61-727: Karvetinagar or Karvetinagaram is a village in Chittoor district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh . It is the headquarters of Karvetinagar mandal . The town is known for the Venugopalaswamy Temple , that was constructed during the reign of the Venturing dynasty. Karvetinagar is located at 13°25′00″N 79°27′00″E / 13.4167°N 79.4500°E / 13.4167; 79.4500 . It has an average elevation of 252 meters. The nearest railway station
122-654: A literacy rate of 72.36%. The Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) of the undivided district for FY 2013-14 is ₹ 34,742 crore (US$ 4.2 billion) and it contributes 6.6% to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) . For the FY 2013–14, the per capita income at current prices was ₹ 64,671 (US$ 770). The primary , secondary and tertiary sectors of the district contribute ₹ 8,226 crore (US$ 990 million), and ₹ 18,849 crore (US$ 2.3 billion) respectively. The major products contributing to
183-529: A sari (a long piece of fabric draped around the body) and salwar kameez are worn by women all over India. A bindi is part of a woman's make-up. Despite common belief, the bindi on the forehead does not signify marital status; however, the Sindoor does. Rangoli (or Kolam) is a traditional art very popular among Indian women. In 1991, the Kerala High Court restricted entry of women above
244-495: A 1998 report by the U.S. Department of Commerce, the chief barriers to female education in India are inadequate school facilities (such as sanitary facilities), shortage of female teachers and gender bias in the curriculum (female characters being depicted as weak and helpless). The literacy rate is lower for women compared to men: the literacy rate is 60.6% for women, while for men it is 81.3%. The 2011 census, however, indicated
305-507: A 2001–2011 decadal literacy growth of 9.2%, which is slower than the growth seen during the previous decade. There is a wide gender disparity in the literacy rate in India: effective literacy rates (age 7 and above) in 2011 were 82.14% for men and 65.46% for women. (population aged 15 or older, data from 2015). Contrary to common perception, a large percentage of women in India are actively engaged in traditional and non-traditional work. Despite
366-716: A distance of 120Km from Chittoor Dravidian University is the only university in the district after the reorganisation. V. Nagayya , also known as Chittoor Nagayya, was brought up in Kuppam. He was a pioneering Indian actor, singer, music composer, and director in the Telugu and Tamil film industry. Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy was born in Kattamanchi, a suburb of Chittoor. He was an educationist, economist, poet and literary critic. Prathap Chandra Reddy , born in Aragonda,
427-637: A result of Pataskar Award consequent on the re-organisation of the state on a linguistic basis on 1 April 1960, a major portion of Tiruthani taluk was transferred to Chengalpattu district of Tamilnadu in exchange for one taluk known as Sathyavedu comprising 186 villages from Tamilnadu. Also from the same date, 220 villages from Palamaner Taluk and Three villages from Krishnagiri Taluk of Salem District of Tamilnadu were transferred to form Kuppam Sub-Taluk and 145 villages from Chittoor Taluk were transferred to form Bangarupalem Sub-Taluk. Subsequently, Kuppam and Bangarupalem were made full-fledged taluks. The district
488-423: A sex ratio of 993 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 3,94,327 (21.05%) and 51,574 (2.75%) of the population respectively. Languages of Chittoor district based on 2011 Census Based on the 2011 census, 73.23% of the population spoke Telugu , 16.75% Tamil and 8.72% Urdu as their first language. Telugu is the primary official language of the district along with English. Tamil
549-420: A vision of gender equality. Historically, women in India have faced legal restrictions that limited their participation in various activities, and these limitations have raised concerns about the cultural practices and values of the country. Previously, these women could not apply simple and natural makeup on film characters because the law did not allow them to do it although the status quo has changed. Along with
610-482: A woman without consent, stalking and sexual acts by person in authority an offense. It also made acid attacks a specific offence with a punishment of imprisonment not less than 10 years and which could extend to life imprisonment and with fine. In 2014, an Indian family court in Mumbai ruled that a husband objecting to his wife wearing a kurta and jeans and forcing her to wear a sari amounts to cruelty inflicted by
