77-532: Patidar ( Gujarati : Pāṭīdār ), formerly known as Kanbi ( Gujarati : Kaṇabī ), is an Indian land-owning and peasant caste and community native to Gujarat . The community comprises at multiple subcastes, most prominently the Levas and Kadvas . They form one of the dominant castes in Gujarat. The title of Patidar originally conferred to the land owning aristocratic class of Gujarati Kanbis; however, it
154-477: A common, higher tatsam pool. Also, tatsam s and their derived tadbhav s can also co-exist in a language; sometimes of no consequence and at other times with differences in meaning: What remains are words of foreign origin ( videśī ), as well as words of local origin that cannot be pegged as belonging to any of the three prior categories ( deśaj ). The former consists mainly of Persian , Arabic , and English, with trace elements of Portuguese and Turkish . While
231-531: A current of water," from V.L. * stanticare (see stanch ). But others say the Port. word is the source of the Indian ones. Gujarati is a head-final, or left- branching language. Adjectives precede nouns , direct objects come before verbs , and there are postpositions . The word order of Gujarati is SOV , and there are three genders and two numbers . There are no definite or indefinite articles . A verb
308-479: A degree of communal self-determination that permitted the rise of economic elites with no reason to engage in political challenges, and hence the rise of the communities then known as Kanbis. Some Kanbis became wealthy enough to enter the world of finance, providing lines of credit to others in their community. The situation experienced by the Gujarati Kolis, with their preferred landlord-based tenure system,
385-665: A medium of literary expression. He helped to inspire a renewal in its literature, and in 1936 he introduced the current spelling convention at the Gujarati Literary Society 's 12th meeting. Some Mauritians and many Réunion islanders are of Gujarati descent and some of them still speak Gujarati. A considerable Gujarati-speaking population exists in North America , especially in the New York City Metropolitan Area and in
462-401: A particular varna (in this case, Kshatriya ). The Patidars do not wear the sacred thread , and employ any caste of Brahmins to act as their priests. Pocock notes differences in the behavior of Patidar men of Kheda district when in the fields versus the home. In the village fields the consumption of meat and liquor and sexual relations with untouchable women is possible, but such behavior
539-671: A preference for singing vernacular bhakti devotional songs rather than the more Brahmanic Sanskrit variants. However, upper castes never recognised any claim of status above Shudra for the Patidars. The Patidars did not allow Brahmins to exploit them or allow Brahmins to control their lives; in fact, in the Kheda district the Patidars wielded more power than the Brahmins did. However, with many Patidars now being merchants, they later began claiming Vaishya status en masse , to be par with
616-548: A separate grammatical category unto themselves. Many old tatsam words have changed their meanings or have had their meanings adopted for modern times. પ્રસારણ prasāraṇ means "spreading", but now it is used for "broadcasting". In addition to this are neologisms , often being calques . An example is telephone , which is Greek for "far talk", translated as દુરભાષ durbhāṣ . Most people, though, just use ફોન phon and thus neo-Sanskrit has varying degrees of acceptance. So, while having unique tadbhav sets, modern IA languages have
693-533: A significant skew of gender, that in the 2010s the Patidar community organisations elsewhere in India have been encouraging some of their number to contract marriages with Gujarati Patidars, and also encouraging some Kurmi -Patidar marriages. The latter they hold to be acceptable because of a belief that, centuries ago, the two castes had a common origin. The numbers involved are at present reported to be very few but it
770-484: A unique marriage custom in which marriages were only conducted once every ten years. This marriage custom was noted to be in decline by 1911. In 1922, the Kadva Seva Mandal organized a caste conference which abolished the deccenial marriage custom. The parcels of land held under the village tenureship system are known as patis and a patidar is the holder of one of those allotments. During the 19th century,
