The Kosmos (also spelled Cosmos , Russian: Ко́смос ) rockets were a series of Soviet and subsequently Russian rockets, derived from the R-12 and R-14 missiles, the best known of which is the Kosmos-3M , which has made over 440 launches. The Kosmos family contained a number of rockets, both carrier rockets and sounding rockets , for orbital and sub-orbital spaceflight respectively. The first variant, the Kosmos , first flew on 27 October 1961. Over 700 Kosmos rockets have been launched overall.
32-759: Kosmos ( GRAU Index: 63S1, also known as Cosmos ), was the name of a Soviet space rocket model active between 1961 and 1967. Kosmos was developed from the R-12 medium-range missile. It was launched a total of 38 times, with twelve failures. The Kosmos-2M (GRAU Index: 63S1M , also known as Cosmos-2M ) rocket was the prototype preceding the Kosmos-2I rocket. It launched the Kosmos 106 and Kosmos 97 satellites, from Area 86 at Kapustin Yar . Kosmos-2I (GRAU Index: 11K63 , also known as Cosmos-2I or Kosmos-2 ), derived from
64-538: A GRAU index is a number indicating which of the several main categories of equipment a given item belongs to. The second part, a Cyrillic character, indicates the subcategory. The third part, a number, indicates the specific model. The optional suffix can be used to differentiate variants of the same model. Ministry of Defence (Russia) The Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation ( Russian : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации ; MOD )
96-654: A former Minister of Defence of the Soviet Union, and Dmitri Yazov . Yazov was listed by the American analysts Scott and Scott in 2002 as a consultant to the (formerly 10th) Directorate for International Military Cooperation. Perhaps the first 'real' non-uniformed Defence Minister was Anatoly Serdyukov , appointed in February 2007. Serdyukov was a former Tax Minister with little siloviki or military associations beyond his two years of military service. Serdyukov launched
128-434: A further suffix ⟨letter⟩ ⟨number⟩ . They may be followed by a specially assigned codename. For example " 2 S 19 Msta-S ", the 2S19 Msta self-propelled howitzer, has the index 2S19 , without suffix; Msta-S is the codename. Several common misconceptions surround the scope and originating body of these indices. The GRAU designation is not an industrial designation, nor
160-677: Is a department of the Russian Ministry of Defense . It is subordinate to the Chief of Armament and Munition of the Russian Armed Forces , a vice-minister of defense. The organization dates back to 1862 when it was established under the name Главное артиллерийское управление (ГАУ – GAU ). The "R" from "rockets" was added to the title from 19 November 1960. The GRAU is responsible for assigning GRAU indices to Russian army munitions and equipment . As of December 2021,
192-454: Is considerably different in Russia. The tsars were educated as officers, and they regularly wore military uniforms and carried military ranks. Stalin always wore a military uniform, and he assumed the title generalissimo . Even General Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev [...] appointed himself general of the army, and he encouraged portraits of himself in full uniform. By tradition dating back to
224-737: Is headquartered in the General Staff building , built-in 1979–1987 on Arbatskaya Square, near Arbat Street in Moscow. Other buildings of the ministry are located throughout Moscow. The supreme body responsible for the ministry's management and supervision of the Armed Forces and the centralization of the Armed Forces' command is the National Defense Management Center , located in the Main Building of
256-483: Is it assigned by the design bureau. In addition to its GRAU designation, a given piece of equipment could have a design name, an industrial name and a service designation. For example, one of the surface-to-air missiles in the S-25 Berkut air defense system had at least four domestic designations: Some Soviet general-purpose bombs bore a designation that looked confusingly similar to GRAU. The first part of
288-471: Is the governing body of the Russian Armed Forces . The President of Russia is the Commander-in-Chief of the forces and directs the activity of the ministry. The Minister of Defence exercises day-to-day administrative and operational authority over the forces. The General Staff of the Armed Forces executes the instructions and orders of the president and the defence minister. The ministry
320-589: Is the military-theoretical journal of the Ministry of Defence, and Krasnaya Zvezda is its daily newspaper. Senior staff in 2024 included: Senior staff in 2021 included: Entities directly subordinated to the Minister of Defence in August 2012 included: The Office of Inspectors General of the Ministry of Defence was established in 2008, consisting of around thirty retired senior officers. The main task of