671-876: A young girl Mathura in a police station led to country-wide protests in 1979–1980. The protest, widely covered by the national media, forced the Government to amend the Evidence Act, the Criminal Procedure Code, and the Indian Penal Code; and created a new offence, custodial rape. Since alcoholism is often associated with violence against women in India, many women groups launched anti-liquor campaigns in Andhra Pradesh , Himachal Pradesh , Haryana , Odisha , Madhya Pradesh and other states. Many Indian Muslim women have questioned
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#1732791819814732-536: Is Puttur (11 kilometres (6.8 mi) distant) in Andhra Pradesh. Some express trains stop here. Frequent buses run from Puttur to Chittoor via Karvetinagar or from Pallipattu (8 kilometres (5.0 mi)) in Tamil Nadu . The nearest international airport is at Chennai (115 km), and Renigunta (Tirupati) (45 km) away. Chittoor district Chittoor district ( pronunciation )
793-521: Is a 1995 Bollywood film whose main female character, Simran, represented the ideal Indian woman. The film depicts her as a modest, reserved, and respectful female who remains dutiful to her family and never compromises her "purity". Yet, at the same time Simran was discouraged by her father from having a relationship with a man before marriage, especially one he did not know and of whom he did not approve. This film illustrates how women who seek romance for themselves are villainized. In contrast, films such as
854-645: Is a cardiologist who founded the first corporate chain of hospitals in India, the Apollo Hospitals . Women in India The status of women in India has been subject to many changes over the time of recorded India's history. Their position in society deteriorated early in India's ancient period, especially in the Indo-Aryan speaking regions, and their subordination continued to be reified well into India's early modern period. During
915-445: Is a legislative act in India that seeks to protect women from sexual harassment at their place of work. The Act came into force from 9 December 2013. The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 introduced changes to the Indian Penal Code, making sexual harassment an expressed offence under Section 354 A, which is punishable up to three years of imprisonment and or with fine. The Amendment also introduced new sections making acts like disrobing
976-583: Is a serious concern in India. During the British Raj , many reformers such as Ram Mohan Roy , Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and Jyotirao Phule fought for the betterment of women. Peary Charan Sarkar , a former student of Hindu College, Calcutta and a member of "Young Bengal", set up the first free school for girls in India in 1847 in Barasat, a suburb of Calcutta (later the school was named Kalikrishna Girls' High School). While this might suggest that there
1037-627: Is also under Tondai Nadu Region. The district is bounded by Annamayya district to the North, Krishnagiri District , Tirupattur District , Vellore District and Tiruvallur District of Tamil Nadu state to the South, Tirupati district to the East & North, Kolar District of Karnataka state to the West. The district is located between the northern latitudes of 12°-44’-42″ and 13°-39’-21″ and between
1098-459: Is now widely considered as a national hero. Begum Hazrat Mahal , the co-ruler of Awadh , was another ruler who led the revolt of 1857. She refused deals with the British and later retreated to Nepal. The Begums of Bhopal were also considered notable female rulers during this period. They were trained in martial arts . Chandramukhi Basu , Kadambini Ganguly and Anandi Gopal Joshi were some of
1159-523: Is one of the eight districts in the Rayalaseema region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh . It had a population of 18,72,951 at the 2011 census of India . It is a major market centre for mangoes , grains , sugarcane , and peanuts . The district headquarters is at Chittoor City. The major cities/towns in the district are Chittoor, Punganur, Nagari, Palamaner, and Kuppam. The district derived its name from its headquarters Chittoor . After
1220-560: Is sharply increasing, the female literacy rate in India is less than the male literacy rate. Far fewer girls than boys are enrolled in school, and many girls drop out. In urban India, girls are nearly on a par with boys in terms of education. However, in rural India, girls continue to be less educated than boys. According to the National Sample Survey Data of 1997, only the states of Kerala and Mizoram have approached universal female literacy. According to scholars,
1281-485: Is the world's longest serving female prime minister. The Constitution of India guarantees to all Indian women equality (Article 14), no discrimination by the State (Article 15(1)), equality of opportunity (Article 16), equal pay for equal work (Article 39(d)) and Article 42. In addition, it allows special provisions to be made by the State in favour of women and children (Article 15(3)), renounces practices derogatory to