847-550: Is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Indian state of Gujarat and spoken predominantly by the Gujarati people . Gujarati is descended from Old Gujarati ( c. 1100–1500 CE ). In India, it is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Union. It is also the official language in the state of Gujarat, as well as an official language in the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu . As of 2011, Gujarati
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#1732782685709924-610: Is being used in, bringing to mind tadbhav . India was ruled for many centuries by Persian-speaking Muslims , amongst the most notable being the Delhi Sultanate , and the Mughal dynasty . As a consequence Indian languages were changed greatly, with the large scale entry of Persian and its many Arabic loans into the Gujarati lexicon. One fundamental adoption was Persian's conjunction "that", ke . Also, while tatsam or Sanskrit
1001-626: Is etymologically continuous to Gujarati, it is essentially of a differing grammar (or language), and that in comparison while Perso-Arabic is etymologically foreign, it has been in certain instances and to varying degrees grammatically indigenised. Owing to centuries of situation and the end of Persian education and power, (1) Perso-Arabic loans are quite unlikely to be thought of or known as loans, and (2) more importantly, these loans have often been Gujarati-ized. dāvo – claim, fāydo – benefit, natījo – result, and hamlo – attack, all carry Gujarati's masculine gender marker, o . khānũ – compartment, has
1078-406: Is expressed with its verbal root followed by suffixes marking aspect and agreement in what is called a main form, with a possible proceeding auxiliary form derived from to be , marking tense and mood , and also showing agreement. Causatives (up to double) and passives have a morphological basis. Translation (provided at location)— Criminal Tribes Denotified Tribes are
1155-695: Is not upheld in Gujarati and corresponds to j or jh . In contrast to modern Persian, the pronunciation of these loans into Gujarati and other Indo-Aryan languages, as well as that of Indian-recited Persian, seems to be in line with Persian spoken in Afghanistan and Central Asia , perhaps 500 years ago. Lastly, Persian, being part of the Indo-Iranian language family as Sanskrit and Gujarati are, met up in some instances with its cognates: Zoroastrian Persian refugees known as Parsis also speak an accordingly Persianized form of Gujarati. With
1232-521: Is offered as a GCSE subject for students in the UK. Some Gujarati parents in the diaspora are not comfortable with the possibility that their children will not be fluent in the language. In a study, 80% of Malayali parents felt that "Children would be better off with English", compared to 36% of Kannada parents and only 19% of Gujarati parents. Besides being spoken by the Gujarati people , many non-Gujarati residents of Gujarat also speak it, among them
1309-624: Is seen as a significant break with tradition to marry outside the caste and/or outside their home state. They claim that such marriages also develop new business ties. In 1894, another farmer caste, the Kurmis , formed their own caste association. The Kurmis were a farming caste in the eastern Gangetic plain who, like the Kanbis, were of Shudra status. In an organisation in Awadh , the Kurmis sought to draw
1386-515: Is strictly forbidden in the house. The Patidars practised female infanticide until it was outlawed by the British in 1870 . The Patidar practice of hypergamous marriage was also distinct from that of the Kolis, with the former marrying relatively locally and across boundaries within their own community while the latter dispersed over a wide area to marry with Rajputs . The Patidar system caused
1463-483: Is the 6th most widely spoken language in India by number of native speakers, spoken by 55.5 million speakers which amounts to about 4.5% of the total Indian population. It is the 26th most widely spoken language in the world by number of native speakers as of 2007. Gujarati, along with Meitei (alias Manipuri ), hold the third place among the fastest growing languages of India , following Hindi (first place) and Kashmiri language (second place), according to
1540-814: Is the category of English words that already have Gujarati counterparts which end up replaced or existed alongside with. The major driving force behind this latter category has to be the continuing role of English in modern India as a language of education, prestige, and mobility. In this way, Indian speech can be sprinkled with English words and expressions, even switches to whole sentences. See Hinglish , Code-switching . In matters of sound, English alveolar consonants map as retroflexes rather than dentals . Two new characters were created in Gujarati to represent English /æ/'s and /ɔ/'s. Levels of Gujarati-ization in sound vary. Some words do not go far beyond this basic transpositional rule, and sound much like their English source, while others differ in ways, one of those ways being
