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31-598: For most of the 20th century, the Kekaha Sugar Mill (owned by Amfac ) was the centerpiece of agriculture on Kauaʻi's west side. The sugar mill had a major influence in Kekaha's development, including banking, employment, transportation, housing and utilities such as water and electricity. The mill employed several generations of local families. It closed in 2000 when the entire sugar industry in Hawaiʻi collapsed. The mill

62-530: A bankruptcy proceeding in 2005, with a small successor company, Kaanapali Land, LLC ( OTC Pink : KANP ), owning 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) of land in Kaanapali on the island of Maui . In 1849, German immigrant Heinrich Hackfeld formed a dry goods store called Hackfeld's Dry Goods in Honolulu . Hackfeld later became the business agent for Kōloa Plantation on the island of Kauaʻi . Paul Isenberg became

93-469: A live warhead from the USS ; Ethan Allen  (SSBN-608) , which was situated near PMRF. The nuclear warhead flew toward Christmas Island and detonated in an air burst at 11,000 feet (3,400 m). The Navy is currently using PMRF to test "hit to kill" technology using direct collision of the anti-ballistic missile with its target. This destroys the target by using only kinetic energy from

124-425: A local fisherman, whose suspicious behavior soon resulted in his arrest and conviction. The fisherman was a big fan of Western movies, and was thought to have been inspired by some of the films he had seen. Kekaha is located on the southwest side of the island of Kauai at 21°58′18″N 159°42′59″W  /  21.97167°N 159.71639°W  / 21.97167; -159.71639 (21.971690, -159.716290). It

155-667: A partner in 1881. In 1898, the Hackfeld and Isenberg family interests in Hawaii were officially reorganized as H. Hackfeld & Co. During World War I , H. Hackfeld & Co. was seized by the U.S. government Alien Property Custodian . It was later sold to a consortium of Hawaii businessmen in 1918, who changed the name to "American Factors". In 1966, the name was further shortened to "Amfac". Henry Alexander Walker became president in 1933. The family estate in Nuʻuanu Valley , known as

186-700: Is bordered to the east by Waimea and to the south by the Pacific Ocean . Hawaii Route 50 passes through the community, leading northwest 7 miles (11 km) to its end at the Pacific Missile Range Facility and east 15 miles (24 km) to Kalaheo . According to the United States Census Bureau , the Kekaha CDP has a total area of 1.3 square miles (3.4 km), of which 1.0 square mile (2.6 km)

217-403: Is land and 0.31 square miles (0.8 km), or 22.48%, are water. According to data from a weather station affiliated with the Pacific Missile Range Facility 7 miles (11 km) from town, Kekaha has the climate type of the hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen : BSh ). The annual precipitation is 17.84 inches (453 mm), of which summer is the dry season and winter is the rainy season. December

248-442: Is located WWVH , the U.S.'s Pacific-region shortwave station operated by NIST broadcasting time signals from an atomic clock . The station also broadcasts weather alerts for portions of the Pacific Ocean . Kekaha Beach Park offers splendid views of Niʻihau , Hawaiʻi's Forbidden Island. Hawaii Department of Education operates public schools, including: Niihau School of Kekaha is a charter K-12 school in Kekaha. Circa 1962,

279-640: Is the wettest month, while August is the driest. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,175 people, 1,073 households, and 799 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,178.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,227.1/km). There were 1,162 housing units at an average density of 1,163.2 units per square mile (449.1 units/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 15.9% White , 0.2% African American , 0.5% Native American , 43.6% Asian , 12.4% Pacific Islander , 1.0% from other races , and 26.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.7% of

310-484: The H. Alexander Walker Residence , was developed into a showcase orchid garden. From 1968 to 1972, under president Henry Alexander Walker Jr., Amfac acquired 42 companies. These included the Fred Harvey Company , which had grown to fame operating Harvey House restaurants along railroad lines starting in 1876. Gulf+Western Industries owned a 25% stake in the company, which was sold in 1983. As of

341-530: The Kekaha Sugar Mill and Lihue Plantation closed in 2000. West Maui Land acquired the former Pioneer Mill fields above Launiupoko Beach Park. Steve Case acquired the Lihue plantation in 2001. Amfac Hawaii went into Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2002. Amfac Parks & Resorts was retained by JMB and was renamed Xanterra Parks & Resorts . Amfac Hawaii was reorganized as Kaanapali Land, LLC and

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372-773: The Regulus I missile. In 1958, the Pacific Missile Range Facility was established to support the growing demand of the Navy at Bonham. In 1964, the Pacific Missile Range Facility and Bonham was transferred to the Navy, becoming Pacific Missile Range Facility, Barking Sands. In 1962, the U.S. military conducted the Frigate Bird Test of the Operation Dominic program near PMRF. The military launched an operational ballistic missile with

403-467: The central business district of Kekaha , in Kauai County, Hawaii , United States. PMRF is the world's largest instrumented, multi-dimensional testing and training missile range. The US military and its contractors favor its relative isolation, ideal year-round tropical climate and encroachment-free environment (see PMRF Agriculture Preservation Initiative below). It is the only range in

434-475: The 1970s, Amfac ran a variety of hospitality, retail, financial and other businesses in California , among other states. California was its second state after Hawaii. It operated: In 1987, Ronald Sloan was removed as chief executive and president and was replaced by Richard Griffith (Henry Walker Jr. was still chairman of the board). The company announced it was selling its non-Hawaii business units. Amfac