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#17327918198141342-774: Is widely spoken in the border areas, especially in Kuppam. The district is divided into four revenue divisions: Chittoor , Kuppam , Nagari and Palamaner, which are further subdivided into a total of 32 mandals , each headed by a sub-collector. The list of 32 mandals in Chittoor district, is given below. Chittoor is a Municipal Corporation , while Kuppam, Punganur, Palamaner and Nagari are municipalities . There are two parliamentary and seven assembly constituencies located in this district. The parliamentary constituencies are Chittoor (Lok Sabha constituency) and Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency (partial). The assembly constituencies are given below. Agriculture and horticulture are
1403-429: The 2011 census , Chittoor district prior to restructuring in 2022 had a population of 4,174,064. This gives it a ranking of 47th in India (out of a total of 640 ) and 6th in its state. The district has a population density of 275 inhabitants per square kilometre (710/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 11.33%. Chittoor has a sex ratio of 1002 females for every 1000 males, and
1464-521: The British East India Company rule (1757–1857), and the British Raj (1858–1947), measures aiming at amelioration were enacted, including Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829 , Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856 , Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870 , and Age of Consent Act, 1891 . The Indian constitution prohibits discrimination based on sex and empowers the government to undertake special measures for them. Women's rights under
1525-586: The Centre for the Study of Developing Societies rejected the survey for its methodology and lack of transparency. Also in 2018, the Supreme Court of India struck down a law making it a crime for a man to have sex with a married woman without the permission of her husband. Prior to November 2018, women were forbidden to climb Agasthyarkoodam . A court ruling removed the prohibition. The steady change in
1586-998: The Constitution of India mainly include equality, dignity, and freedom from discrimination; additionally, India has various statutes governing the rights of women. Several women have served in various senior official positions in the Indian government, including that of the President of India , the Prime Minister of India , the Speaker of the Lok Sabha . However, many women in India continue to face significant difficulties. The rates of malnutrition are exceptionally high among adolescent girls and pregnant and lactating women in India, with repercussions for children 's health. Violence against women , especially sexual violence,
1647-541: The Eastern Ghats . Other rivers include Araniyar, Bahuda, Beema, Cheyyeru , Kalangi, Kalyani, Koundinya, Kusasthali, Neeva, Papaghni, Pileru, Pincha, and Pedderu. None of the rivers are perennial. The temperature in the western parts of the undivided district like Pileru , Punganur , Madanapalle , Horsley Hills are relatively lower than the eastern parts of the Chittoor District. This is because of
1708-456: The GVA of the district from agriculture and allied services are, sugarcane , groundnut , tomato , mango , milk , meat and fisheries . The GVA to the industrial and service sector is contributed from construction , electricity , manufacturing , education and ownership of dwellings. The important rivers in the district before restructuring were Ponnai and Swarnamukhi, which originate in
1769-578: The Narmada Bachao Andolan . In 1991, the Kerala High Court restricted the entry of women above the age of 10 and below the age of 50 from Sabarimala Shrine, as they were of the menstruating age. However, on 28 September 2018, the Supreme Court of India lifted the ban on the entry of women. It said that discrimination against women on any grounds, even religious, is unconstitutional. The Government of India declared 2001 as
1830-604: The Supreme Court of India said that women officers in the Indian Army can get command positions at par with male officers. The court said that the government's arguments against it were discriminatory, disturbing and based on stereotype. The court also said that permanent commission to all women officers should be made available regardless of their years of service. The government had earlier said that women commanders would not be acceptable to some troops. Though it
1891-499: The 1973 Batch became the first Lady Director General of Police of a State in India when she was appointed DGP of Uttarakhand Police . In 2018 an IPS Officer Archana Ramasundram of 1980 Batch became the first Woman to become the Director General of Police of a Paramilitary Force as DG, Sashastra Seema Bal . In March 2018, Delhi Police announced that it would begin to induct women into its SWAT team. On February 17, 2020,