1617-618: The 2011 census of India . Outside of Gujarat, Gujarati is spoken in many other parts of South Asia by Gujarati migrants, especially in Mumbai and Pakistan (mainly in Karachi ). Gujarati is also widely spoken in many countries outside South Asia by the Gujarati diaspora . In North America, Gujarati is one of the fastest-growing and most widely spoken Indian languages in the United States and Canada . In Europe, Gujaratis form
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#17327826857091694-953: The Greater Toronto Area , which have over 100,000 speakers and over 75,000 speakers, respectively, but also throughout the major metropolitan areas of the United States and Canada. According to the 2016 census, Gujarati is the fourth most-spoken South Asian language in Toronto after Hindustani , Punjabi and Tamil . The UK has over 200,000 speakers, many of them situated in the London area, especially in North West London, but also in Birmingham , Manchester , and in Leicester , Coventry , Rugby , Bradford and
1771-521: The Kutchis (as a literary language ), the Parsis (adopted as a mother tongue ), and Hindu Sindhi refugees from Pakistan. Gujarati is one of the twenty-two official languages and fourteen regional languages of India. It is officially recognised in the state of Gujarat and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. Gujarati is recognised and taught as a minority language in
1848-684: The Mughal Empire , and later the Maratha Empire . These Kanbis also took the titles of Desai , Amin and Patel . The Kanbis were a group of western Indian peasant farmers that had various subclans, for example in the central Deccan the Maratha Kanbis and in Gujarat the-then elite Patidar Kanbis. The rise to socio-economic prominence of the Kanbi community in Gujarat and its change of identity to that of Patidar can be attributed to
1925-475: The National Commission for Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (NCDNSNT) of Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment recommended equal reservations , as available to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes , for around 110 million people belonging to the denotified tribes, nomadic or semi-nomadic tribes in India. Along with the tribes designated as, "Nomadic" or "Semi-Nomadic",
2002-542: The Patidars , Marathas , Kapus , Reddys , and Naidus under the Kurmi umbrella. They then campaigned to have Kurmis recognised as Kshatriyas in the 1901 census. The Raj administration first recognised the separate caste status of Patidars in the 1931 census of India. In the census, all instances of Kanbi in Gujarat were replaced with Patidar. The Patidars are estimated to comprise 12–14% of Gujarat's population. Until
2079-603: The United Arab Emirates . Gujarati (sometimes spelled Gujerati , Gujarathi , Guzratee , Guujaratee , Gujrathi , and Gujerathi ) is a modern Indo-Aryan (IA) language evolved from Sanskrit . The traditional practice is to differentiate the IA languages on the basis of three historical stages: Another view postulates successive family tree splits, in which Gujarati is assumed to have separated from other IA languages in four stages: The principal changes from
2156-528: The "authentic" Patidars over the Rajputs and Kolis, and gave them positions as revenue collectors. The favoured treatment and increased wealth and dominance led the "authentic" Patidars, "lesser" Patidars, and Kanbis to closely associate with each other. Additionally, the development of tobacco as a cash crop and African trade benefited both Patidars and Kanbis and reinforced their unity and prevent them from splitting. The community also began to redefine itself in
2233-484: The 12th century. Texts of this era display characteristic Gujarati features such as direct/oblique noun forms, postpositions, and auxiliary verbs. It had three genders , as Gujarati does today, and by around the time of 1300 CE, a fairly standardized form of this language emerged. While generally known as Old Gujarati, some scholars prefer the name Old Western Rajasthani, based upon the argument that Gujarati and Rajasthani were not yet distinct. Factoring into this preference
