimal light leakage at

117-452: A North Korean building or structure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Optical fiber cable This is an accepted version of this page A fiber-optic cable , also known as an optical-fiber cable , is an assembly similar to an electrical cable but containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in

156-600: A camera mounted within a handheld device, which has an opening for the connectorized fiber and a USB output for connection to a display device such as a laptop. This makes the activity of looking for damage or dirt on the connector face much safer. Small glass fragments can also be a problem if they get under someone's skin, so care is needed to ensure that fragments produced when cleaving fiber are properly collected and disposed of appropriately. There are hybrid optical and electrical cables that are used in wireless outdoor Fiber To The Antenna (FTTA) applications. In these cables,

195-428: A central strength member normally made from fiberglass or plastic. There is also a copper conductor in external cables. Optical cables transfer data at the speed of light in glass. This is the speed of light in vacuum divided by the refractive index of the glass used, typically around 180,000 to 200,000 km/s, resulting in 5.0 to 5.5 microseconds of latency per km. Thus the round-trip delay time for 1000 km

234-790: A common outer jacket. The power conductors used in these hybrid cables are for directly powering an antenna or for powering tower-mounted electronics exclusively serving an antenna. They have a nominal voltage normally less than 60 VDC or 108/120 VAC. Other voltages may be present depending on the application and the relevant National Electrical Code (NEC). These types of hybrid cables may also be useful in other environments such as Distributed Antenna System (DAS) plants where they will serve antennas in indoor, outdoor, and roof-top locations. Considerations such as fire resistance, Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL) Listings, placement in vertical shafts, and other performance-related issues need to be fully addressed for these environments. Since

273-580: A composite unit consisting of up to four or six individual innerducts that are held together by some mechanical means, or a single extruded product having multiple channels through which to pull several cables. In either case, the multiduct is coilable, and can be pulled into existing conduit in a manner similar to that of conventional innerduct. Innerducts are primarily installed in underground conduit systems that provide connecting paths between manhole locations. In addition to placement in conduit, innerduct can be directly buried, or aerially installed by lashing

312-478: A loose tube, the fiber may be embedded in a heavy polymer jacket, commonly called "tight buffer" construction. Tight buffer cables are offered for a variety of applications, but the two most common are " Breakout " and " Distribution ". Breakout cables normally contain a ripcord, two non-conductive dielectric strengthening members (normally a glass rod epoxy), an aramid yarn, and 3 mm buffer tubing with an additional layer of Kevlar surrounding each fiber. The ripcord

351-423: A loss of 0.19 dB/km at 1550 nm. Plastic optical fiber (POF) loses much more: 1 dB/m at 650 nm. POF is large core (about 1 mm) fiber suitable only for short, low speed networks such as TOSLINK optical audio or for use within cars. Each connection between cables adds about 0.6 dB of average loss, and each joint (splice) adds about 0.1 dB. Many fiber optic cable connections have

390-410: A means for subdividing conventional conduit that was originally designed for single, large-diameter metallic conductor cables into multiple channels for smaller optical cables. Innerducts are typically small-diameter, semi-flexible subducts. According to Telcordia GR-356 , there are three basic types of innerduct: smoothwall, corrugated, and ribbed. These various designs are based on the profile of

429-437: A much more robust cable construction is required. In loose-tube construction the fiber is laid helically into semi-rigid tubes, allowing the cable to stretch without stretching the fiber itself. This protects the fiber from tension during laying and due to temperature changes. Loose-tube fiber may be "dry block" or gel-filled. Dry block offers less protection to the fibers than gel-filled, but costs considerably less. Instead of

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468-537: A patchcord, if many patchcords are installed at one point. Individual fibers in a multi-fiber cable are often distinguished from one another by color-coded jackets or buffers on each fiber. The identification scheme used by Corning Cable Systems is based on EIA/TIA-598, "Optical Fiber Cable Color Coding" which defines identification schemes for fibers, buffered fibers, fiber units, and groups of fiber units within outside plant and premises optical fiber cables. This standard allows for fiber units to be identified by means of

507-403: A plastic shell (such as SC connectors ) typically use a color-coded shell. Standard color codings for jackets (or buffers) and boots (or connector shells) are shown below: Remark: It is also possible that a small part of a connector is additionally color-coded, e.g. the lever of an E-2000 connector or a frame of an fiber-optic adapter . This additional color coding indicates the correct port for

546-469: A printed legend. This method can be used for identification of fiber ribbons and fiber subunits. The legend will contain a corresponding printed numerical position number or color for use in identification. The color code used above resembles PE copper cables used in standard telephone wiring. In the UK a different color code is followed. Each 12-fiber bundle or element within a Cable Optical Fibre 200/201 cable