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1952-531: The 2006 Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna and 2022 Gehraiyaan explore more nonconforming female characters. In Gehraiyaan, the main characters struggle with mental illnesses, partake in infidelity, and come from broken families. The overall presence of such characters highlight how the modern Indian woman is less bound to traditional expectations and overall have been entering the workforce, been financially independent, and even sexually freed from earlier standards. Other films with nonconforming female characters include:
2013-473: The 2016 film Dangal , the 2022 film Mili , the 2018 film Raazi , and more. The Indian Armed Forces began recruiting women to non-medical positions in 1992. The Indian Army began inducting women officers in 1992. The Border Security Force (BSF) began recruiting female officers in 2013. On 25 March 2017, Tanushree Pareek became the first female combat officer commissioned by the BSF. On 24 October 2015,
2074-822: The First Lady Indian Police Service Officer and was the only woman in a batch of 80 IPS Officers, she joined the AGMUT Cadre. In 1992 Asha Sinha a 1982 Batch IPS Officer became the First Woman Commandant in the Paramilitary forces of India when she was posted as Commandant, Central Industrial Security Force in Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited . Kanchan Chaudhary Bhattacharya the second Lady IPS Officer of India belonging to
2135-739: The Indian government announced that women could serve as fighter pilots in the Indian Air Force (IAF), having previously only been permitted to fly transport aircraft and helicopters. The decision means that women are now eligible for induction in any role in the IAF. In 2016, India announced a decision to allow women to take up combat roles in all sections of its army and navy. As of 2014, women made up 3% of Indian Army personnel, 2.8% of Navy personnel, and 8.5% of Air Force personnel. As of 2016, women accounted for 5% of all active and reserve Indian Armed forces personnel. In 1972 Kiran Bedi became
2196-557: The Indian independence in 1947, Chittoor region became a part of the erstwhile Madras state . The modern Chittoor district was formerly Arcot District , which was established by the British in the 19th century. It had Chittoor as its headquarters. Chittoor district was constituted on 1 April 1911 with the taluks of Chittoor, Palamaner, and Chandragiri from Old North Arcot district of Tamilnadu, Madanapalle and Voyalpadu Taluks of Kadapa district and Ex-Zamindari areas of Pileru, Punganur , Srikalahasthi, Puttur and Old Karvetinagar estate. As
2257-563: The Women's Reservation Bill requiring that 33% of seats in India's Parliament and state legislative bodies be reserved for women. In October 2017 another poll published by Thomson Reuters Foundation found that Delhi was the fourth most dangerous megacity (total 40 in the world) for women and it was also the worst megacity in the world for women when it came to sexual violence, risk of rape and harassment. The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013
2318-495: The Year of Women's Empowerment ( Swashakti ). The National Policy For The Empowerment Of Women was passed that same year. In 2006, the case of Imrana , a Muslim rape victim, was highlighted by the media. Imrana was raped by her father-in-law. The pronouncement of some Muslim clerics that Imrana should marry her father-in-law led to widespread protests, and finally Imrana's father-in-law was sentenced to 10 years in prison. The verdict
2379-504: The age of 10 and below the age of 50 from Sabarimala Shrine as they were of the menstruating age. On 28 September 2018, the Supreme Court of India lifted the ban on the entry of women. It said that discrimination against women on any grounds, even religious, is unconstitutional. The Hindi film industry has had a significant impact on the portrayal of women in Indian society. The films often depict women as strong, independent, and capable of making their own choices, thus offering audiences
2440-416: The agriculture and allied industrial sectors, women account for as much as 89.5% of the labour force. In overall farm production, women's average contribution is estimated at 55% to 66% of the total labour. According to a 1991 World Bank report, women accounted for 94% of total employment in dairy production in India. Women constitute 51% of the total employed in forest-based small-scale enterprises. India
2501-440: The bride moving to live with the in-laws. Families are usually hierarchical, with the elders having authority over the younger generations and men over women. The vast majority of marriages are monogamous (one husband and one wife), but both polygyny and polyandry in India have a tradition among some populations in India. Weddings in India can be quite expensive. Most marriages in India are arranged . With regard to dress,
