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22-676: Kalam ( Kalami , Pashto and Urdu : کالام ) is a valley located in the Swat Kohistan region of Swat District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan . It is the site where the Swat River forms as a result of the confluence of two major tributaries , the Gabral and Ushu rivers. Located 99 kilometres (62 mi) north from Mingora and at an elevation of about 2,000 m (6,600 ft) above sea level ,

44-472: A plural morpheme. Words can also be modified by suffixes and prefixes. Panjkora River The Panjkora River ( Urdu : دریائے پنجکوڑہ ) is a river in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in north-west Pakistan . The river runs through the mountainous northern part of the province, and forms the Kumrat Valley . It passes from Dir , Timergara , and joins with Swat River at Chakdara . It

66-418: A range of other north-western Indo-Aryan mountain languages, these languages are sometimes collectively referred to as ‘Dardic’ languages. Gawri is one of about thirty languages that are spoken in the mountain areas of northern Pakistan . Kohistan is a Persian word that means ‘land of mountains’ and Kohistani can be translated as ‘mountain language’. As a matter of fact, there are several distinct languages in

88-418: Is SOV , but this can be changed for emphasis. Approximately 50% of Gawri words can not be broken down to smaller morphological forms. Of the other half, most words are made up of about two to three morphemes. This language implements many modifications to the stem as opposed to using distinct morpheme additions. For example, many plural words are formed by changing the stem of words as opposed to modifying with

110-595: Is generally characterized by steep slopes on either side of the riverbank covered in thick forests. The river has a large catchment area , making the river susceptible to significant flooding – most notably during the 2010 floods that occurred throughout much of Pakistan. It was named after Panjkora clan, a sub-clan in Mamyali section of Swati tribe which inhabited this region during 12 and 16 centuries and currently living in Hazara Division. The Panjkora river

132-633: Is the main river in the Panjkora River Basin which is a part of the larger Swat River Basin located in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The main tributaries of the Panjkora are rivers Dir, Barawal, Kohistan, and Usherai. The flow of water occurs year-round, though the water levels drastically rise during the monsoon season (June–September). Large volumes of water flow through the Panjkora during this time with greater amounts at

154-695: The Köppen climate classification . The average temperature in Kalam is 13.4 °C (56.1 °F), while the annual precipitation averages 639 mm (25.16 in). November is the driest month with 15 mm (0.59 in) of precipitation, while April, the wettest month, has an average precipitation of 93 mm (3.66 in). July is the hottest month of the year with an average temperature of 24.1 °C (75.4 °F). The coldest month, January, has an average temperature of 1.5 °C (34.7 °F). Kalam has numerous alpine glacial lakes . Two notable lakes in

176-728: The Upper Dir District and the Lower Dir District . Its confluence with the Swat River is in the Malakand District near Totakan . The Swat River is a tributary of the Kabul River , part of the Indus River basin. The Panjkora River is the natural habitat of trout and other freshwater fish sought by anglers. The most common species are cyprinids . snowtrout ( Schizothorax plagiostomus )

198-434: The valley itself provides a plateau that is located above the river and is used for farming . There are a number of visible mountains , also visible from Matiltan , a valley close to Kalam Valley, including Mount Falak Sar at 5,918 meters (19,416 feet), and another unnamed peak at 6,096 meters (20,000 feet) high. With a mild, generally warm and temperate climate, Kalam features a Humid continental climate ( Dfa ) under

220-725: The Kalam Valley are the Mahodand lake and Kandol lake, both of which are frequently visited due to their easy access routes. Other lakes in the region, such as Izmis lake, are harder to enter and need to be done so through trekking. Mahodand Lake is a large lake in the Swat Valley, located approximately 40 km from Kalam, in the Usho Sub-valley, at the base of the Hindu Kush mountains. Another notable lake in

242-808: The Kalam Valley is the Kundol Lake, located in the north of Utror region, 19 km away from Kalam. It is located at the base of the Hindu Kush mountains . Kalami language According to its genealogical classification (Strand, 1973:302 and 2004), Gawri belongs to the Kohistani subgroup of the north-western zone of Indo-Aryan languages, along with several closely related languages in its geographical vicinity: Torwali (in Swat south of Kalam), Indus Kohistani, Bateri, Chilisso, and Gawro (the latter four east of Kalam in Indus Kohistan). Together with

