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40-646: Tribal members lived in a series of small and large permeant villages in the Tehachapi Valley and to the north across the Tehachapi Pass in the southern Sierra Nevada , toward Lake Isabella and Walker Pass and all the way to the Pacific. Historically, the Kawaiisu also traveled eastward and westward on food-gathering trips to areas in the northern Mojave Desert , to the north and northeast of

80-675: A mountain range in the Transverse Ranges system of California in the Western United States . The range extends for approximately 40 miles (64 km) in southern Kern County and northwestern Los Angeles County and form part of the boundary between the San Joaquin Valley and the Mojave Desert . The Tehachapis form a geographic, watershed , habitat , and rain shadow divide separating

120-583: A few remote locations small stands of quaking aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) . The Tehachapi linanthus ( Leptosiphon nudatus ) is a phlox plant species endemic to chaparral habitat in the Tehachapi Mountains and the southern Sierra Nevada. The Tehachapi ragwort ( Packera ionophylla ) is an aster plant species endemic to forest habitat in the Tehachapis and eastern Transverse Ranges. The Tehachapi buckwheat ( Eriogonum callistum )

160-615: A potential split into two separate states – "North California" and "South California" – from the early 20th century Ridge Route construction, the first highway crossing these mountains to connect the Greater Los Angeles and San Joaquin Valley regions. The Tehachapis are largely the result of the movements of the Garlock Fault , located along the southeastern base of the range, a major transform fault which runs from

200-720: A tribe of indigenous people of California in the United States . The Kawaiisu Nation is the only treatied tribe in California, Ratified Treaty (No. 256), 9 Stat. 984, Dec. 30, 1849. This Treaty with the Utah Confederation of tribal nations. They have never given up their territorial rights to any of their ancestral land to the United States. The Kawaiisu Nation had preexisting treaties with Spain and those were recognized by Mexico until 1849 when California

240-528: A year, some in the form of snow. The prevailing wind is northwesterly, funneling up the east–west canyons from the San Joaquin Valley into the valleys , upper canyons, and passes of the Tehachapi range with regularity. The Tehachapi Wind Resource Area exists due to this. To the northwest lies the San Joaquin Valley with its grasslands and oak savanna climbing the broad western slopes of

280-496: Is known only from the chaparral of the Tehachapis. The Tehachapi slender salamander is endemic to the Tehachapi Mountains and a listed vulnerable species . The white-eared pocket mouse is endemic to the Tehachapis and San Bernardino Mountains and a listed endangered species . There are at least 107 bird species, including the Steller's jay and mountain chickadee , found in the Tehachapis, many which consume acorns of

320-479: Is still one of the largest private landholdings in the state, and currently an undeveloped agricultural and wildland entity. The Tejon Ranch corporation has recently proposed major new developments in portions of the Tehachapi Mountains, including the Tejon Mountain Village and Centennial, California planned urban center. Kawaiisu The Kawaiisu Nation (pronounced: "ka-wai-ah-soo" ) are

360-859: The Antelope Valley , Searles Valley , as far east as the Panamint Valley , the Panamint Mountains the western edge of Death Valley and to the Pacific Coast. - The Kawaiisu considered the Coso Range near Ridgecrest Ca. the site of their creation and their most sacred land. They are well known for their rock art/Po-o-ka-di that exists throughout their territory, including on the Chana Lake Naval Weapons Center. Kawaiisu complex basket weaving

400-549: The Caliente, Paiute, Tehachapi Valley Indians , and Tehachapi Indians , but they called themselves depending on dialect Nuwu, New-wa, Nu-oo-ah or Niwiwi , meaning "The People." The tribal designations as "Kawaiisu" are English adoptions of the Yokutsan words used by the neighboring Yokuts. They self-identification term Nüwa ("People") is commonly used by themselves and in the newspapers and media. Before European contact,

