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58-526: The Keekonyokie slaughterhouse is particularly famous due to its innovative strides in the Biogas industry. The Keekonyokie slaughterhouse stores biogas created by the slaughtering of animals in cylinders and sells them at a price about half of that of conventional liquefied petroleum (LP) gas . The Kiserian dam is also situated in the area. This Kenya location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Biogas Biogas

116-451: A CHP gas engine , where the waste heat from the engine is conveniently used for heating the digester; cooking; space heating; water heating ; and process heating. If compressed, it can replace compressed natural gas for use in vehicles, where it can fuel an internal combustion engine or fuel cells and is a much more effective displacer of carbon dioxide than the normal use in on-site CHP plants. Raw biogas produced from digestion

174-574: A fuel ; it can be used in fuel cells and for heating purpose, such as in cooking. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat. After removal of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide it can be compressed in the same way as natural gas and used to power motor vehicles . In the United Kingdom, for example, biogas is estimated to have the potential to replace around 17% of vehicle fuel. It qualifies for renewable energy subsidies in some parts of

232-453: A 1000-litre digester using psychrophiles harvested from "mud from a frozen lake in Alaska" has produced 200–300 liters of methane per day, about 20–30% of the output from digesters in warmer climates. The air pollution produced by biogas is similar to that of natural gas as when methane (a major constituent of biogas) is ignited for its usage as an energy source, Carbon dioxide

290-461: A Nut detailed the biogas production process from pig manure and showed how it fueled a custom-adapted combustion engine. In 2007, an estimated 12,000 vehicles were being fueled with upgraded biogas worldwide, mostly in Europe. Biogas is part of the wet gas and condensing gas (or air) category that includes mist or fog in the gas stream. The mist or fog is predominately water vapor that condenses on

348-513: A faecal sludge treatment plant. Faecal sludge can also be co-treated with organic solid waste in composting or in an anaerobic digestion system. Biogas can be generated through anaerobic digestion in the treatment of faecal sludge. The appropriate management of excreta and its valorisation through the production of biogas from faecal sludge helps mitigate the effects of poorly managed excreta such as waterborne diseases and water and environmental pollution. The Resource Recovery and Reuse (RRR) )

406-404: A given organism's optimal temperature range, but evidence suggests that the expression of particular genetic elements ( alleles ) can alter the temperature-sensitive phenotype of the organism. A study published in 2016 demonstrated that mesophilic bacteria could be genetically engineered to express certain alleles from psychrophilic bacteria, consequently shifting the restrictive temperature range of

464-502: A gradual decrease in protein synthesis. Cold-induced proteins (CIPs) are induced during low temperatures, which then allows cold-shock proteins (CSPs) to synthesize. The shift back to the optimal temperature sees an increase, indicating that mesophiles are highly dependent on temperature. Oxygen availability also affects microorganism growth. There are two explanations for thermophiles being able to survive at such high temperatures whereas mesophiles can not. The most evident explanation

522-784: A popular source of energy and is starting to be used in the United States more. In 2003, the United States consumed 43 TWh (147 trillion BTU) of energy from "landfill gas", about 0.6% of the total U.S. natural gas consumption. Methane biogas derived from cow manure is being tested in the U.S. According to a 2008 study, collected by the Science and Children magazine, methane biogas from cow manure would be sufficient to produce 100 billion kilowatt hours enough to power millions of homes across America. Furthermore, methane biogas has been tested to prove that it can reduce 99 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions or about 4% of

580-421: A pressure gauge. Frequent smell checks must be performed on a biogas system. If biogas is smelled anywhere windows and doors should be opened immediately. If there is a fire the gas should be shut off at the gate valve of the biogas system. Landfill gas is produced by wet organic waste decomposing under anaerobic conditions in a similar way to biogas. The waste is covered and mechanically compressed by

638-421: A refrigerator. Some notable mesophiles include Listeria monocytogenes , Staphylococcus aureus , and Escherichia coli . Other examples of species of mesophiles are Clostridium kluyveri , Pseudomonas maltophilia , Thiobacillus novellus , Streptococcus pyogenes , and Streptococcus pneumoniae . Different types of diseases and infections typically have pathogens from mesophilic bacteria such as

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696-421: Is 5% methane and the upper is 15% methane. The methane in biogas is 28 times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Therefore, uncontained landfill gas, which escapes into the atmosphere may significantly contribute to the effects of global warming . In addition, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in landfill gas contribute to the formation of photochemical smog . Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