352-583: The Fifth inauguration of Vladimir Putin on the 14th, Sergey Shoigu was released from duty and several of his staff were investigated for corruption or other misdeeds: Yuri Vasilievich Kuznetsov, Timur Ivanov , Ruslan Tsalikov , as well as Vadim Shamarin , Ivan Ivanovich Popov , Vladimir Verteletsky, and Sukhrab Akhmedov . On 17 June 2024, it was noted that four deputy defence ministers, Nikolay Pankov , Ruslan Tsalikov , Tatiana Shevtsova and Pavel Popov , had been sacked for nepotism that had entered
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#1732787159659384-695: The R-12 missile, was used to orbit satellites between 1961 and 1977. It was superseded by the R-14 derived Kosmos-3 and Kosmos-3M. The Kosmos-1 (GRAU Index: 65S3 , also known as Cosmos-1 ) was derived from the R-14 missile and used between 1964 and 1965, being quickly replaced by the Kosmos-3 . Eight Kosmos-1 were flown, all launched from Site 41/15 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome . Initial development
416-520: The Security Council of Russia , was appointed defence minister by President Vladimir Putin , becoming Russia's first non-uniformed civilian defence minister. Putin called the personnel changes in Russia's security structures coinciding with Ivanov's appointment as defence minister "a step toward demilitarizing public life." Putin also stressed Ivanov's responsibility for overseeing military reform as defence minister. What Putin did not emphasise
448-564: The military reform in 2008 . On 19 August 2010, Serdyukov appointed Tatyana Shevtsova as his deputy. As of that date, more than 50 women had been appointed by Serdyukov, and mainly in the tax accountant profession. In 2012, he was substituted by General of the Army Sergey Shoigu , who held at that moment the position of the Minister of Civil Defence, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief . In May 2024 simultaneous with
480-802: The Army Pavel Grachev to the post of Minister of Defence. Despite intense criticism of Grachev's management of the First Chechen War and the Russian military establishment in general, Yeltsin retained Grachev till 18 June 1996. The new minister of defence became General of the Army Igor Rodionov , who subsequently was substituted by Marshal of the Russian Federation Igor Sergeyev . In March 2001, Sergei Ivanov , previously secretary of
512-617: The Chief of the GRAU was Major General Nikolay Romanovsky. Arsenals of the GRAU, according to Kommersant -Vlast in 2005, included the 53rd at Dzerzhinsk, Nizhniy Novogorod Oblast , the 55th in the Sklad-40 microraion at Rzhev , the 60th at Kaluga , the 63rd at Lipetsk , the 75th at Serpukhov south of Moscow, and the 97th at Skolin (all five in the Moscow Military District ). An additional possibly disused arsenal in
544-507: The Ministry of Defense , built in the 1940s on Frunzenskaya Embankment . The current Minister of Defence is Andrey Belousov (since 14 May 2024). The U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies ' volume for Russia said in July 1996 that: [The] structure [...] does not imply military subordination to civilian authority in the Western sense [...]. The historical tradition of military command
576-403: The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (Russian: Гла́вное раке́тно-артиллери́йское управле́ние Министе́рства оборо́ны Росси́йской Федера́ции (ГРАУ Миноборо́ны Росси́и) , romanized : Glávnoye rakétno-artilleríyskoye upravléniye Ministérstva oboróny Rossíyskoy Federátsii (GRAU Minoboróny Rossíi) ), commonly referred to by its transliterated Russian acronym GRAU ( ГРАУ ),
608-477: The Ministry. Russian energy minister Sergey Tsivilyov 's wife, Anna Tsivileva , the daughter of a cousin of the President, was appointed deputy defence minister. Her responsibilities include improving social and housing support for military personnel. Leonid Gornin, previously the first deputy finance minister, was appointed as the first deputy defence minister. Other personnel changes included Oleg Savelyev and
640-551: The MoD is conceivable, but the MoD without the General Staff is not." Russian General Staff officers exercise command authority in their own right. In 1996 the General Staff included fifteen main directorates and an undetermined number of operating agencies. The staff is organized by functions, with each directorate and operating agency overseeing a functional area, generally indicated by the organization's title. Military Thought
672-628: The Moscow Military District is the 107th at Toropets . The 5th at Alatyr, Chuvash Republic , the 80th Arsenal at Gagarskiy, the 103rd Arsenal at Saransk , Mordovia , and the 116th at Krasno-Oktyabrskiy were all in the Volga–Urals Military District . Since 2009, there have been a number of fires and explosions at GRAU ammunition storage depots. GRAU indices are of the form ⟨number⟩ ⟨letter⟩ ⟨number⟩ , sometimes with