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2562-455: The dignity of women (Article 51(A) (e)), and also allows for provisions to be made by the State for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. (Article 42). Feminist activism in India gained momentum in the late 1970s. One of the first national-level issues that brought women's groups together was the Mathura rape case . The acquittal of policemen accused of raping
2623-674: The earliest Indian women to obtain a degree. In 1917, the first women's delegation met the Secretary of State to demand women's political rights, supported by the Indian National Congress. The All India Women's Education Conference was held in Pune in 1927, it became a major organisation in the movement for social change. In 1929, the Child Marriage Restraint Act was passed, stipulating fourteen as
2684-411: The eastern longitudes 78°-2’-2″ and 79°-41’-52″. Chittoor, the district headquarters is 150 km from Chennai, 165 km from Bangalore. Chitoor has been ranked 21st best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 3 population under 3 lakhs cities) in India. After reorganisation, the district had a population of 18,72,951, of which 368,644 (19.68%) lived in urban areas. Chittoor district has
2745-528: The fundamental leaders' interpretation of women's rights under the Shariat law and have criticised the triple talaq system (see below about 2017). Mary Roy won a lawsuit in 1986, against the inheritance legislation of her Keralite Syrian Christian community in the Supreme Court . The judgement ensured equal rights for Syrian Christian women with their male siblings in regard to their ancestral property. Until then, her Syrian Christian community followed
2806-623: The higher altitude of the western parts compared to the eastern parts. The summer temperature touches 44 °C in the eastern parts whereas in the western parts, it ranges around 36 ° to 38 °C. Similarly, the winter temperatures of the western parts are relatively low ranging from 12 °C to 14 °C, and in eastern parts it is 16 °C to 18 °C. Most of the district has a Tropical wet and dry climate , with some north-western parts having Hot semi-arid climate . Undivided Chittoor district receives an annual rainfall of 918.1 mm. The South West Monsoon and North East Monsoon are
2867-513: The husband and can be a ground to seek divorce. The wife was thus granted a divorce on the ground of cruelty as defined under section 27(1)(d) of Special Marriage Act, 1954. On 22 August 2017, the Indian Supreme Court deemed instant triple talaq ( talaq-e-biddat ) unconstitutional. A 2018 poll by Thomson Reuters Foundation termed India as the world's most dangerous country for women. The National Commission for Women and
2928-502: The informal economy than their male counterparts. However, there are far fewer women than men in the paid workforce. In urban India, women participate in the workforce in impressive numbers. For example, in the software industry 30% of the workforce is female. These high numbers are also due to the fact that 81% of the urban female workforce is employed in the informal sector. Studies have shown that higher education levels lead to higher income for urban-dwelling women. In rural India in
2989-412: The large number of women involved in the workforce, the country has a female labor force participation rate of just 23%. National data collection agencies accept that statistics seriously understate women's contribution as workers. Reasons for these misleading statistics can be attributed to cultural biases and expectations about women's roles in society. Additionally, more Indian women are employed in
3050-469: The mainstays of the district's economy. NH 69 and NH 40 pass through the district. Six lane expressway connecting Tirupati and Bangalore via Chittoor is operational. NH 42 , a two lane Highway from Anantapur-Kuppam-Krishnagiri passes through the District. Chittoor District has two major railway stations. Nearest airports Tirupati Airport at a distance of 86Km from Chittoor Kuppam Airport at
3111-638: The major factor behind improvements in the social and economic status of women in Kerala is literacy. Under the Non-Formal Education programme (NFE), about 40% of the NFE centres in states and 10% of the centres in UTs are exclusively reserved for women. As of 2000, about 300,000 NFE centres were catering to about 7.42 million children. About 120,000 NFE centres were exclusively for girls. According to
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#17327918198143172-581: The major sources of rainfall for the district. On average the district receives 438.0 mm of rainfall through the South West Monsoon (From June to September) and 396.0 mm from North East Monsoon (From October to December). The rainfall received by the district in the years 2002 and 2003 were 984.2 mm and 934 mm respectively. Chittoor is a part of Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh . The district occupies an area of 6,855 square kilometres (2,647 sq mi). This district