754-407: Is a function of biogas temperature; correction of measured gas volume for water vapour content and thermal expansion is easily done via simple mathematics which yields the standardized volume of dry biogas. For 1000 kg (wet weight) of input to a typical biodigester, total solids may be 30% of the wet weight while volatile suspended solids may be 90% of the total solids. Protein would be 20% of

812-642: Is a gaseous renewable energy source produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste , manure , municipal waste , plant material , sewage , green waste , wastewater , and food waste . Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic organisms or methanogens inside an anaerobic digester , biodigester or a bioreactor . The gas composition is primarily methane ( CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide ( H 2 S ), moisture and siloxanes . The methane can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as

870-813: Is a measure of the amount of oxygen required by aerobic micro-organisms to decompose the organic matter in a sample of material being used in the biodigester as well as the BOD for the liquid discharge allows for the calculation of the daily energy output from a biodigester. Another term related to biodigesters is effluent dirtiness, which tells how much organic material there is per unit of biogas source. Typical units for this measure are in mg BOD/litre. As an example, effluent dirtiness can range between 800 and 1200 mg BOD/litre in Panama. From 1 kg of decommissioned kitchen bio-waste, 0.45 m of biogas can be obtained. The price for collecting biological waste from households

928-419: Is a member of Enterobacteriaceae . It is capable of producing enterotoxins which are thermolabile or thermostable . Other characteristics of E. coli are that it is oxidase -negative, citrate -negative, methyl-red positive, and Voges-Proskauer -negative. To sum up E. coli , it is a coliform . It is able to use glucose and acetate as a carbon source for fermentation. E. coli is commonly found in

986-501: Is a subprogram of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) dedicated to applied research on the safe recovery of water, nutrients and energy from domestic and agro-industrial waste streams. They believe using waste as energy would be good financially and would tackle sanitation, health and environmental issues. The European Union has legislation regarding waste management and landfill sites called

1044-648: Is about 300 kilowatts. Mesophilic A mesophile is an organism that grows best in moderate temperature , neither too hot nor too cold, with an optimum growth range from 20 to 45 °C (68 to 113 °F). The optimum growth temperature for these organisms is 37 °C (about 99 °F). The term is mainly applied to microorganisms . Organisms that prefer extreme environments are known as extremophiles . Mesophiles have diverse classifications, belonging to two domains : Bacteria , Archaea , and to kingdom Fungi of domain Eucarya . Mesophiles belonging to

1102-551: Is approximately €70 per ton. The composition of biogas varies depending upon the substrate composition, as well as the conditions within the anaerobic reactor (temperature, pH, and substrate concentration). Landfill gas typically has methane concentrations around 50%. Advanced waste treatment technologies can produce biogas with 55–75% methane, which for reactors with free liquids can be increased to 80–90% methane using in-situ gas purification techniques. As produced, biogas contains water vapor. The fractional volume of water vapor

1160-432: Is made as a product which is a greenhouse gas ( as described by this equation: CH 4 + 2 O 2 → CO 2 + 2 H 2 O ). The content of toxic hydrogen sulfide presents additional risks and has been responsible for serious accidents. Leaks of unburned methane are an additional risk, because methane is a potent greenhouse gas . A facility may leak 2% of the methane. Biogas can be explosive when mixed in

1218-653: Is now the GMP Cow Power Program. Customers can elect to pay a premium on their electric bill, and that premium is passed directly to the farms in the program. In Sheldon, Vermont , Green Mountain Dairy has provided renewable energy as part of the Cow Power program. It started when the brothers who own the farm, Bill and Brian Rowell, wanted to address some of the manure management challenges faced by dairy farms, including manure odor, and nutrient availability for

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1276-552: Is produced by microorganisms, such as methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria , performing anaerobic respiration. Biogas can refer to gas produced naturally and industrially. In soil, methane is produced in anaerobic environments by methanogens, but is mostly consumed in aerobic zones by methanotrophs . Methane emissions result when the balance favors methanogens. Wetland soils are the main natural source of methane. Other sources include oceans, forest soils, termites, and wild ruminants. The purpose of industrial biogas production

1334-502: Is produced from organic compounds containing nitrogen, such as the amino acids in proteins . If not separated from the biogas, combustion results in NO x emissions. In some cases, biogas contains siloxanes . They are formed from the anaerobic decomposition of materials commonly found in soaps and detergents. During combustion of biogas containing siloxanes, silicon is released and can combine with free oxygen or other elements in

