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23-589: Kamasan is located just next to Semarapura (north-west) and to Gelgel (south), in the Klungkung regency, between the south-east coast and the mountain range of Gunung Agung. Denpasar is 31 km south-west. Administratively, it is part of Gelgel territory. In 2014 its population was about 4,000 people. The various 'traditional' styles of painting on modern Bali are derived from the "Kamasan wayang style ", or Kamasan shadow puppet painting, which in turn takes it patterns from ancient Java . Kamasan wayang painting

46-653: A particular ward in Kamasan, the Banjar Sangging. The smiths are located in another ward, the Banjar Pande Mas. Gelgel, Indonesia Gelgel is a village ( desa ) in the regency ( kabupaten ) of Klungkung , on Bali , Indonesia . The village, near the coast four kilometers south of the regency capital Semarapura , contains some structures of cultural interest and is known for its pottery and handwoven ceremonial songket cloth. The height of

69-539: A tributary or loosely subordinate relation. At the side of the king (dalem) stood senior ministers belonging to the Agung and Ler families, and a hereditary line of Brahmana preceptors. The Gelgel kingdom was threatened by the sea-oriented Makassar kingdom in c. 1619, which deprived it of its interests in Sumbawa and at least parts of Lombok. With Mataram fighting took place over the possession of Blambangan in 1635-1647; in

92-572: A troubled reign marked by two serious rebellions by court aristocrats (traditionally dated in 1558 and 1578) and a severe military defeat against the Javanese kingdom of Pasuruan . His brother and successor Dalem Seganing was a successful king whose long reign was relatively free from internal troubles. An indigenous list of dates places his death at 1623, although some historians have placed it later. The son of Dalem Seganing, Dalem Di Made , dispatched another unsuccessful expedition against Java, which

115-508: A while the Majapahit kingdom fell into chaos and vanished, leaving Dalem Ketut and his Balinese kingdom as the heirs of its Hindu-Javanese culture. This traditional account is problematic since it includes irreconcilable chronological difficulties; the Majapahit ruler Hayam Wuruk died in 1389, while the fall of Majapahit occurred much later, in the early 16th century. It is clear from a comparison of external and indigenous sources that Gelgel

138-484: Is a 2-dimensional painting depicting shadow puppet performances. It has been listed as Intangible Cultural Heritage (WBTB) in 2015 by the Indonesian Government. It was proposed to Unesco for registration as Intangible cultural heritage in 2018 and 2022. Historically, artists from Kamasan were used by the many raja courts that existed on Bali up to the early twentieth century. Some became known with

161-521: Is briefly listed as king in the religious texts Usana Bali and Rajapurana Besakih , under the name Enggong. Full details are found in the 18th-century chronicle Babad Dalem . According to this text he was the son of Dalem Ketut , the first King of Gelgel, who reigned around the fall of the Javanese Majapahit empire (early 16th century). He posed as an opponent of Islam and an enemy of Pasuruan and Mataram on Java . His prestige

184-593: The Portuguese writer Fernão Mendes Pinto (c. 1509-1583), in his work Peregrinacam , alleges that Bali was a pagan island dependent on the Javanese Muslim Demak kingdom but rebelled in c. 1546. This information may not be quite trustworthy. However, European sources from the late 16th and 17th centuries describe the Gelgel kingdom in terms reminiscent of the chronicles, and seem to presuppose

207-414: The emergence of the kingdom of Klungkung and its palace , which replaced the kingdom of Gelgel at the end of the 17th century; for others, this started earlier, in the 16th century. However, the name of Kamasan is mentioned as early as 1072 AD ( Saka year 994), during the reign of Bali king Anak Wungsu . The village also provided gold- and silversmiths, dancers, musicians and puppeteers. The painters have

230-546: The end, Gelgel gained the upper hand. The Dutch appeared on the island for the first time in 1597 and entered friendly relations with the Gelgel ruler. Subsequent relations between the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the kings of Gelgel were usually good, although attempts at concrete political cooperation were mostly unsuccessful. The Portuguese in Malacca dispatched an abortive missionary expedition to

253-514: The island was split up into several minor kingdoms ( Karangasem , Sukawati , Buleleng , Tabanan , Badung , etc.). This situation of political fragmentation continued until the Dutch colonial conquest between 1849 and 1908. With the royal seat moved, Gelgel itself was turned into a village that was administered by a side branch of the Dewa Agung dynasty. In about the 1730s the current Gelgel lord

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276-581: The king in 1635. European sources describe Bali at this time as a densely populated island with more than 300,000 people and a flourishing agricultural production. By the early 17th century it was linked to the economic networks of the Southeast Asian Archipelago through traders from the Pasisir area on Java's north coast. These traders exchanged pepper from the western part of the archipelago for cotton cloth produced on Bali, which