465-538: The Army Radio Station a few miles west of Kekaha provided ionospheric and tropospheric scatter communications as part of a line of stations from California to Vietnam , sending TTY ( Teleprinter ) traffic back and forth during the Vietnam War . The radio station was shut down 1967. Amfac, Inc. Amfac, Inc. , formerly known as American Factors and originally H. Hackfeld & Co. ,

496-451: The Navy has stated that it would like to lease about 300 acres (120 ha) of land, it has also stated that its main goal is not to purchase more land but to merely ensure the land continues to be used for agricultural purposes. When North Korea threatened to launch Taepodong-2 ICBMs toward Hawaii in 2009, the US temporarily deployed a THAAD missile unit to the facility. The range hosted

527-654: The U.S. military's sea-based missile defense system, the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System, showed it could intercept two targets simultaneously when it destroyed a cruise missile and a short-range ballistic missile during a test off the Hawaiian island of Kauai. The test marked eight out of ten times the Missile Defense Agency and U.S. Navy's Aegis missile defense system successfully intercepted its target, but

558-400: The average family size was 3.44. In the CDP the population was spread out, with 25.1% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 27.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.2 males. The median income for a household in the CDP

589-401: The bankruptcy closed in 2005. Some of the former plantation land uphill from the resort has been subdivided into a development called Kāʻanapali Coffee Farms. Pacific Missile Range Facility The Pacific Missile Range Facility, Barking Sands ( IATA : BKH , ICAO : PHBK , FAA LID : BKH ) is a U.S. naval facility and airport located five nautical miles (9 km) northwest of

620-536: The base. The base has support facilities at Port Allen, Makaha Ridge , and Koke'e State Park . The base also uses a portion of the nearby island of Niihau for a remotely operated APS-134 surveillance radar , an 1,100-acre (450 ha) Test Vehicle Recovery Site, the Perch Electronic Warfare site, multiple EW Portable Simulator sites, and a Helicopter Terrain Flight training course. In 1921,

651-617: The force of the collision. The two Missile Defense Agency programs that currently utilize the range at PMRF are the Navy's Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System and the Army's Terminal High Altitude Area Defense System, or THAAD. The THAAD program relocated their testing operations from the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico and conducted its first demonstration at PMRF on 26 January 2007. On 27 April 2007,

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682-585: The land area known as the Barking Sands was acquired by the Kekaha Sugar Company and became a runway for private planes. In 1928 Charles Kingsford Smith , a record-setting Australian aviator, took off with his four-man crew from a sandy runway here to fly non-stop to Fiji. They had arrived in Hawaii at Wheeler Army Airfield , but left from Barking Sands as Wheeler was not long enough to take off with their heavy load. The U.S. Army acquired

713-402: The land in 1940, named it Mana Airport , and paved the runway. Additional land acquired in 1941 expanded the facility to 2,058 acres (833 ha). Private airlines frequently utilized the airport, and World War II incurred a great deal of military flight operations. The base was officially designated Bonham Air Force Base in 1954. U.S. Navy operations at Bonham began in 1956, with testing of

744-555: The land next to the base. In order to ensure that PMRF can continue to safely conduct important research and training operations in the future, the Navy and some citizens of Kauai are seeking to permanently preserve the land adjacent to PMRF for agricultural purposes. Under the PMRF Agriculture Preservation Initiative the Navy would have the roughly 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) of land adjacent to PMRF preserved solely for agricultural use. Although

775-408: The population. There were 1,073 households, out of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.9% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.5% were non-families. 21.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.96 and

806-531: The world where submarines , surface ships , aircraft and space vehicles can operate and be tracked simultaneously. There are over 1,100 square miles (2,800 km ) of instrumented underwater range and over 42,000 square miles (109,000 km ) of controlled airspace . The base itself covers roughly 2,385 acres (965 ha). The base includes a 6,000-foot (1,800 m) runway with operations and maintenance facilities. It has roughly 70 housing units and various recreational facilities for those who can access

837-484: Was $ 41,103, and the median income for a family was $ 48,629. Males had a median income of $ 32,969 versus $ 26,739 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $ 17,117. About 10.9% of families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 11.8% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over. Located near Kekaha is the U.S. Navy Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF). Within PMRF's property

868-464: Was a land development company in Hawaii. Founded in 1898 as a retail and sugar business, it was considered one of the so-called Big Five companies in the Territory of Hawaii . At its peak, it owned 60,000 acres (24,000 ha) of land, and was a dominant sugar company in Hawaii, as well as the founder of one of its best known department store chains, Liberty House . It ended with the completion of

899-617: Was bought by Chicago -based JMB Realty in 1988 for $ 920 million. As the sugar industry in Hawaii declined after statehood, so did the fortunes of Amfac. The company's assets were gradually sold off or closed. Oahu Sugar in Waipahu was closed in 1995. Liberty House went into bankruptcy in 1998 (it was later acquired by Federated Department Stores and now carries the Macy's brand name). The Pioneer Mill in Lahaina closed in 1999, and

930-462: Was purchased in 2005 by mainland investors who sold off its heavy machinery to other mills as far away as Africa . Hawaiʻi's first (and only) train robbery occurred here in February 1920, when a masked gunman stopped a slow-moving sugar train and escaped with the locomotive and $ 11,000 (~$ 167,302 in 2023) taken from the labor paymaster on board. Police recovered the money in a swamp near the home of

961-495: Was the first time the system knocked out two targets at the same time. The Navy is currently working with the State of Hawaii and Kauai County to ensure the long-term viability of PMRF. For many decades, the land adjacent to PMRF was used for sugarcane fields, which was wholly compatible with operations at PMRF. Since Kekaha Sugar's closure, the Navy has become wary of "encroachment", incompatible developments, that might occur on

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