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264-624: The area that are all popularly called Kohistani. The language under study in this paper is spoken in the upper parts of the valley of the Swat River , in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan . The name of the principal village of this area is Kalam , and hence the area is known as Kalam Kohistan. In the older linguistic literature, the language of Kalam Kohistan is referred to as Bashkarik (Morgenstierne, 1940), or as Garwi or Gawri (Grierson, 1919; Barth & Morgenstierne, 1958). These names are hardly, if at all, known to

286-400: The closer you move to the mouth of the river Panjkora. The metal content occurs because of agricultural practices and sewage dumping in the river. Agriculture, while being the major industry supporting people living on the river, does come with its downsides. During large rainfall events, huge amounts of runoff occurs, dragging with it the soil, animal droppings and fertilisers . This floods

308-399: The environment and human health. The Panjkora basin is a temperamental region that is very dependent on the season. The climate in this region of Pakistan is characterised by large downpours during the monsoon season (June- September) and relatively dry winters. The monsoon seasons have caused many significant and devastating floods in the region. Most notably a flood in 2010 swept through

330-415: The huge basins tributaries makes for large volumes of water towards the mouth of the river Panjkora. With river systems floods are generally much more likely to occur in the low-lying areas towards the base of the mountains. Panjkora basin has 15% of its area classified as highly prone to flooding. These areas that are flood prone are also inhabited making for a deadly mix of people gambling their lives for

352-518: The main agricultural land used by farmers due to the increased nutrient content in the soil. Bioaccumulation is the major environmental concern currently occurring in the river Panjkora. Bioaccumulation occurs when a species absorbs substances faster than it expels them. This often has increased effects on predators higher up the food chain which can affect humans who digest these organisms. Panjkora river faces increases in toxic metal accumulation in fish species. Metal content found in fish increases

374-413: The mouths of the tributaries . This water flow is very powerful, causing floods throughout the region. The Panjkora river is located at coordinates: Latitude: 34.6667 Longitude: 71.7667). The river is characterised by steep mountain slopes at the beginning, these act as a funnel trapping the water. Towards the end the river starts to widen, and the flood plain begins to sprawl. The lower flood plains are

396-450: The rich alluvial farmland. This then continues to run down the river destroying agricultural land, taking lives and causing infrastructure damage. Farmers along the river rely heavily on the rich alluvial soil the flood plains offer. Poor education and management practices mean that the soil often remains fallow for parts of the year. The river's headwaters are high in the glaciers of Hindu Kush Mountains . It flows south through

418-404: The river resulting in loss of life and large amounts of destruction to ecosystems and infrastructure. These high levels of seasonal rainfall are magnified by the topography of the land surrounding the river. Steep slopes on either side of the river allow for water to runoff into the river quickly and in large volumes. While rainfall in these higher altitudes is generally less, the combination of

440-567: The river with large amounts of lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni). Ni very consistently increased the closer towards the mouth of the river. It is thought that the marble industry effluents were another major source of increase in Ni. The contamination of heavy metals has not yet become a serious health issue for the people who survive off the river. Scientists , however, predict that if not carefully monitored bioaccumulation continues to manifest and accumulate, potentially causing significant health risks to

462-548: The speakers of the language themselves, who normally just call their language Kohistani. However, very recently a number of intellectuals belonging to a local cultural society have started to call their language Gawri, a name that has old historical roots. The same language is also spoken across the mountains to the West of Kalam Kohistan, in the upper reaches of the Panjkora river valley of Upper Dir District . When added together,

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484-419: The two Kalam-Kohistani-speaking communities comprised over 200,000 people. Length ( /ː/ ) and nasalization ( / ̃/ ) are probably contrastive for all vowels. /q f z x ɣ/ occur mainly in loanwords . /q f/ tend to be replaced by /x p/ , respectively. After the front vowels /i e a/ , the velars /k ɡ ŋ/ are palatalized : [kʲ ɡʲ ŋʲ] . Gawri has contrastive tones . The default sentence order

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