Misplaced Pages

#225774

42-405: The traditional method of making kaymak is to boil the raw milk slowly, then simmer it for two hours over a very low heat. After the heat source is shut off, the cream is skimmed and left to chill (and mildly ferment ) for several hours or days. Kaymak has a high percentage of milk fat , typically about 60%. It has a thick, creamy consistency (not entirely compact, because of milk protein fibers) and

84-568: A "well-established use" designation for mastic resin. These studies primarily investigated its oral (as a sole agent) and cutaneous applications (in combination with other products). Despite these shortcomings, the EMA found that these studies did not raise any significant safety concerns, thus supporting the traditional use of mastic. The assessment highlighted that mastic has been part of traditional and folk medicine for more than 30 years in several countries such as Iraq , Turkey , Japan , South Korea ,

126-457: A chewy ice cream that is flavoured with mastic . In Iraq , it is called geymar or qeimar ( قيمر ) and is very popular. Iraqi geymar is usually made from the rich fatty milk of cows or buffaloes, which are prevalent in the marshes of southern Iraq. It is available both factory-produced and from local vendors or farmers as geymar Arab . Iraqis tend to serve geymar for breakfast with bread, honey or jam. The most popular way

168-505: A permanent exhibition about mastic production on the island, explaining its history and cultivation techniques as well as demonstrating its different uses today. Traditionally there has also been limited production of mastic on the Çeşme peninsula, on the Turkish coast eight nautical miles from Chios, with similar ecological conditions suitable for mastic production. The Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion, for Reforestation and

210-477: A person's risk for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma ." Mastic (plant resin) Mastic ( Greek : Μαστίχα ) is a resin obtained from the mastic tree ( Pistacia lentiscus ). It is also known as tears of Chios , being traditionally produced on the island Chios , and, like other natural resins , is produced in "tears" or droplets. Mastic is excreted by the resin glands of certain trees and dries into pieces of brittle, translucent resin. When chewed,

252-414: A range of gastrointestinal disorders . During 15th century, Andrés Laguna , a prominent Spanish physician and botanist, utilized mastic gum to treat pyorrhea and advocated its use in dental care formulations, including infusions and concoctions for toothpaste and breath fresheners . He also recommended the use of the tree's twigs as toothpicks . Beyond its oral health applications, mastic gum

294-1511: A rich taste. The word kaymak has Central Asian Turkic origins, possibly formed from the verb kaymak , which means 'melt' and 'molding of metal' in Turkic . The first written records of the word kaymak is in the Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk of Mahmud al-Kashgari . The word remains as kaylgmak in Mongolian, which refers to a fried clotted cream , and with small variations in Turkic languages as qaymaq in Azerbaijani , qaymoq in Uzbek , қаймақ in Kazakh and Shor , каймак in Kyrgyz , kaymak in Turkish , gaýmak in Turkmen , კაიმაღი ( kaimaghi ) in Georgian , καϊμάκι ( kaïmáki ) in Greek , and кајмак ( kajmak ) in Serbo-Croatian , caimac in Romanian . This dairy food

336-453: A stabilizer in meringue and nougat . In Morocco, mastic is used in the preparation of smoked foods. One of the earliest uses of mastic was as chewing gum . Mastic (מסטיק) is the colloquial Hebrew word for chewing gum. Some scholars identify the bakha mentioned in the Bible with the mastic plant. Bakha appears to be derived from Hebrew : בכא , weeping, and is thought to refer to

378-535: Is added to Turkish coffee on the Aegean coast. In Greece, mastic is used in liqueurs such as Mastika (or Mastichato), in a spoon sweet known as a "submarine" ( Greek : υποβρύχιο , romanized :  ypovríchio ), in beverages, chewing gum, sweets, desserts, breads and cheese. It is also used to stabilise loukoumi and ice cream. In the Maghreb , mastic is used mainly in cakes, sweets, and pastries and as

420-405: Is almost always made at home, though commercial production is on the rise. Kajmak is most expensive when freshest—only a day or two old. It can keep for weeks in the refrigerator but becomes harder and loses quality. Kajmak can also be matured in dried animal skin sacks; one variation is called skorup . Kajmak also describes the creamy foam in the Turkish coffee, and a lot of other coffees in

462-496: Is an important factor to consider during the fermentation of foods. Failing to completely remove any microbes from equipment and storing vessels may result in the multiplication of harmful organisms within the ferment, potentially increasing the risks of food borne illnesses such as botulism. However, botulism in vegetable ferments is only possible when not properly canned. The production of off smells and discoloration may be indications that harmful bacteria may have been introduced to