299-483: The nobleman Batulepang. After this event, a scion of the old royal line called Dewa Agung Jambe established himself as the new upper ruler, with his seat in Klungkung (Semarapura). The Klungkung kingdom would last until the 20th century. However, the new kingdom was unable to gather the elite groups on Bali like Gelgel had done. The rulers ( Dewa Agung ) of Klungkung continued to hold the position as paramount kings, but

322-498: The old royal centre Bedulu . This installation took place in the age of the Majapahit minister Gajah Mada (d. 1364). The first Samprangan ruler Sri Aji Kresna Kepakisan had three sons. The eldest, Dalem Samprangan , succeeded his father but turned out to be a vain and incompetent ruler. His youngest brother Dalem Ketut founded a new royal seat in Gelgel, while Samprangan's power waned. He later visited Majapahit and received powerful heirlooms ( pusaka ) from King Hayam Wuruk . After

345-610: The oldest mosque in Bali, which was built by Javanese retainers of the old kings. The history of Gelgel is described in detail in the traditional chronicles ( babad ), in particular the 18th-century work Babad Dalem . According to these texts, the conquest of Bali by the Hindu Javanese kingdom of Majapahit was followed by the installation of a vassal dynasty in Samprangan in the present-day regency Gianyar , close to

368-512: The princess refused. A Balinese army was therefore sent to Blambangan, where it trapped and killed Sri Juru. The children of the slain king fled to Pasuruan on Java's north coast, and Blambangan was brought under Balinese suzerainty . Furthermore, Lombok and West Sumbawa were brought under the authority of Dalem Baturenggong. The king left two sons, Dalem Bekung and Dalem Seganing , who reigned in turn after his death. The details of his reign cannot be verified from contemporary sources. Only

391-461: The village's power came during the kingdom of Gelgel, which dominated Bali from around the early 16th century to 1686. There are no traces left today of the old royal palace (puri). The old ancestral shrine of the ruling dynasty, Pura Jero Agung, is still standing in the old palace area. To the east of Pura Jero Agung is another old temple, Pura Dasar, which is a lowland counterpart of the "mother temple" of Bali, Pura Besakih . The village also contains

414-494: Was a King ( Dalem ) of Bali who is believed to have reigned in the mid 16th century. He is in particular associated with the golden age of the Balinese kingdom of Gelgel , with political expansion and cultural and religious renovation. In Balinese historiography he represented an epic vision of kingship that served as a model for later rulers on the island. Dalem Baturenggong is solely known from much later sources. He

437-615: Was a powerful polity in Bali in the 16th century. The son of Dewa Ketut, Dalem Baturenggong , presumably reigned in the mid-16th century. He received at his court a Brahmin sage called Nirartha who had fled from chaotic conditions in Java . A fruitful patron-priest relationship was forged between the ruler and Nirartha, who engaged in extensive literary activity. In the time of Dalem Baturenggong, Lombok , West Sumbawa , and Blambangan (easternmost Java) are thought to have come under Gelgel's suzerainty. After his death, his son Dalem Bekung led

460-725: Was attacked and killed by three princes of Karangasem, whose father he had murdered. In 1908, during the Dutch intervention in Bali , the local lord attacked a troop of Dutch colonial soldiers, which was the catalyst for the well-known puputan of the Klungkung Palace (18 April 1908) where the royal dynasty and their retainers performed a suicidal attack against well-armed Dutch troops. 8°33′51″S 115°24′43″E  /  8.56417°S 115.41194°E  / -8.56417; 115.41194 Dalem Baturenggong Dalem Baturenggong , also called Waturenggong or Enggong ,

483-456: Was defeated by the king of Mataram . In his old age, he lost power to his foremost minister ( patih ), Anglurah Agung (Gusti Agung Maruti). Certain indigenous texts place his death in 1642, but historians have also proposed 1651 or c. 1665 as the correct date. Dutch and Portuguese sources confirm the existence of a powerful kingdom in the 16th and 17th centuries, to which the neighbouring areas Lombok, West Sumbawa, and Balambangan stood in

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506-612: Was greatly enhanced by the arrival of the Brahmin Nirartha from Java, who established an ideal relationship between priest and patron and carried out an extensive literary activity. Nirartha is dated in 1537 from one of his texts, which date would then be an approximate floruit of Dalem Baturenggong's reign. The king proposed to marry the daughter of Sri Juru or Menak Koncar, the King of Blambangan in East Java , but

529-570: Was then brought to eastern Indonesia and the Philippines . There was no significant category of native Balinese merchants, however. According to both indigenous and Dutch sources, internal fighting broke out in 1651 after the demise of a Gelgel ruler, and the internecine trouble continued over the next decades. The royal minister Anglurah Agung set himself up as ruler of Gelgel from at least 1665 but encountered opposition from various corners. Finally, in 1686, Anglurah Agung fell in battle against

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