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#1732787159659704-667: The commanders of the Joint Strategic Commands/Military Districts, the three Services, and three branches, who together form the principal staff and advisory board of the Minister of Defence. The executive body of the Ministry of Defence is the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation , which is headed by the Chief of the General Staff . U.S. expert William Odom said in 1998 that "the Soviet General Staff without
736-477: The office is "to promote the organization of combat and operational training of troops, the construction and further development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the development of the theory and history of military art, and the education of personnel." It is the successor to the Soviet Armed Forces 's Group of Inspectors General , which was dissolved in 1992. An outline structure of
768-585: The rocket for the launching of multiple satellites at one time. PO Polyot manufactured these launch vehicles in the Russian city of Omsk for decades. It was originally scheduled to be retired from service in 2011; however, in April 2010 the Commander of the Russian Space Forces confirmed that it would be retired by the end of 2010. One further launch, with Kanopus-ST , was planned; however, this
800-712: The signals corps and military communications. On 24 July the Deputy Chief of the Satellite Communications Center for Strategic Nuclear Missile Forces Andrei Torgashev was apparently victimized at his residence by a car bomb. The Ministry of Defence is managed by a collegium chaired by the Defence Minister and including the deputy Defence Ministers, heads of the Main Defence Ministry and General Staff Directorates,
832-421: The son of former Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov . Pavel Fradkov would oversee the management of property, land and construction relating to the military. Other reports had Tsivileva as Putin's niece. On 18 July it was revealed that Lt Gen Shamarin had been formally dismissed from his post because he had accepted bribes from a supplier. He had been serving as deputy chief of the army’s general staff overseeing
864-502: The tsars, the minister of defence normally is a uniformed officer. The State Duma also seats a large number of deputies who are active-duty military officers—another tradition that began in the Russian imperial era . These combinations of military and civilian authority ensure that military concerns are considered at the highest levels of the Russian government. On 18 May 1992, President of Russia Boris Yeltsin appointed General of
896-499: Was Ivanov's long service within the KGB and FSB and his then rank of General-Lieutenant within the FSB. Such military and security agency-associated men are known as siloviki . As of 2002, there were four living Marshals of the Soviet Union . Such men are automatically Advisors to the Defence Minister. The Marshals alive at that time were Viktor Kulikov , Vasily Petrov , Sergei Sokolov ,
928-443: Was a liquid-fueled two-stage launch vehicle, first launched in 1967 and with over 420 successful launches to its name. The Kosmos-3M used UDMH fuel and AK27I oxidizer (red fuming nitric acid) to lift roughly 1,400 kg (3,100 lb) of payload into orbit. It differed from the earlier Kosmos-3 in its finer control of the second-stage burn, allowing operators to tune the thrust and even channel it through nozzles that helped orient
960-464: Was authorised in October 1961, leading to a maiden flight on 18 August 1964, carrying three Strela satellites. Strela-1 satellites were flown on seven flights, three on each of the first four and five on the next three. The eighth and final flight carried one. All flights were successful except the second. The Kosmos-3 (GRAU Index: 11K65 , also known as Cosmos-3 ), derived from the R-14 missile,
992-560: Was cancelled in late 2012 as the launch vehicle had exceeded its design life while in storage ahead of the launch. The Kosmos-3MR rocket (GRAU Index: K65M-R and K65M-RB , also known as Cosmos-3MR ), was an adaptation of the Kosmos-3M rocket intended for suborbital and a single orbital launch for BOR-4 and BOR-5 subscale tests of Spiral and Buran crewed spaceplanes. GRAU The Main Missile and Artillery Directorate of
Kosmos (rocket family) - Misplaced Pages Continue
1024-619: Was used to orbit satellites between 1966 and 1968, being quickly replaced by the modernised Kosmos-3M. Six were flown, four as orbital carrier rockets, and two on sub-orbital flights. All launches occurred from Site 41/15 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The Kosmos-3 made its maiden flight on 16 November 1966, carrying a Strela-2 satellite. Strela-2 satellites were flown on four flights, two of which failed. Two further, sub-orbital launches were conducted with VKZ [ ru ] payloads, both of which were successful. The Kosmos-3M
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