1392-418: Is roughly 60% methane and 39% CO 2 with trace elements of H 2 S : inadequate for use in machinery. The corrosive nature of H 2 S alone is enough to destroy the mechanisms. Methane in biogas can be concentrated via a biogas upgrader to the same standards as fossil natural gas , which itself has to go through a cleaning process, and becomes biomethane . If the local gas network allows,

1450-424: Is stored under anaerobic conditions. During storage and when manure has been applied to the land, nitrous oxide is also produced as a byproduct of the denitrification process. Nitrous oxide ( N 2 O ) is 320 times more aggressive as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide and methane 25 times more than carbon dioxide. By converting cow manure into methane biogas via anaerobic digestion , the millions of cattle in

1508-448: Is that thermophiles are believed to have cell components that are relatively more stable than the cell components of mesophiles which is why thermophiles are able to live at higher temperatures than mesophiles. "A second school of thought, as represented by the writings of Gaughran (21) and Allen (3), believes that rapid resynthesis of damaged or destroyed cell constituents is the key to the problem of biological stability to heat." Due to

1566-431: Is the collection of biomethane, usually for fuel. Industrial biogas is produced either; A biogas plant is the name often given to an anaerobic digester that treats farm wastes or energy crops. It can be produced using anaerobic digesters (air-tight tanks with different configurations). These plants can be fed with energy crops such as maize silage or biodegradable wastes including sewage sludge and food waste. During

1624-474: Is the remaining inorganic matter that was not transformed into biogas. It can be used as an agricultural fertiliser. Biogas can be used as the fuel in the system of producing biogas from agricultural wastes and co-generating heat and electricity in a combined heat and power ( CHP ) plant. Unlike the other green energy such as wind and solar, the biogas can be quickly accessed on demand. The global warming potential can also be greatly reduced when using biogas as

1682-943: The Landfill Directive . Countries such as the United Kingdom and Germany now have legislation in force that provides farmers with long-term revenue and energy security. The EU mandates that internal combustion engines with biogas have ample gas pressure to optimize combustion, and within the European Union ATEX centrifugal fan units built in accordance with the European directive 2014–34/EU (previously 94/9/EG) are obligatory. These centrifugal fan units, for example Combimac , Meidinger AG or Witt & Sohn AG are suitable for use in Zone 1 and 2 . The United States legislates against landfill gas as it contains VOCs . The United States Clean Air Act and Title 40 of

1740-617: The cheesemaking due to their role in fermentation . "Traditional microbiologists use the following terms to indicate the general (slightly arbitrary) optimum temperature for the growth of bacteria: psychrophiles (15–20 °C), mesophiles (30–37 °C), thermophiles (50–60 °C) and extreme thermophiles (up to 122 °C)". Both mesophiles and thermophiles are used in cheesemaking for the same reason; however, they grow, thrive and die at different temperatures. Psychrotrophic bacteria contribute to dairy products spoiling, getting mouldy or going bad due to their ability to grow at lower temperatures such as in

1798-491: The combustion gas . Deposits are formed containing mostly silica ( SiO 2 ) or silicates ( Si x O y ) and can contain calcium , sulfur , zinc , phosphorus . Such white mineral deposits accumulate to a surface thickness of several millimeters and must be removed by chemical or mechanical means. Practical and cost-effective technologies to remove siloxanes and other biogas contaminants are available. High levels of methane are produced when manure

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1856-489: The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) requires landfill owners to estimate the quantity of non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs) emitted. If the estimated NMOC emissions exceeds 50 tonnes per year, the landfill owner is required to collect the gas and treat it to remove the entrained NMOCs. That usually means burning it. Because of the remoteness of landfill sites, it is sometimes not economically feasible to produce electricity from

1914-471: The United States would be able to produce 100 billion kilowatt hours of electricity, enough to power millions of homes across the United States. One cow can produce enough manure in one day to generate 3 kilowatt hours of electricity. Furthermore, by converting cattle manure into methane biogas instead of letting it decompose, global warming gases could be reduced by 99 million metric tons or 4%. Biogas can be used for electricity production on sewage works, in

1972-420: The biogas produced by wastewater from the brewery only. Manufacturing of biogas from intentionally planted maize has been described as being unsustainable and harmful due to very concentrated, intense and soil eroding character of these plantations. There are two key processes: mesophilic and thermophilic digestion which is dependent on temperature. In experimental work at University of Alaska Fairbanks ,