SECTION 10

#1732780498226

504-655: Is called sarshir ( سَرشیر ) 'top of the milk' in Iran. They use this name because after boiling milk, a layer of fat stands on the top of the boiled milk. In Afghanistan , qaimak or qaymaq is thinner and is eaten for breakfast meals usually with bread. People typically top qaimak with honey, sugar, or mix it with jam. It can be spread on pastries or added to milk tea. Qaimak can be purchased at grocery stores in Afghanistan or made at home. Afghan qaimak can be made from cow or buffalo milk. Known as kajmak , it

546-575: Is controlled by a co-operative. Founded in 1938, the Chios Gum Mastic Growers Association ( Greek : Ένωση Μαστιχοπαραγωγών Χίου ), abbreviated CGMGA , is a secondary cooperative organisation and acts as the collective representative organ of twenty primary cooperatives founded in the twenty-four mastic villages. it has the exclusive management of natural Chios Mastiha in Greece and abroad. The Chios Mastic Museum offers

588-555: Is exacerbated when a plastic container is used for this purpose instead of the old-fashioned, traditional method, a grass-lined hole, as the Clostridium botulinum bacteria thrive in the anaerobic conditions created by the air-tight enclosure in plastic. Research has found that fermented food contains a carcinogenic by-product, ethyl carbamate (urethane). "A 2009 review of the existing studies conducted across Asia concluded that regularly eating pickled vegetables roughly doubles

630-437: Is made use of when fruit juices are converted to wine , when grains are made into beer , and when foods rich in starch, such as potatoes , are fermented and then distilled to make spirits such as gin and vodka . The production of carbon dioxide is used to leaven bread. The production of organic acids is exploited to preserve and flavor vegetables and dairy products. Food fermentation serves five main purposes: to enrich

672-503: Is mainly consumed today for breakfast along with the traditional Turkish breakfast . One type of kaymak is found in the Afyonkarahisar region where the water buffalo are fed from the residue of poppy seeds pressed for oil. Kaymak is traditionally eaten with baklava and other Turkish desserts , fruit preserve and honey ( bal kaymak ) or as a filling in pancakes . Fermentation (food) In food processing , fermentation

714-530: Is performed by hand and is regulated by the legislative framework of the Mastic Growers' Association. In addition to mastic, mastic oil is also produced. As of 2024 there are twenty-four mastichochoria, or mastic villages, on the island of Chios dedicated to the cultivation and production of mastic. The designation "Masticha Chiou" ("Khios mastic") is protected by a European Union protected designation of origin (PDO). The island's mastic production

756-472: Is stuffed inside a chicken or other meat cutlet, breaded, and fried into a dish called Karađorđeva šnicla , similar to a stuffed schnitzel . Other ( Serbian ) traditional dishes with kajmak (sold in restaurants) include pljeskavica s kajmakom (the Balkan hamburger patty topped with melted kajmak), as well as ribić u kajmaku (beef shank simmered with kajmak). In Albanian it's called ajkë. In

798-525: Is the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms — yeasts or bacteria —without an oxidizing agent being used in the reaction. Fermentation usually implies that the action of microorganisms is desired. The science of fermentation is known as zymology or zymurgy. The term "fermentation" sometimes refers specifically to the chemical conversion of sugars into ethanol , producing alcoholic drinks such as wine , beer , and cider . However, similar processes take place in

840-609: Is to spread it on an Iraqi pastry bread called kahi and cover it with date honey . Qeymar on kahi with date syrup or honey is a long-standing traditional breakfast in Baghdad and throughout southern and northern Iraq. In Iran , sarsheer ( سرشیر ) is made using a different method which does not involve heating the milk, thus keeping enzymes and other cultures of the milk alive. Shops in Turkey have been devoted to kaymak production and consumption for centuries. Kaymak

882-501: The Adjara region of Georgia , bordering Turkey, კაიმაღი ( kaimaghi ) is made from cow's milk in homes in the mountainous municipalities of Keda , Shuakhevi , and Khulo . It is typically eaten with Georgian cheese and/or bread, and is only rarely served in restaurants. Kaïmaki ( καϊμάκι ) is a soft cream cheese that can be spread on bread or used in cooking as a filling in food and for desserts. Kaïmaki can also be found as

SECTION 20

#1732780498226

924-601: The Izmir Institute of Technology . In the Eastern Mediterranean , mastic is commonly used in brioches , ice cream, and other desserts. In Syria and Palestine , mastic is added to booza ( Levantine ice cream), and in Turkey, mastic is widely used in desserts such as Turkish delight and dondurma , in puddings such as sütlaç , salep , tavuk göğsü , mamelika , and in soft drinks. Mastic syrup