440-438: The Caliente, Paiute, Tehachapi Valley Indians , and Tehachapi Indians , but they called themselves depending on dialect Nuwu, New-wa, Nu-oo-ah or Niwiwi , meaning "The People." The tribal designations as "Kawaiisu" are English adoptions of the Yokutsan words used by the neighboring Yokuts. They self-identification term Nüwa ("People") is commonly used by themselves and in the newspapers and media. Before European contact,

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480-596: The San Andreas Fault in the west to the Sierra Nevada Fault on the east and some distance beyond. This earthquake fault is unusual in California in that it is a left-lateral fault — meaning that if one stands facing the fault, the land on the opposite side moves to the left — opposite to most of the state's faults which are right-lateral faults. The Tehachapi Mountains are a major and crucial wildlife corridor and plant habitat bridge linking

520-545: The San Emigdio Mountains on the west and Sierra Pelona Mountains on the southwest. The Tehachapis are delineated from the San Emigdio Mountains by Tejon Pass at the range's western end. The dramatic incline of Interstate 5 from the San Joaquin Valley floor up to the pass, is regionally referred to as The Grapevine , after Grapevine Canyon which it follows between the northern slopes of

560-545: The San Joaquin Valley to the northwest and the Mojave Desert to the southeast. The Tehachapis' crest varies in height from approximately 4,000–8,000 feet (1,200–2,400 m). They are southeast of Bakersfield and the Central Valley , and west of Mojave and the Antelope Valley . The range runs southwest to northeast (SW-NE) connecting the Southern Sierra Nevada range on their northeast with

600-765: The Yokuts , another group living in the San Joaquin Valley .Since 1863 after the Kawaiisu Massacre at Tillie Creek, they have often been in conflict with the tribe in the mountains north of them. The Kawaiisu are famous for their petroglyphs and rock art . Starting in the early 1850s, a 175 year genocide of the Kawaiisu people and their culture begin by European settlers, militias and the US Army. The ongoing cultural genocide continues to this day centered in Kern County,Ca. In 2011, The Kawaiisu Project received

640-529: The Yokuts , another group living in the San Joaquin Valley .Since 1863 after the Kawaiisu Massacre at Tillie Creek, they have often been in conflict with the tribe in the mountains north of them. The Kawaiisu are famous for their petroglyphs and rock art . Starting in the early 1850s, a 175 year genocide of the Kawaiisu people and their culture begin by European settlers, militias and the US Army. The ongoing cultural genocide continues to this day centered in Kern County,Ca. In 2011, The Kawaiisu Project received

680-695: The "Desert Kawaiisu" and the "Mountain Kawaiisu". The Kawaiisu are related by language and culture to the Southern Paiute of southwestern Nevada and the Chemehuevi of the eastern Mojave Desert of California . They may have originally lived in the desert before coming to the Tehachapi Mountains region, as early as many thousands of years ago. The Kawaiisu participated in cooperative antelope drives (driving herds of antelope into traps so they could be more easily slaughtered) with

720-503: The "Desert Kawaiisu" and the "Mountain Kawaiisu". The Kawaiisu are related by language and culture to the Southern Paiute of southwestern Nevada and the Chemehuevi of the eastern Mojave Desert of California . They may have originally lived in the desert before coming to the Tehachapi Mountains region, as early as many thousands of years ago. The Kawaiisu participated in cooperative antelope drives (driving herds of antelope into traps so they could be more easily slaughtered) with

760-677: The Chana Lake Naval Weapons Center. Kawaiisu complex basket weaving was recognized as the finest in the Americas. Much of inventory of the Kawaiisu baskets are held and hidden by UC Berkley in a private collection. The Kawaiisu language is a member of the Southern Numic division of the Uto-Aztecan language family. The Kawaiisu homeland was bordered by speakers of non-Numic Uto-Aztecan languages. The Kawaiisu have been mislabeled and mistakenly known by several other names, including

800-752: The Governor's Historic Preservation Award for its efforts to document the Kaiwaiisu language and culture, including "the Handbook of the Kawaiisu, language teaching ... the Kawaiisu Language and Cultural Center, [and] the Kawaiisu exhibit at the Tehachapi Museum." A local newspaper noted in 2010, "There are also several hundred living Kawaiisu descendants, even though a pervasive misconception believes them to be all gone." Estimates for