2030-564: The crops they need to grow to feed the animals. They installed an anaerobic digester to process the cow and milking center waste from their 950 cows to produce renewable energy, a bedding to replace sawdust, and a plant-friendly fertilizer. The energy and environmental attributes are sold to the GMP Cow Power program. On average, the system run by the Rowells produces enough electricity to power 300 to 350 other homes. The generator capacity

2088-442: The diversity of mesophiles, oxygen requirements greatly vary. Aerobic respiration requires the use of oxygen and anaerobic does not. There are three types of anaerobes . Facultative anaerobes grow in the absence of oxygen, using fermentation instead. During fermentation, sugars are converted to acids , alcohol , or gases . If there is oxygen present, it will use aerobic respiration instead. Obligate anaerobes cannot grow in

2146-459: The domain Bacteria can either be gram-positive or gram-negative . Oxygen requirements for mesophiles can be aerobic or anaerobic . There are three basic shapes of mesophiles: coccus , bacillus , and spiral . The habitats of mesophiles can include cheese and yogurt . They are often included during fermentation of beer and wine making. Since normal human body temperature is 37 °C ,

2204-434: The energy can be used for on-site generation , resulting in a reduction of losses in the transportation of energy. Typical energy losses in natural gas transmission systems range from 1% to 2%; in electricity transmission they range from 5% to 8%. Before being injected in the gas grid, biogas passes a cleaning process, during which it is upgraded to natural gas quality. During the cleaning process trace components harmful to

2262-473: The flow stream because of daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations, and account for the moisture in the flow stream to produce a dry gas value. Biogas can be used in different types of internal combustion engines, such as the Jenbacher or Caterpillar gas engines. Other internal combustion engines such as gas turbines are suitable for the conversion of biogas into both electricity and heat. The digestate

2320-605: The fuel instead of fossil fuel . However, the acidification and eutrophication potentials produced by biogas are 25 and 12 times higher respectively than fossil fuel alternatives. This impact can be reduced by using correct combination of feedstocks, covered storage for digesters and improved techniques for retrieving escaped material. Overall, the results still suggest that using biogas can lead to significant reduction in most impacts compared to fossil fuel alternative. The balance between environmental damage and green house gas emission should still be considered while implicating

2378-507: The gas grid and the final users are removed. If concentrated and compressed, it can be used in vehicle transportation. Compressed biogas is becoming widely used in Sweden, Switzerland, and Germany. A biogas-powered train, named Biogaståget Amanda (The Biogas Train Amanda), has been in service in Sweden since 2005. Biogas powers automobiles. In 1974, a British documentary film titled Sweet as

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2436-497: The gas. There are a variety of grants and loans the support the development of anaerobic digestor systems. The Rural Energy for American Program provides loan financing and grant funding for biogas systems, as does the Environmental Quality Incentives Program , Conservation Stewardship Program , and Conservation Loan Program . With the many benefits of biogas, it is starting to become

2494-594: The greenhouse gases produced by the United States. The number of farm-based digesters increased by 21% in 2021 according to the American Biogas Council. In Vermont biogas generated on dairy farms was included in the CVPS Cow Power program. The program was originally offered by Central Vermont Public Service Corporation as a voluntary tariff and now with a recent merger with Green Mountain Power

2552-653: The majority of human pathogens are mesophiles, as are most of the organisms comprising the human microbiome . Mesophiles are the opposite of extremophiles . Extremophiles that prefer cold environments are termed psychrophilic , those preferring warmer temperatures are termed thermophilic or thermotropic and those thriving in extremely hot environments are hyperthermophilic . A genome-wide computational approach has been designed by Zheng, et al. to classify bacteria into mesophilic and thermophilic. All bacteria have their own optimum environmental surroundings and temperatures in which they thrive. Many factors are responsible for

2610-465: The mesophilic bacteria to closely match that of the psychrophilic bacteria. Due to the less stable structure of mesophiles, it has reduced flexibility for protein synthesis . Mesophiles are not able to synthesize proteins in low temperatures. It is more sensitive to temperature changes, and the fatty acid composition of the membrane does not allow for much fluidity . Decreasing the optimal temperature of 37 °C to 0 °C to 8 °C leads to

2668-455: The ones listed above. Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacterium. It is closely related to Bacillus and Staphylococcus . It is a rod-shaped, facultative anaerobe that is motile by peritrichous flagella . L. monocytogenes motility is limited from 20 °C to 25 °C. At the optimal temperature, it loses its motility. This bacterium is responsible for listeriosis which derives from contaminated food. Staphylococcus aureus