2310-472: The 17th century, the Leva Kanbis controlled the majority of the land in the Kheda district through a coparcenary system of land tenure called narwadari in which Levas would share the payments of revenue owed to the government. They did this to protect their community against exploitations by the government. The Patidar were originally a title for the Kanbis who had become village tax collectors under
2387-462: The 18th century, Kanbis were also mentioned as working as weavers at Surat . In the 1740s, some Kanbis were granted permission by the governor, Safdar Khan, to manufacture Saris , which traditionally was the domain of Khatris . The Kunbis had learned the art of weaving from the Khatris who had employed them. The Khatris were annoyed by this, and a rivalry developed between the castes, which disrupted
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2464-534: The 1950s, Patidar and Brahmin children did not dine with each other or drink from the same glasses in Primary schools in Old Ahmedabad . In the 1960s, an alliance of Patidars, Brahmins , and Banias controlled Gujarati politics. In the post-independence era , Patidars along with Brahmins, Rajputs, and Banias formed the upper castes of Ahmedabad . In 1985, Patidars and Brahmins violently participated in
2541-763: The Bengal style." Coolie — 1598, "name given by Europeans to hired laborers in India and China," from Hindi quli "hired servant," probably from koli , name of an aboriginal tribe or caste in Gujarat. Tank — c.1616, "pool or lake for irrigation or drinking water," a word originally brought by the Portuguese from India, ult. from Gujarati tankh "cistern, underground reservoir for water," Marathi tanken , or tanka "reservoir of water, tank." Perhaps from Skt. tadaga-m "pond, lake pool," and reinforced in later sense of "large artificial container for liquid" (1690) by Port. tanque "reservoir," from estancar "hold back
2618-506: The British administrators found that all three systems existed. The Kanbis tended to adopt the village-based model and the Kolis the landlord-based variant. The village-based system entailed that organisations jointly owned a village and shared responsibility in some fixed proportion for the land revenues. The division of responsibility might be arranged by the amount of land held by each member (the bhaiachara method) or by ancestry (the pattidari system). Working with this village model enabled
2695-429: The British to impose a fixed revenue demand that was payable whether or not the land was cultivated and that gave landholders the right to sublet and otherwise manage their lands with minimal official interference. It simplified revenue collection and maximised income when compared to a system based on individual responsibility for revenue, in which allowances had to be made for land being out of cultivation. It also allowed
2772-461: The East African countries as well as from India have moved to countries such as USA, UK, and Canada. Significant immigration from India to the United States started after the landmark Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 , Early immigrants after 1965 were highly educated professionals . Since US immigration laws allow sponsoring immigration of parents, children and particularly siblings on
2849-483: The Gujarati script is an abugida . It is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. It is a variant of the Devanāgarī script, differentiated by the loss of the characteristic horizontal line running above the letters and by a small number of modifications in the remaining characters. These are the three general categories of words in modern Indo-Aryan: tadbhav , tatsam , and loanwords. તદ્ભવ tadbhava , "of
2926-583: The Hindu deity Rama . Specifically, the Patidars claim that the Levas and Kadvas are the descendants of Lava and Kusha , respectively, the two sons of Rama. The Barots record that Lava and Kusha were cursed by their mother Sita to become cultivators, and after which the Patidars supposedly migrated from Ayodhya to Gujarat . Shah and Shroff consider this scenario to be unlikely, and believe it to be an example of Barots creating myths to legitimize caste claims to
3003-625: The Islamic sect of the Imam Shah in the 15th century. These Kanbis were ostracised and moved to Kutch district . Later some of these Kanbis were in turn converted to the Swaminarayan sect by Narayan Mistri. The Levas and Kadvas are considered superior to the other subcastes, with the most prestigious section living in Charotar . These two sections inter-dine but do not inter-marry. Since