966-560: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research and discovery of "cell-free fermentation". One year earlier, in 1906, ethanol fermentation studies led to the early discovery of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD ). Food fermentation is the conversion of sugars and other carbohydrates into alcohol or preservative organic acids and carbon dioxide . All three products have found human uses. The production of alcohol

1008-560: The USA , and particularly, within the European Union, in Greece. Considering this long-standing use, the EMA deemed the requirements for traditional medicinal products according to Directive 2001/83/EC to be fulfilled for the medicinal use of powdered mastic. The EMA reports also note the antimicrobial activity of mastic in non-clinical in vitro studies and its particular effectiveness against Helicobacter pylori . Based on these findings,

1050-485: The leavening of bread (CO 2 produced by yeast activity), and in the preservation of sour foods with the production of lactic acid , such as in sauerkraut and yogurt . Other widely consumed fermented foods include vinegar , olives , and cheese . More localised foods prepared by fermentation may also be based on beans, grain, vegetables, fruit, honey, dairy products, and fish. Natural fermentation predates human history. Since ancient times, humans have exploited

1092-616: The "tears" of resin secreted by the mastic plant. Ancient Jewish halachic sources indicate mastic as a treatment for bad breath: "Mastic is not chewed on Shabbat . When [is it forbidden to chew mastic on Shabbat]? When the intention is medicinal. If it is used for bad breath, it is permissible." Mastic is an essential ingredient of chrism , the holy oil used for anointing by the Eastern Orthodox Churches . Ancient Greek physicians such as Hippocrates , Dioscorides , Galenus , and Theophrastus recommended it for

1134-463: The Balkans. It is usually enjoyed as an appetizer or for Saturday morning breakfast (as Saturdays are market days with the best kajmak), but also as a condiment . The simplest recipe is lepinja s kajmakom ( pita bread filled with kajmak), consumed for breakfast or as fast food . Bulgarians , Bosnians , Montenegrins , Serbs , and Albanians consider it a national meal. In Serbia , it

1176-477: The EMA approved the use of powdered mastic as a traditional herbal medicinal product for two indications: The agency stipulated that due to the lack of sufficient data, the use of mastic in children , during pregnancy , and lactation is not recommended. Mastic is used in some varnishes . Mastic varnish was used to protect and preserve photographic negatives. Mastic is also used in perfumes, cosmetics, soap, body oils, and body lotion. In ancient Egypt , mastic

1218-471: The Protection of Natural Habitats (TEMA) has led an effort to protect the native Turkish mastic trees and to plant new ones in the Çeşme peninsula to revive viable commercial production of the product. As part of this project, which was expected to last through 2016, over 3,000 mastic tree saplings were planted between 2008 and October 2011 to over 368 acres (149 hectares) of dedicated farm land provided by

1260-1650: The diet through development of a diversity of flavors, aromas, and textures in food substrates; to preserve substantial amounts of food through lactic acid , alcohol, acetic acid , and alkaline fermentations; to enrich food substrates with protein, essential amino acids , and vitamins; to eliminate antinutrients ; and to reduce cooking time and the associated use of fuel. Cheonggukjang , doenjang , fermented bean curd , miso , natto , soy sauce , stinky tofu , tempeh , oncom, soybean paste, Beijing mung bean milk, kinama, iru , thua nao Amazake , beer , bread , choujiu , gamju , injera , kvass , makgeolli , murri , ogi , rejuvelac , sake , sikhye , sourdough , sowans , rice wine , malt whisky , grain whisky , idli , dosa , Bangla (drink) vodka , boza , and chicha , among others. Kimchi , mixed pickle , sauerkraut , Indian pickle , gundruk , tursu Wine , vinegar , cider , perry , brandy , atchara , nata de coco , burong mangga , asinan , pickling , vişinată , chocolate , rakı , aragh sagi , chacha , tempoyak Mead , metheglin , tej Some kinds of cheese also, kefir , kumis (mare milk), shubat (camel milk), ayran , cultured milk products such as quark , filmjölk , crème fraîche , smetana , skyr , and yogurt Bagoong , faseekh , fish sauce , Garum , Hákarl , jeotgal , ngapi , padaek , pla ra , prahok , rakfisk , shrimp paste , surströmming , shidal Chorizo , salami , sucuk , pepperoni , nem chua, som moo , saucisson , fermented sausage Pu-erh tea , Kombucha , Lahpet , Goishicha Sterilization