2726-440: The presence of oxygen. Aerotolerant anaerobes can withstand oxygen. Microorganisms play an important role in decomposition of organic matter and mineralization of nutrients . In aquatic environments, the diversity of the ecosystem allows for the diversity of mesophiles. The functions of each mesophile rely on the surroundings, most importantly temperature range. Bacteria such as mesophiles and thermophiles are used in

2784-428: The process, the micro-organisms transform biomass waste into biogas (mainly methane and carbon dioxide) and digestate . Higher quantities of biogas can be produced when the wastewater is co-digested with other residuals from the dairy industry, sugar industry, or brewery industry. For example, while mixing 90% of wastewater from beer factory with 10% cow whey, the production of biogas was increased by 2.5 times compared to

2842-441: The producer of the biogas may use their distribution networks. Gas must be very clean to reach pipeline quality and must be of the correct composition for the distribution network to accept. Carbon dioxide , water , hydrogen sulfide , and particulates must be removed if present. There are four main methods of upgrading: water washing, pressure swing absorption, selexol absorption, and amine gas treating . In addition to these,

2900-419: The ratio of one part biogas to 8–20 parts air. Special safety precautions have to be taken for entering an empty biogas digester for maintenance work. It is important that a biogas system never has negative pressure as this could cause an explosion. Negative gas pressure can occur if too much gas is removed or leaked; Because of this biogas should not be used at pressures below one column inch of water, measured by

2958-608: The sides of pipes or stacks throughout the gas flow. Biogas environments include wastewater digesters, landfills, and animal feeding operations (covered livestock lagoons). Ultrasonic flow meters are one of the few devices capable of measuring in a biogas atmosphere. Most of thermal flow meters are unable to provide reliable data because the moisture causes steady high flow readings and continuous flow spiking, although there are single-point insertion thermal mass flow meters capable of accurately monitoring biogas flows with minimal pressure drop. They can handle moisture variations that occur in

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3016-460: The system. Projects such as NANOCLEAN are nowadays developing new ways to produce biogas more efficiently, using iron oxide nanoparticles in the processes of organic waste treatment. This process can triple the production of biogas. Faecal Sludge is a product of onsite sanitation systems. Post collection and transportation, Faecal sludge can be treated with sewage in a conventional treatment plant, or otherwise it can be treated independently in

3074-399: The system. It takes roughly between 3% and 6% of the total energy output in gas to run a biogas upgrading system. Gas-grid injection is the injection of biogas into the methane grid ( natural gas grid ). Until the breakthrough of micro combined heat and power two-thirds of all the energy produced by biogas power plants was lost (as heat). Using the grid to transport the gas to consumers,

3132-451: The use of membrane separation technology for biogas upgrading is increasing, and there are already several plants operating in Europe and USA. The most prevalent method is water washing where high pressure gas flows into a column where the carbon dioxide and other trace elements are scrubbed by cascading water running counter-flow to the gas. This arrangement could deliver 98% methane with manufacturers guaranteeing maximum 2% methane loss in

3190-548: The volatile solids, carbohydrates would be 70% of the volatile solids, and finally fats would be 10% of the volatile solids. Toxic and foul smelling Hydrogen sulfide ( H 2 S ) is the most common contaminant in biogas, but other sulfur-containing compounds, such as thiols may be present. Left in the biogas stream, hydrogen sulfide is corrosive and when combusted yields sulfur dioxide ( SO 2 ) and sulfuric acid ( H 2 SO 4 ), also corrosive and environmentally hazardous compounds. Ammonia ( NH 3 )

3248-426: The weight of the material that is deposited above. This material prevents oxygen exposure thus allowing anaerobic microbes to thrive. Biogas builds up and is slowly released into the atmosphere if the site has not been engineered to capture the gas. Landfill gas released in an uncontrolled way can be hazardous since it can become explosive when it escapes from the landfill and mixes with oxygen. The lower explosive limit

3306-442: The world. Biogas can be cleaned and upgraded to natural gas standards, when it becomes bio-methane. Biogas is considered to be a renewable resource because its production-and-use cycle is continuous, and it generates no net carbon dioxide. From a carbon perspective, as much carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere in the growth of the primary bio-resource as is released, when the material is ultimately converted to energy. Biogas

3364-438: Was first identified in 1880. It is responsible for different infections stemming from an injury. The bacterium overcomes the body's natural mechanisms. Long lasting infections of S. aureus includes pneumonia , meningitis , and osteomyelitis . S. aureus is commonly contracted in hospital settings. Escherichia coli is a gram-negative, rod-shaped facultative anaerobic bacterium that does not produce spores . The bacterium

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