3080-476: The Kadavas were from northern Gujarat . The Matis, who were a sub-subcaste of the Levas, lived in southern Gujarat . The Chullias lived in certain areas of Saurashtra . The Bhaktas form another subcaste. The Anjana Kanbis are similar to Rajputs, and eat meat and drink alcohol. The Uda Kanbis are followers of Udabhagat, a neo-Vaishnav saint. The Matiyas, also known as Piranas are Kanbis who descend from converts to
3157-709: The Kanbis generally adopted the Patidar term to describe themselves and thus emphasise the high status associated with their ownership. The community also adopted the surname Patel , which was traditionally applied to village headmen. During this time, the Kanbis and Patidars were socially stratified. The "authentic" Patidars were those who were the dominant landowners. They owned large estates and supervised cultivation, or leased out land to tenants. The "lesser" Patidars were those who owned less land and cultivated part of their lands themselves. The Kanbis retained their lower status as those who did not own land. The British favoured
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3234-575: The Kanbis published Origin and History of Kanbi Kshatriya in Gujarati, attempting to link the Kanbis with the Ikshvaku clan of Kshatriyas . According to Jyotindra Jain , the Kanbis have never ruled any territory except the estates of Patadi, Dhasa, Rai, and Sankali. The Patidars began trading indigo in the 19th century. The Patidars heavily benefited from the British Raj , and were able to use their land drainage systems, better agriculture, and
3311-425: The Kanbis, and were forced to become their tenants. The Kanbis also claimed Kshatriya status, mirroring the Rajputs. The Kanbis/Patidars mirrored the Rajputs in that they both claimed to be of Kshatriya status, hired genealogists to fabricate genealogies, and hired bards to concoct warrior legends about their pasts. Traditionally the bards and brahmins had maintained that the Kanbis had always been farmers, but in 1912
3388-495: The Kolis became classified as a criminal tribe due to their failure to meet the revenue demands and their tendency to raid Kanbi villages to survive. The Kanbi land takeovers also reduced the Kolis to being the tenants and agricultural labourers of Kanbis rather than landowners, thus increasing the economic inequality between the communities. The difference was further exacerbated by the Kanbis' providing better tenancy arrangements for members of their own community than for Kolis. In
3465-609: The Middle Indo-Aryan stage are the following: Gujarati is then customarily divided into the following three historical stages: Old Gujarātī ( જૂની ગુજરાતી ; 1200 CE–1500 CE), which descended from prakrit and the ancestor of modern Gujarati and Rajasthani, was spoken by the Gurjars , who were residing and ruling in Gujarat , Punjab, Rajputana , and central India. The language was used as literary language as early as
3542-634: The agricultural peasantry than the warriors. Governments in India had always relied on revenue from land as their major source of income. With the decline of the Mughal Empire , the extant administrative systems fell apart and anarchy prevailed. The British colonisation of the country took place over a period of many years and had to adapt to the various local land tenure arrangements that had arisen as Mughal power waned. These systems of ownership could be broadly classified as landlord-based ( zamindari , vanta or magulzari ), village-based ( mahalwari , narva ) and individually based ( ryotwari ). In Gujarat,
3619-568: The anti-reservation riots. They form one of the dominant castes in Gujarat. Patidars starting migrating to the British-controlled East Africa more than century ago. In South Africa during the famine of 1890, many Kanbis became prosperous as labourers and traders. In the 1920s and 1930s, the British favoured Patidars in East Africa as civil servants in the construction of railways. In recent decades, many from
3696-403: The authentic-Vaishya Banias . They found that claiming the mercantile Vaishya status was much easier and more accessible than claiming the obsolete Kshatriya status. Both Banias and Patidars were able to successfully adapt to modern conditions, whereas castes who traditionally claimed Kshatriya status have not been able to shift as well to modern society. The Patidars claimed to be descendants of