3233-601: The media, the Indian film industry has played an important role in driving changes in the law and improving the lives of women in India; it has sent messages to its audiences that challenge the restrictive nature of society, promoting the idea that women should have the freedom to make their own choices and live their lives on their own terms. The portrayal of women in Hindi cinema (Bollywood) has shifted over time as social norms have changed, and to include diverse representations. Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge , or DDLJ for short,
3294-471: The minimum age of marriage for a girl. Mahatma Gandhi , himself a victim of child marriage at the age of thirteen, later urged people to boycott child marriages and called upon young men to marry child widows. Women in India now participate fully in areas such as education, sports, politics, media, art and culture, service sectors, science and technology, etc. Indira Gandhi , who served as Prime Minister of India for an aggregate period of fifteen years,
3355-1057: The position of women can be highlighted by looking at what has been achieved by women in the country: India has one of the highest number of female politicians in the world. Women have held high offices in India including that of the President , Prime Minister , Speaker of the Lok Sabha and Leader of the Opposition . The Indian states Madhya Pradesh , Bihar , Uttarakhand , Himachal Pradesh , Andhra Pradesh , Chhattisgarh , Jharkhand , Kerala , Karnataka , Maharashtra , Orissa , Rajasthan and Tripura have implemented 50% reservation for women in PRIs. Majority of candidates in these Panchayats are women. In 2015, 100% of elected members in Kodassery Panchayat in Kerala are women. There are currently 16 female chief ministers in India as of 2020. As of 2018, 12 out of 29 states and
3416-742: The provisions of the Travancore Succession Act of 1916 and the Cochin Succession Act, 1921, while elsewhere in India the same community followed the Indian Succession Act of 1925. In the 1990s, grants from foreign donor agencies enabled the formation of new women-oriented NGOs. Self-help groups and NGOs such as Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA) have played a major role in the advancement of women's rights in India. Many women have emerged as leaders of local movements; for example, Medha Patkar of
3477-704: The situation of widows led to the Widow Remarriage Act of 1856. Many women reformers such as Pandita Ramabai also helped the cause of women. Kittur Chennamma , queen of the princely state Kittur in Karnataka, led an armed rebellion against the British in response to the Doctrine of lapse . Rani Lakshmi Bai , the Queen of Jhansi , led the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British. She
3538-506: The union territory of Delhi have had at least one female Chief Minister. Currently there are 81 women members and 458 male members in the Indian Parliament which equals 15.3% and 84.97% respectively. The status of women in India is strongly connected to family relations. In India, the family is seen as crucially important, and in most of the country, the family unit is patrilineal . Families are usually multi-generational, with
3599-585: Was no positive British contribution during the Raj era, that is not entirely the case. Missionaries' wives such as Martha Mault née Mead and her daughter Eliza Caldwell née Mault are rightly remembered for pioneering the education and training of girls in south India. This practice was initially met with local resistance, as it flew in the face of tradition. Raja Rammohan Roy's efforts led to the abolition of Sati under Governor-General William Cavendish-Bentinck in 1829. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's crusade for improvement in
3660-472: Was organised into 66 revenue mandals in 1985. Again the District Re-organised with 31 Mandals and 4 Revenue Divisions on 4 April 2022. Annamayya district and Tirupati district were formed from parts of the erstwhile Chittoor district and others. This has resulted in the district becoming primarily rural and losing central educational institutes and health infrastructure. According to
3721-683: Was welcomed by many women's groups and the All India Muslim Personal Law Board. According to a 2011 poll conducted by the Thomson Reuters Foundation , India was the "fourth most dangerous country" in the world for women, India was also noted as the worst country for women among the G20 countries, however, this report has faced criticism for promoting inaccurate perceptions. On 9 March 2010, one day after International Women's day, Rajya Sabha passed
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