840-444: The Governor's Historic Preservation Award for its efforts to document the Kaiwaiisu language and culture, including "the Handbook of the Kawaiisu, language teaching ... the Kawaiisu Language and Cultural Center, [and] the Kawaiisu exhibit at the Tehachapi Museum." A local newspaper noted in 2010, "There are also several hundred living Kawaiisu descendants, even though a pervasive misconception believes them to be all gone." Estimates for

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880-549: The Kawaiisu lived in 100s 0f permanent winter villages of 60 to 100 people. They often divided into smaller groups during the warmer months of the year and harvested plants(included pinon nuts) in the mountains and deserts. They hunted animals and fished for food and raw materials. They were known for their mining and trading of obsidian throughout the western Americas and deep into Mexico. They were also known for their building of sturdy tulle boats used for fishing and transportation. Some believe they were divided in two regional groups:

920-549: The Kawaiisu lived in 100s 0f permanent winter villages of 60 to 100 people. They often divided into smaller groups during the warmer months of the year and harvested plants(included pinon nuts) in the mountains and deserts. They hunted animals and fished for food and raw materials. They were known for their mining and trading of obsidian throughout the western Americas and deep into Mexico. They were also known for their building of sturdy tulle boats used for fishing and transportation. Some believe they were divided in two regional groups:

960-464: The Tehachapi Mountains were the: The historic Mexican land grants in the Tehachapis are: All four Tehachapi ranchos were acquired over 1855 to 1866 and combined by Edward Beale . As the Tejon Ranch it stayed in the family until sold by Truxtun Beale 1912. The purchase was by a Harry Chandler — Moses Sherman lead syndicate of land investors, and became a public company in 1936. Tejon Ranch

1000-660: The Tehachapis to Castaic Lake reservoir. The Tehachapis are delineated from the Sierra Pelona Mountains by California State Route 138 at the range's southwestern end, connecting Interstate 5 and the Antelope Valley. The Tehachapis are delineated from the Sierra Nevada by Tehachapi Pass and State Route 58 at the range's northeastern end, connecting the San Joaquin Valley and Mojave Desert. The Union Pacific north/south railroad line, with

1040-464: The black oak ( Quercus kelloggii ) as part of their diet. Other flora found here include the buckbrush and mountain mahogany . The notable raptor is the California condor , a critically endangered species . As in many California mountains, larger fauna includes: mule deer , mountain lion , coyote , fox , black bear , feral pig , bobcat and raccoon . The Tehachapi Mountains are also

1080-491: The exposed warmer and drier southern slopes. Canyons, even on southern slopes, can have year-round surface water flow, from springs and where orographic enhancement brings extra precipitation and snow from passing storms. The origin of the name Tehachapi may come from the Kawaiisu language , derived from the word "tihachipia" translated as "hard climb". The historic Indigenous peoples of California with homelands in

1120-418: The famous Tehachapi Loop , crosses here also. The Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm is on its eastern side. The Tehachapis, though neither as long or high as other California mountain ranges, are often considered the topographic feature that separates this part of Northern California from Southern California , with the geographic boundary often being Kern County . Some historians consider that California averted

1160-614: The late 1880's. A major massacre and a death march occurred in 1863 and 1864. Tribal members learned to escape to the remote mountains and hid their true heritage. Kawaiisu members sometimes called themselves the "Coso People" or even joined other tribes to protect themselves and their families. Today , the Kawaiisu's own tribal records indicate that total eligible members may be as high as 100,000 and with one family having up to 10,000 eligible members. Tehachapi Mountains The Tehachapi Mountains ( / t ə ˈ h æ tʃ ə p i / ; Kawaiisu : Tihachipia , meaning "hard climb") are