3773-773: The basis of family reunion, the numbers rapidly swelled in a phenomenon known as " chain migration ". Given the Patidar propensity for entrepreneurship and business enterprise, a number of them opened shops and motels . Now in the 21st century over 40% of the hospitality industry in the United States is controlled by Patidars and other Gujaratis. The Patidar samaj, also dominate as franchisees of fast food restaurant chains such as Subway and Dunkin' Donuts , and retail franchises such as 7-Eleven . Notes Citations Bibliography Gujarati language Gujarati ( / ˌ ɡ ʊ dʒ ə ˈ r ɑː t i / GUUJ -ə- RAH -tee ; Gujarati script : ગુજરાતી , romanized: Gujarātī , pronounced [ɡudʒəˈɾɑːtiː] )
3850-809: The business of the East India Company . This led the Company to persuade the Nawab to revoke the Kunbi's license to weave saris in 1800, and guarantee to the Khatris the sole license to manufacture saris, on the condition that they would only work for the East India Company. The Kanbis' economic well-being was enhanced further from the 1860s due to improvements in crop selection, farming methods and transportation. They began to diversify their business interests and some with higher status also replaced
3927-449: The carrying of dentals. See Indian English . As English loanwords are a relatively new phenomenon, they adhere to English grammar, as tatsam words adhere to Sanskrit. That is not to say that the most basic changes have been underway: many English words are pluralised with Gujarati o over English "s". Also, with Gujarati having three genders, genderless English words must take one. Though often inexplicable, gender assignment may follow
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#17327826857094004-435: The context of the Hindu religion. As well as aspiring to Kshatriya status, they adopted ritually pure practices such as vegetarianism, worship of Krishna rather than mother goddesses (who were given animal sacrifices), prohibiting widow remarriage, giving dowries rather than using the then-prevalent bride price system, and discontinuing patronage of low-caste priests. They also retained some of their local customs, such as
4081-490: The creation of endogamous marriage circles based around groups of equal-status villages known as gols , thus strengthening ties. Simultaneously, the system allowed someone from a relatively poor circle to marry hypergamously into one of the fewer, wealthier Patidar families, whose socio-economic status would be diluted unless they adopted such practices because there were insufficient eligible brides. The marriage situation in Gujarat has become so severe in recent years, with such
4158-668: The efforts to standardise Gujarati were carried out. Of the approximately 62 million speakers of Gujarati in 2022, roughly 60 million resided in India, 250,000 in Tanzania , 210,000 in Kenya, and some thousands in Pakistan. Many Gujarati speakers in Pakistan are shifting to Urdu; however, some Gujarati community leaders in Pakistan claim that there are 3 million Gujarati speakers in Karachi. Mahatma Gandhi used Gujarati to serve as
4235-469: The end of Perso-Arabic inflow, English became the current foreign source of new vocabulary. English had and continues to have a considerable influence over Indian languages. Loanwords include new innovations and concepts, first introduced directly through British colonial rule , and then streaming in on the basis of continued Anglophone dominance in the Republic of India . Besides the category of new ideas
4312-524: The field labour of their families – especially the women – with hired labour in an attempt to emulate the Bania communities, who had Vaishya status in the varna ranking system. The Kanbis had been of the low caste Shudra rank. The Kanbis also claimed equal status with the Rajputs , who had formerly been the dominant caste in the region. The Rajputs, who claimed to be Kshatriyas, lost their landownership to
4389-457: The former mill towns within Lancashire . A portion of these numbers consists of East African Gujaratis who, under increasing discrimination and policies of Africanisation in their newly independent resident countries (especially Uganda , where Idi Amin expelled 50,000 Asians), were left with uncertain futures and citizenships . Most, with British passports , settled in the UK. Gujarati
4466-546: The growth of a money economy to prosper. The growth of Ahmedabad during the British Raj gave the Patidars a market to sell goods. In the 19th century due to the declining profitability of agriculture, many Kanbis took advantage of new opportunities afforded by British rule, with many migrating to towns like Ahmedabad and Cambay where they became weavers, traders, and moneylenders. In 1891, around ten percent of Leva and Kadva Kanbis were literate. The Kadvas used to have