585-401: A protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable is used. Different types of cable are used for fiber-optic communication in different applications, for example long-distance telecommunication or providing a high-speed data connection between different parts of a building. Optical fiber consists of a core and a cladding layer, selected for total internal reflection due to

624-555: A small fraction of the fibers in a cable may actually be in use. Companies can lease or sell the unused fiber to other providers who are looking for service in or through an area. Depending on specific local regulations, companies may overbuild their networks for the specific purpose of having a large network of dark fiber for sale, reducing the overall need for trenching and municipal permitting. Alternatively, they may deliberately under-invest to prevent their rivals from profiting from their investment. Optical fibers are very strong, but

663-401: Is a parallel cord of strong yarn that is situated under the jacket(s) of the cable for jacket removal. Distribution cables have an overall Kevlar wrapping, a ripcord, and a 900 micrometer buffer coating surrounding each fiber. These fiber units are commonly bundled with additional steel strength members, again with a helical twist to allow for stretching. A critical concern in outdoor cabling

702-513: Is a potential laser safety hazard to technicians. The eye's natural defense against sudden exposure to bright light is the blink reflex , which is not triggered by infrared sources. In some cases the power levels are high enough to damage eyes, particularly when lenses or microscopes are used to inspect fibers that are emitting invisible infrared light. Inspection microscopes with optical safety filters are available to guard against this. More recently indirect viewing aids are used, which can comprise

741-501: Is around 11 milliseconds. Signal loss in optic fiber is measured in decibels (dB). A loss of 3 dB across a link means the light at the far end is only half the intensity of the light that was sent into the fiber. A 6 dB loss means only one quarter of the light made it through the fiber. Once too much light has been lost, the signal is too weak to recover and the link becomes unreliable and eventually ceases to function entirely. The exact point at which this happens depends on

780-453: Is colored as follows: Each element is in a tube within the cable (not a blown fiber tube) The cable elements start with the red tube and are counted around the cable to the green tube. Active elements are in white tubes and yellow fillers or dummies are laid in the cable to fill it out depending on how many fibers and units exists – can be up to 276 fibers or 23 elements for external cable and 144 fibers or 12 elements for internal. The cable has

819-586: Is individually reinforced, the cable can be easily divided into individual fiber lines. Each simplex cable within the outer jacket may be broken out and then continue as a patch cable , for example in a fiber to the desk application in an office building. This enables connector termination without requiring special junctions, and can reduce or eliminate the need for fiberoptic patch panels or an optical distribution frame . Breakout cable requires terminations to be done with simple connectors, which may be preferred for some situations. A more common solution today

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858-588: Is the use of a fanout kit that adds a jacket to the very fine strands of other cable types. Ribbon fanout pigtails are made of ribbon fiber optic cables. It is generally installed in closet area or horizontal patch extension from consolidation point to the workstation outlets. It includes: jacket ribbon fanout pigtails and bare ribbon fanout pigtails. Jacket ribbon fanout pigtails have outer jacket. Bare ribbon fanout pigtails have no outer jacket and generally protected by transparent tube. Bunch fanout pigtails are made of multi-core round bunch fiber optic cable, which

897-476: Is to protect the fiber from damage by water. This is accomplished by use of solid barriers such as copper tubes, and water-repellent jelly or water-absorbing powder surrounding the fiber. Finally, the cable may be armored to protect it from environmental hazards, such as construction work or gnawing animals. Undersea cables are more heavily armored in their near-shore portions to protect them from boat anchors, fishing gear, and even sharks , which may be attracted to

936-411: Is used for very short-range and consumer applications, whereas glass fiber is used for short/medium-range ( multi-mode ) and long-range ( single-mode ) telecommunications. The buffer or jacket on patchcords is often color-coded to indicate the type of fiber used. The strain relief "boot" that protects the fiber from bending at a connector is color-coded to indicate the type of connection. Connectors with

975-401: The cable core. Several layers of protective sheathing, depending on the application, are added to form the cable. Rigid fiber assemblies sometimes put light-absorbing ("dark") glass between the fibers, to prevent light that leaks out of one fiber from entering another. This reduces crosstalk between the fibers, or reduces flare in fiber bundle imaging applications. For indoor applications,

1014-421: The difference in the refractive index between the two. In practical fibers, the cladding is usually coated with a layer of acrylate polymer or polyimide . This coating protects the fiber from damage but does not contribute to its optical waveguide properties. Individual coated fibers (or fibers formed into ribbons or bundles) then have a tough resin buffer layer or core tube(s) extruded around them to form

1053-421: The electrical power that is carried to power amplifiers or repeaters in the cable. Modern cables come in a wide variety of sheathings and armor, designed for applications such as direct burial in trenches, dual use as power lines, installation in conduit, lashing to aerial telephone poles, submarine installation , and insertion in paved streets. In September 2012, NTT Japan demonstrated a single fiber cable that