1302-423: The fermentation of sugar to alcohol by yeast , Pasteur concluded that the fermentation was catalyzed by a vital force, called " ferments ", within the yeast cells. The "ferments" were thought to function only within living organisms. Pasteur wrote that "Alcoholic fermentation is an act correlated with the life and organization of the yeast cells, not with the death or putrefaction of the cells." Nevertheless, it

Kaymak - Misplaced Pages Continue

1344-677: The fermentation process. The earliest archaeological evidence of fermentation is 13,000-year-old residues of a beer, with the consistency of gruel, found in a cave near Haifa in Israel. Another early alcoholic drink, made from fruit, rice, and honey, dates from 7000 to 6600 BC, in the Neolithic Chinese village of Jiahu , and winemaking dates from ca. 6000 BC, in Georgia , in the Caucasus area. Seven-thousand-year-old jars containing

1386-509: The food. Alaska has witnessed a steady increase of cases of botulism since 1985. It has more cases of botulism than any other state in the United States of America. This is caused by the traditional Alaska Native practice of allowing animal products such as whole fish, fish heads, walrus , sea lion , and whale flippers, beaver tails, seal oil, and birds, to ferment for an extended period of time before being consumed. The risk

1428-407: The mastic resin is a whole-year process for the local growers. The harvest is known as kentos and takes place from the beginning of July to the beginning of October. First, the area around the trees is cleared and sprinkled with inert calcium carbonate . Then, every 4–5 days, 5–10 incisions are made in the bark of each tree to release the resin. As these clear drops hang from the tree, and sparkle in

1470-660: The remains of wine, now on display at the University of Pennsylvania, were excavated in the Zagros Mountains in Iran . There is strong evidence that people were fermenting alcoholic drinks in Babylon ca. 3000 BC, ancient Egypt ca. 3150 BC, pre-Hispanic Mexico ca. 2000 BC, and Sudan ca. 1500 BC. The French chemist Louis Pasteur founded zymology , when in 1856 he connected yeast to fermentation. When studying

1512-503: The resin softens and becomes a bright white and opaque gum. The flavor is bitter at first, but after some chewing, it releases a refreshing flavor similar to pine and cedar. Chios mastic gum has been used as a traditional medicine over the last 2,500 years. The word mastic is derived indirectly from Ancient Greek : μαστίχη , lit.   'mastic', which may be related to Ancient Greek: μασᾶσθοι , lit.   'chew'. The first mention of actual mastic 'tears'

1554-408: The sunlight, they are said to resemble crystalline teardrops; for this reason, the mastic resin is known as the "tears of Chios". It takes about 15–20 days for the first resin crystals to harden and fall to the ground. The farmers then collect the pieces of dry mastic and wash them in natural spring water, and spend most of the winter cleaning and separating the tears from the sand. This cleaning process

1596-604: The villages were entered only by ladders), in order to protect the sap from invaders. Although the liqueur is much younger, it is still tied up with Greek history. Digestive liqueurs, similar to Mastichato (Mastika), but made with grapes, were known as Greek elixirs before the French Revolution. The production of mastic was threatened by the Chios forest fire that destroyed some mastic groves in August 2012. Producing

1638-509: Was applied as a beauty enhancer for the skin and used to alleviate menstrual discomfort . It was also utilized to mask the unpleasant odors associated with chronic mercury exposure . In February 2016, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) published the final assessment of Pistacia lentiscus L. resin. The EMA concluded that the available clinical studies, though numerous, were too small and methodologically weak to support

1680-718: Was by Hippocrates . Hippocrates used mastic for the prevention of digestive problems, colds and as a breath freshener. Romans used mastic along with honey, pepper, and egg in the spiced wine conditum paradoxum . Under the Byzantine Empire, the mastic trade became the Emperor's monopoly. In the Ottoman Empire, the Sultan gathered the finest mastic crop to send to his harem. During the Ottoman rule of Chios, mastic

1722-457: Was known that yeast extracts can ferment sugar even in the absence of living yeast cells . While studying this process in 1897, the German chemist and zymologist Eduard Buchner of Humboldt University of Berlin , Germany, found that sugar was fermented even when there were no living yeast cells in the mixture, by an enzyme complex secreted by yeast that he termed zymase . In 1907 he received

Kaymak - Misplaced Pages Continue

1764-587: Was worth its weight in gold. The penalty for stealing mastic was execution by order of the sultans. In the Chios Massacre of 1822, the people of the Mastichochoria region were spared by the sultan to provide mastic to him and his harem. Sakız Adası , the Turkish name for the island of Chios, means 'gum island'. The mastic villages are fortress-like, out of sight from the sea, surrounded by high walls and with no doors at street level (meaning that

#225774