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16-1268: Speakers may prefer the term Kamang to refer to the speech community as a whole; Woisika is a village name. /h/ and /ʔ/ are marginal. /r/ is rare in initial and final position. Word-final /s/ is only in loan words. The consonant /ŋ/ is not found word-initially, and /f/ is not found word-finally. Kamang has serial verb constructions . Mooi banana bong tree nok one kok fall.down silang descend dii lie Mooi bong nok kok silang dii banana tree one fall.down descend lie 'A banana tree came falling down.' Afunaa a-funaa 3 . PAT -face yakii ga-kii 3 . PAT -turn me me come noowaai. noo-waai. 3 . AST -face Afunaa yakii me noowaai. a-funaa ga-kii me noo-waai. 3.PAT-face 3.PAT-turn come 3.AST-face 'Turn and face me.' Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( help ); Examples with avalent, monovalent, bivalent, and trivalent verbs are shown below. Avalent Itunma itun-ma late.afternoon- PFV Itunma itun-ma late.afternoon-PFV 'It's late afternoon.' Monovalent Markus Markus Markus gamanteima Serial verb construction The serial verb construction , also known as (verb) serialization or verb stacking ,

32-655: A sole marker is shared by all of them. In the Hindi फ़ोन उठा-कर कहा fon uṭhā-kar kahā (literally, phone pick-up say (PAST)), "picked up the phone and said", only the second verb is marked as past tense, but both are understood to refer to the past. In the following example, from the West African Ewe , both verbs appear in their perfective form: Kofí Kofi trɔ turn( PFV ) dzo leave( PFV ) kpoo quietly Nupe language Nupe (also known as Anufe , Nupenci , Nyinfe , and Tapa )

48-434: Is dependent on the other, and they will not be linked by coordinating conjunctions . Some linguists insist that serial verbs cannot be dependent on each other; however, if a language does not mark dependent verbs with affixation, it can be hard to determine whether any dependency relation exists when verbs appear in sequence. Serial verbs normally denote actions that are closely connected and can be considered to be part of

64-458: Is subordinate to the other. The subject , "Musa", is understood to apply to both verbs. In this example, the second verb also has a direct object . Note that in the English version given, the second verb is translated by an infinitive , "to take", which is marked as subordinate to the first verb. Depending on the language, the shared subject may be marked on both verbs or only one. In most of

80-750: Is a Volta–Niger language of the Nupoid branch primarily spoken by the Nupe people of the North Central region of Nigeria . Its geographical distribution stretches and maintains preeminence in Niger State as well as Kwara , Kogi , Nasarawa and the Federal Capital Territory . Nupe is closely related to Kakanda in structure and vocabulary. There are at least two markedly different dialects of Nupe: Nupe central and Nupe Tako. Nupe

96-509: Is a syntactic phenomenon in which two or more verbs or verb phrases are strung together in a single clause . It is a common feature of many African , Asian and New Guinean languages. Serial verb constructions are often described as coding a single event; they can also be used to indicate concurrent or causally-related events. The terms "serial verbs", "serialization", etc. are used by different authors to denote somewhat different sets of constructions. There are also differences in how

112-742: Is also spoken in villages on the Benue River near Ibi and east of Lafia . Nupe has assimilated earlier ethnolinguistic groups such as the Benu of Kutigi, who originally were Kanuri-speaking , and the Gbagyi at Lemu. Nupe-Tako ("The Nupe Below", also called "Bassa Nge") is spoken by the Bassa Nge , who also speak the Bassa Nge or Bassa Nupe dialect of Basa-Benue and is lexically most closely related to central Nupe. The Nupe language belongs to

128-411: Is from Lebanese Arabic : ṣurt became( 1SG ) jarrib try( 1SG ) aḥki speak( 1SG ) inglīzi English ṣurt jarrib aḥki inglīzi became(1SG) try(1SG) speak(1SG) English "I started trying to speak English." As a rule, serial verbs cannot be marked independently for categories such as tense , aspect and mood . Either all of the verbs are marked for the same features, or

144-533: Is sitting , I thought to ask to see whether he would come or wouldn't come , I figure out "I don't want to come , and I want to go get some sleep " he said! The following example of serialization comes from the Nupe language from Nigeria: Musa Musa bé came lá took èbi. knife Musa bé lá èbi. Musa came took knife "Musa came to take the knife." The two verbs bé and lá appear consecutively, with no linking word (like "and") or anything else to indicate that one verb

160-693: Is the language spoken by the Nupe people , who reside mainly in Niger State in Nigeria, occupying a lowland of about 18 000 square kilometers in the Niger Basin , mostly north of the river between the Kontagora and Guara confluents from Kainji to below Baro, and also Kwara State , Kogi State and the Federal Capital Territory . Nupe is spoken mainly in Bida , Niger State and surrounding areas. It

176-565: The Nupoid branch of the Benue-Congo group of languages. Other languages in the group are Igbira (Ebira), Gade, and Kakanda. Nupe is related most closely to Kakanda in structure and vocabulary. There are at least two markedly different dialects: Nupe central and Nupe Tako. Common sayings come in the forms of egankogi (parable), gangba (warning), egancin (idiom), ecingi (riddle/tales) and eganmagan (proverb). Eganmagan (proverb, plural eganmaganzhi) are wise sayings spoken among

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192-657: The Nupes. They are didactic proverbs which educate, entertain, and teach morality. They form part of the oral culture on norms and ethics of Nupe societies, and are passed from one generation to another through songs, stories, fables, folk tales, myths, legends, incantations, communal discussions, and worship. Similar to other African proverbs, Nupe proverbs associate or relate people's action to their immediate environment in order to explain or correct particular situations, norms, issues, or problems. They also enlighten, warn and advise, or teach language in order to change perception which

208-427: The constructions are analyzed, in terms of both syntax and semantics . In general, a structure described as a serial verb construction will consist either of two (or possibly more) consecutive verbs or of two or more consecutive verb phrases in which each verb may have its own object and possibly other modifiers. There will usually be no marking, by means of affixes or subordinating conjunctions , that one verb

224-534: The examples, it is marked only once. However, in the following example from the Baré , in the Upper Amazon, the first person singular subject ("I") is marked twice: nu-takasã deceived( 1SG ) nu-dúmaka. sleep( 1SG ) nu-takasã nu-dúmaka. deceived(1SG) sleep(1SG) "I pretended (that) I was asleep." A similar construction is also found in most varieties of dialectal Arabic . The following example

240-414: The same event. They may be actions taking place simultaneously, or one may represent the cause, purpose or result of the other. In most cases, the serial verbs in a sequence are understood to share the same subject . Certain expressions resembling serial verb construction are found in English (surviving from Early Modern English ), such as let's go eat and come live with me . In such constructions,

256-464: The second verb would normally be regarded as a bare infinitive (and can generally be replaced by a "full" infinitive by the insertion of to before it). The next sentence in Persian contains 19 consecutive verbs: داشتم، می‌رفتم، دیدم، گرفته، نشسته، گفتم، بذار، بپرسم، ببینم، می‌آد، نمی‌آد، دیدم، می‌گه، نمی‌خوام، بیام، می‌خوام، برم، بگیرم، بخوابم! which means, I was heading and I saw she/he

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