1092-668: The indoor plant, similar criteria are in Telcordia GR-409, Generic Requirements for Indoor Fiber Optic Cable . The jacket material is application-specific. The material determines the mechanical robustness, chemical and UV radiation resistance, and so on. Some common jacket materials are LSZH , polyvinyl chloride , polyethylene , polyurethane , polybutylene terephthalate , and polyamide . There are two main types of material used for optical fibers: glass and plastic. They offer widely different characteristics and find uses in very different applications. Generally, plastic fiber

1131-537: The innerduct to a steel suspension strand. As stated in GR-356, cable is typically placed into innerduct in one of three ways. It may be Breakout cable Breakout-style fiberoptic cable (also called breakout cable or fanout cable ), is an optical fiber cable containing several jacketed simplex optical fibers packaged together inside an outer jacket. This differs from distribution-style cable , in which tight-buffered fibers are bundled together, with only

1170-419: The inside and outside diameters of the innerduct. The need for a specific characteristic or combination of characteristics, such as pulling strength, flexibility, or the lowest coefficient of friction, dictates the type of innerduct required. Beyond the basic profiles or contours (smoothwall, corrugated, or ribbed), innerduct is also available in an increasing variety of multiduct designs. Multiduct may be either

1209-435: The jacketed fiber is generally enclosed, together with a bundle of flexible fibrous polymer strength members like aramid (e.g. Twaron or Kevlar ), in a lightweight plastic cover to form a simple cable. Each end of the cable may be terminated with a specialized optical fiber connector to allow it to be easily connected and disconnected from transmitting and receiving equipment. For use in more strenuous environments,

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1248-421: The joint, which maximizes light transmission between the ends of the fibers being joined. The charts Understanding wavelengths in fiber optics and Optical power loss (attenuation) in fiber illustrate the relationship of visible light to the infrared frequencies used, and show the absorption water bands between 850, 1300 and 1550 nm. The infrared light used in telecommunications cannot be seen, so there

1287-611: The optical fibers carry information, and the electrical conductors are used to transmit power. These cables can be placed in several environments to serve antennas mounted on poles, towers, and other structures. According to Telcordia GR-3173 , Generic Requirements for Hybrid Optical and Electrical Cables for Use in Wireless Outdoor Fiber To The Antenna (FTTA) Applications, these hybrid cables have optical fibers, twisted pair/quad elements, coaxial cables or current-carrying electrical conductors under

1326-433: The outer cable jacket of the cable protecting them. The design of breakout-style cable adds strength for ruggedized drops, however the cable is larger and more expensive than distribution-style cable. Breakout cable is suitable for short riser and plenum applications and also for use in conduits , where a very simple cable run is planned to avoid the use of any splicebox or spliced fiber pigtails . Because each fiber

1365-755: The strength is drastically reduced by unavoidable microscopic surface flaws inherent in the manufacturing process. The initial fiber strength, as well as its change with time, must be considered relative to the stress imposed on the fiber during handling, cabling, and installation for a given set of environmental conditions. There are three basic scenarios that can lead to strength degradation and failure by inducing flaw growth: dynamic fatigue, static fatigues, and zero-stress aging. Telcordia GR-20, Generic Requirements for Optical Fiber and Optical Fiber Cable , contains reliability and quality criteria to protect optical fiber in all operating conditions. The criteria concentrate on conditions in an outside plant (OSP) environment. For

1404-410: The transmitter power and the sensitivity of the receiver. Typical modern multimode graded-index fibers have 3 dB per kilometre of attenuation (signal loss) at a wavelength of 850 nm , and 1 dB/km at 1300 nm. Singlemode loses 0.35 dB/km at 1310 nm and 0.25 dB/km at 1550 nm. Very high quality singlemode fiber intended for long distance applications is specified at

1443-413: The voltage levels and power levels used within these hybrid cables vary, electrical safety codes consider the hybrid cable to be a power cable, which needs to comply with rules on clearance, separation, etc. Innerducts are installed in existing underground conduit systems to provide clean, continuous, low-friction paths for placing optical cables that have relatively low pulling tension limits. They provide

1482-475: Was able to transfer 1 petabit per second ( 10 bits/s ) over a distance of 50 kilometers. Although larger cables are available, the highest strand-count single-mode fiber cable commonly manufactured is the 864-count, consisting of 36 ribbons each containing 24 strands of fiber. These high fiber count cables are used in data centers , and as distribution cables in HFC and PON networks. In some cases, only

1521-562: Was the target of a DDoS attack during the 2017 North Korea crisis . Use of the bridge was suspended through the COVID-19 pandemic , with use resuming in November 2022. This article about a bridge in Asia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a Russian building or structure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about

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