4543-403: The impact of Portuguese has been greater on coastal languages and their loans tend to be closer to the Portuguese originals. The source dialect of these loans imparts an earlier pronunciation of ch as an affricate instead of the current standard of [ʃ] . Bungalow — 1676, from Gujarati bangalo , from Hindi bangla "low, thatched house," lit. "Bengalese," used elliptically for "house in
4620-405: The land reforms of the British Raj period. The Raj administrators sought to assure revenue from the highly fertile lands of central Gujarat by instituting reforms that fundamentally changed the relationship between the two communities of the region, the peasant Kanbi and the warrior Kolis . The two had previously been of more or less equal socio-economic standing, but the land reforms better suited
4697-594: The native languages of areas where the Gujarati people have become a diaspora community, such as East Africa ( Swahili ), have become loanwords in local dialects of Gujarati. The Linguistic Survey of India noted nearly two dozen dialects of Gujarati: Standard, Old, Standard Ahmedabad, Standard Broach, Nāgarī, Bombay, Suratī, Anāvla or Bhāṭelā, Eastern Broach, Pārsī, Carotarī, Pāṭīdārī, Vaḍodarī, Gāmaḍiā of Ahmedabad, Paṭanī, Thar and Parkar, Cutch, Kāṭhiyāvāḍī, Musalmān (Vhorāsī and Kharwā), Paṭṇulī, Kākarī, and Tārīmukī or Ghisāḍī. Similar to other Nāgarī writing systems,
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#17327826857094774-453: The nature of that". Gujarati is a modern Indo-Aryan language descended from Sanskrit (old Indo-Aryan), and this category pertains exactly to that: words of Sanskritic origin that have demonstratively undergone change over the ages, ending up characteristic of modern Indo-Aryan languages specifically as well as in general. Thus the "that" in "of the nature of that" refers to Sanskrit. They tend to be non-technical, everyday, crucial words; part of
4851-558: The neuter ũ . Aside from easy slotting with the auxiliary karvũ , a few words have made a complete transition of verbification: kabūlvũ – to admit (fault), kharīdvũ – to buy, kharǎcvũ – to spend (money), gujarvũ – to pass. The last three are definite part and parcel. Below is a table displaying a number of these loans. Currently some of the etymologies are being referenced to an Urdu dictionary so that Gujarati's singular masculine o corresponds to Urdu ā , neuter ũ groups into ā as Urdu has no neuter gender, and Urdu's Persian z
4928-495: The phenomenon of English loanwords is relatively new, Perso-Arabic has a longer history behind it. Both English and Perso-Arabic influences are quite nationwide phenomena, in a way paralleling tatsam as a common vocabulary set or bank. What's more is how, beyond a transposition into general Indo-Aryan, the Perso-Arabic set has also been assimilated in a manner characteristic and relevant to the specific Indo-Aryan language it
5005-456: The reign of Chaulukya king Jayasimha Siddharaja of Anhilwara (Patan). MIddle Gujarati (AD 1500–1800) split off from Rajasthani, and developed the phonemes ɛ and ɔ, the auxiliary stem ch -, and the possessive marker - n -. Major phonological changes characteristic of the transition between Old and Middle Gujarati are: These developments would have grammatical consequences. For example, Old Gujarati's instrumental-locative singular in -i
5082-460: The same basis as it is expressed in Gujarati: vowel type, and the nature of word meaning. The smaller foothold the Portuguese had in wider India had linguistic effects. Gujarati took up a number of words, while elsewhere the influence was great enough to the extent that creole languages came to be ( see Portuguese India , Portuguese-based creole languages in India and Sri Lanka ). Comparatively,
5159-671: The second largest of the British South Asian speech communities, and Gujarati is the fourth most commonly spoken language in the UK 's capital London . Gujarati is also spoken in Southeast Africa , particularly in Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , Zambia , and South Africa . Elsewhere, Gujarati is spoken to a lesser extent in Hong Kong , Singapore , Australia , and Middle Eastern countries such as Bahrain and