1200-560: The neighboring Transverse Ranges in the Los Padres and Angeles National Forests to the west and southwest. They create a rain shadow for the eastern foothills ecotone into the Mojave climate zone that typically receives only a few inches of precipitation a year, usually in winter. Summer monsoon season can bring localized rains to the higher subalpine parts of the range. The wettest slopes receive about 20–25 inches of precipitation

1240-445: The northern Mojave Desert , to the north and northeast of the Antelope Valley , Searles Valley , as far east as the Panamint Valley , the Panamint Mountains the western edge of Death Valley and to the Pacific Coast. - The Kawaiisu considered the Coso Range near Ridgecrest Ca. the site of their creation and their most sacred land. They are well known for their rock art/Po-o-ka-di that exists throughout their territory, including on

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1280-464: The only known breeding site prior to 1860 of the jaguar in the United States. The big cats were found there as recently as the late 1800s. The range includes and is the boundary between the xeric Mojave Desert and Mediterranean climate zones , and includes the subalpine zone . The majority of the range is in the Mediterranean climate zone, receiving precipitation in the winter similar to

1320-505: The other Transverse Ranges and the California Coast Ranges on the west with the Sierra Nevada on the east. Their relative lack of development, especially in the large Tejon Ranch section, have allowed the continuity of these ecological functions to date. The Tehachapis are primarily in the California interior chaparral and woodlands sub- ecoregion , with native grasslands , California oak woodlands and oak savanna

1360-437: The pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Alfred L. Kroeber proposed the combined 1770 population of the Kawaiisu as 1,500. He estimated the surviving population of the Kawaiisu in 1910 as 500. The Kawaiisu culture is matriarchal. The estimates of the Kawaiisu tribal membership is grossly under counted. Tribal members were hunted down and enslaved or killed from about 1850 until

1400-435: The pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Alfred L. Kroeber proposed the combined 1770 population of the Kawaiisu as 1,500. He estimated the surviving population of the Kawaiisu in 1910 as 500. The Kawaiisu culture is matriarchal. The estimates of the Kawaiisu tribal membership is grossly under counted. Tribal members were hunted down and enslaved or killed from about 1850 until

1440-503: The predominant habitats . The higher montane elevations include the California mixed evergreen forest plant community . Some of the chaparral woodland species include: canyon live oak ( Quercus chrysolepis ) , valley oak ( Quercus lobata ) , blue oak ( Quercus douglasii ) , and gray pine ( Pinus sabiniana ) . Montane species include: black oak ( Quercus kelloggii ) , Coulter pine ( Pinus coulteri ) , incense cedar ( Calocedrus decurrens ) , white fir ( Abies concolor ) , and in

1480-407: The range. Like sand dunes piling up where winds converge, the Tehachapis collect marine and valley moisture, which piles up into fog that blankets the windward sides of the range many weeks of the year. The higher north-facing slopes are mixed evergreen forest , while the south-facing are chaparral and woodlands , typical of the relationship between the cooler moisture-retaining northern slopes and

1520-572: The two mountain ranges and is sometimes extended to include the portion of Interstate 5 on the southern side of Tejon Pass, especially during snow closures. The canyon was named after native grapevines, the California grapevine ( Vitis californica ) , found at springs on its slopes. The California State Water Project is to the east, with the California Aqueduct pumped by the Edmonston Pumping Plant over/through

1560-470: Was becoming a State. Tribal members lived in a series of small and large permeant villages in the Tehachapi Valley and to the north across the Tehachapi Pass in the southern Sierra Nevada , toward Lake Isabella and Walker Pass and all the way to the Pacific. Historically, the Kawaiisu also traveled eastward and westward on food-gathering trips to areas in

1600-428: Was recognized as the finest in the Americas. Much of inventory of the Kawaiisu baskets are held and hidden by UC Berkley in a private collection. The Kawaiisu language is a member of the Southern Numic division of the Uto-Aztecan language family. The Kawaiisu homeland was bordered by speakers of non-Numic Uto-Aztecan languages. The Kawaiisu have been mislabeled and mistakenly known by several other names, including

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