5236-643: The spoken vernacular. Below is a table of a few Gujarati tadbhav words and their Old Indo-Aryan sources: તત્સમ tatsama , "same as that". While Sanskrit eventually stopped being spoken vernacularly, in that it changed into Middle Indo-Aryan , it was nonetheless standardised and retained as a literary and liturgical language for long after. This category consists of these borrowed words of (more or less) pure Sanskrit character. They serve to enrich Gujarati and modern Indo-Aryan in its formal, technical, and religious vocabulary. They are recognisable by their Sanskrit inflections and markings; they are thus often treated as
5313-425: The states of Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , and Tamil Nadu and the union territory of Delhi . According to British historian and philologist William Tisdall , who was an early scholar of Gujarati grammar , three major varieties of Gujarati exist: a standard 'Hindu' dialect, a ' Parsi ' dialect and a ' Muslim ' dialect. However, Gujarati has undergone contemporary reclassification with respect to
5390-536: The tribes in India that were listed originally under the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871, as Criminal Tribes and "addicted to the systematic commission of non-bailable offences." Once a tribe became "notified" as criminal, all its members were required to register with the local magistrate, failing which they would be charged with a crime under the Indian Penal Code . The Criminal Tribes Act
5467-512: The widespread regional differences in vocabulary and phrasing; notwithstanding the number of poorly attested dialects and regional variations in naming. Kharwa, Kakari and Tarimuki (Ghisadi) are also often cited as additional varieties of Gujarati. Kutchi is often referred to as a dialect of Gujarati, but most linguists consider it closer to Sindhi . In addition, the Memoni is related to Gujarati, albeit distantly. Furthermore, words used by
5544-561: Was in 1871 and at that time there was no consensus nor any definition of what constitutes a "tribe". The terms " tribe " and " caste " were used interchangeably for these tribes. The UN's anti-discrimination body Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) asked India to repeal the Habitual Offenders Act (1952) and effectively rehabilitate the denotified and nomadic tribes on 9 March 2007. In 2008,
5621-468: Was later applied en masse to the entirety of the Kanbi population who lay claim to a land owning identity, partly as a result of land reforms during the British Raj . According to 2011 Socio Economic and Caste Census their population is approximately 1.5 crores and they form 21.7% of Gujarat 's population. The Kanbi/Patidars were divided into several subcastes. The Levas were from central Gujarat and
5698-458: Was leveled and eliminated, having become the same as Old Gujarati's nominative/accusative singular in -ə. A major phonological change was the deletion of final ə , such that the modern language has consonant-final words. Grammatically, a new plural marker of - o developed. In literature, the third quarter of the 19th century saw a series of milestones for Gujarati, which previously had verse as its dominant mode of literary composition. In 1920s,
5775-529: Was not so mutually beneficial. They were subject to interference from the British revenue collectors, who intervened to ensure that the stipulated revenue was remitted to the government before any surplus went to the landlord. Being less inclined to take an active role in agriculture personally and thus maximise revenues from their landholdings, the Koli possessions were often left uncultivated or underused. These lands were gradually taken over by Kanbi cultivators, while
5852-537: Was repealed in 1949 and thus 'de-notified' the tribal communities. This Act, however, was replaced by a series of Habitual Offenders Acts , that asked police to investigate a suspect's "criminal tendencies" and whether their occupation is "conducive to settled way of life." The denotified tribes were reclassified as "habitual offenders" in 1959. The name "Criminal Tribes" is itself a misnomer as no definition of tribe denotes occupation, but they were identified as tribes "performing" their primary occupation. The first census
5929-425: Was the belief that modern Rajasthani sporadically expressed a neuter gender, based on the incorrect conclusion that the [ũ] that came to be pronounced in some areas for masculine [o] after a nasal consonant was analogous to Gujarati's neuter [ũ]. A formal grammar , Prakrita Vyakarana , of the precursor to this language, Gurjar Apabhraṃśa , was written by Jain monk and eminent scholar Acharya Hemachandra Suri in
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