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73-693: The foundation provides a number of grants to organizations across the United States and other countries on a number of topics. In 2016, the Kellogg Foundation was funding more than forty projects in Native American country, with a total value of more than $ 30 million in open grants. According to the non-profit's website, the foundation has funded 380 Native American projects since 2008. Many grants are for health, education and language programs for children and youths. In 2009 it granted

146-572: A nursing home . Beginning in 1986, the foundation focused on funding programs for the treatment HIV/AIDS , despite the stigma surrounding the disease. It launched the AIDS Health Services Program in 11 communities around the U.S., which aimed to integrate a network of human services agencies for case management and favored community-care models for patients. By May 1989, the foundation had given $ 50 million to care services and prevention campaigns. The Ryan White CARE Act

219-764: A 2021 analysis by the Urban Institute which found that black patients experience "dangerous bleeding, infections and other serious problems related to surgical procedures" more frequently than white patients who receive care in the same hospital. In 2019, the foundation worked with the Global Reporting Initiative and others to develop the Culture of Health for Business Framework. The framework provides 16 best practices for companies to measure health policies and practices against, ranging from environmental to social and governance issues. During

292-399: A Healthier America in 2008. The non-partisan group included individuals from business, academia, and politics and focused on studying ways to improve health in the U.S. outside of the health care system. The commission compiled five years' worth of research into a report it released in 2014. The report focused on social determinants of health and detailed three strategies to improve health in

365-649: A basic framework for defining the sector, the United Nations' International Standard Industrial Classification categorizes health care as generally consisting of hospital activities, medical and dental practice activities, and "other human health activities." The last class involves activities of, or under the supervision of, nurses, midwives, physiotherapists, scientific or diagnostic laboratories, pathology clinics, residential health facilities, patient advocates or other allied health professions . In addition, according to industry and market classifications, such as

438-569: A challenge for the design of ICT (information and communication technology) for home care. Because statistics show that over 80 million Americans have taken time off of their primary employment to care for a loved one, many countries have begun offering programs such as the Consumer Directed Personal Assistant Program to allow family members to take care of their loved ones without giving up their entire income. With obesity in children rapidly becoming

511-612: A clear correlation between worse quality and higher spending. Expand the OECD charts below to see the breakdown: The management and administration of health care is vital to the delivery of health care services. In particular, the practice of health professionals and the operation of health care institutions is typically regulated by national or state/provincial authorities through appropriate regulatory bodies for purposes of quality assurance . Most countries have credentialing staff in regulatory boards or health departments who document

584-470: A focus on impoverished and minority groups, infant and elder care, and mental health . It created a $ 15 million grant program to contribute to the development of emergency services systems in the United States. Then-president David E. Rogers established a partnership with the National Academy of Sciences to increase oversight of how the funds were used and assess project outcomes. Ultimately,

657-609: A gain of 10 years since 1970. The US (78.7 years) ranges only on place 26 among the 34 OECD member countries, but has the highest costs by far. All OECD countries have achieved universal (or almost universal) health coverage, except the US and Mexico . (see also international comparisons .) In the United States , where around 18% of GDP is spent on health care, the Commonwealth Fund analysis of spend and quality shows

730-441: A licensed independent practitioner such as a physiotherapist , or a non-physician primary care provider such as a physician assistant or nurse practitioner . Depending on the locality and health system organization, the patient may see another health care professional first, such as a pharmacist or nurse . Depending on the nature of the health condition, patients may be referred for secondary or tertiary care. Primary care

803-419: A major concern, health services often set up programs in schools aimed at educating children about nutritional eating habits, making physical education a requirement and teaching young adolescents to have a positive self-image. Health care ratings are ratings or evaluations of health care used to evaluate the process of care and health care structures and/or outcomes of health care services. This information

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876-400: A primary care practitioner must possess a wide breadth of knowledge in many areas. Continuity is a key characteristic of primary care, as patients usually prefer to consult the same practitioner for routine check-ups and preventive care , health education , and every time they require an initial consultation about a new health problem. The International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC)

949-564: A program designed to educate local groups about the effects of tobacco and options for regulating tobacco usage. By 2007, 31 states and the District of Columbia had adopted the program. The foundation's Center for Tobacco-Free Kids was asked to participate as a "disinterested and trustworthy party" in state litigation leading up to the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement of 1998. Apart from substance abuse,

1022-633: A short period of time for a brief but serious illness, injury, or other health condition. This care is often found in a hospital emergency department . Secondary care also includes skilled attendance during childbirth , intensive care , and medical imaging services. The term "secondary care" is sometimes used synonymously with "hospital care". However, many secondary care providers, such as psychiatrists , clinical psychologists , occupational therapists , most dental specialties or physiotherapists , do not necessarily work in hospitals. Some primary care services are delivered within hospitals. Depending on

1095-989: A significant part of a country's economy , development, and industrialization . Health care is an important determinant in promoting the general physical and mental health and well-being of people around the world. An example of this was the worldwide eradication of smallpox in 1980, declared by the WHO, as the first disease in human history to be eliminated by deliberate healthcare interventions. The delivery of modern health care depends on groups of trained professionals and paraprofessionals coming together as interdisciplinary teams . This includes professionals in medicine , psychology , physiotherapy , nursing , dentistry , midwifery and allied health , along with many others such as public health practitioners , community health workers and assistive personnel , who systematically provide personal and population-based preventive, curative and rehabilitative care services. While

1168-494: Is a standardized tool for understanding and analyzing information on interventions in primary care based on the reason for the patient's visit. Common chronic illnesses usually treated in primary care may include, for example, hypertension , diabetes , asthma , COPD , depression and anxiety , back pain , arthritis or thyroid dysfunction . Primary care also includes many basic maternal and child health care services, such as family planning services and vaccinations . In

1241-479: Is an accepted version of this page The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation ( RWJF ) is an American philanthropic organization. It is the largest one focused solely on health. Based in Princeton, New Jersey , the foundation focuses on access to health care , public health , health equity , leadership and training, and changing systems to address barriers to health. RWJF has been credited with helping to develop

1314-417: Is considered necessary, regardless of whether the funding is from private insurance schemes or national health insurance . Allied health professionals , such as physical therapists , respiratory therapists , occupational therapists , speech therapists , and dietitians , also generally work in secondary care, accessed through either patient self-referral or through physician referral. Tertiary care

1387-574: Is often used as the term for the health care services that play a role in the local community. It can be provided in different settings, such as Urgent care centers that provide same-day appointments or services on a walk-in basis. Primary care involves the widest scope of health care, including all ages of patients, patients of all socioeconomic and geographic origins, patients seeking to maintain optimal health , and patients with all types of acute and chronic physical, mental and social health issues, including multiple chronic diseases . Consequently,

1460-505: Is seen from the analysis carried out each year by Bloomberg. Clearly this kind of analysis is flawed in that life expectancy is only one measure of a health system's performance, but equally, the notion that more funding is better is not supported. In 2011, the health care industry consumed an average of 9.3 percent of the GDP or US$ 3,322 ( PPP-adjusted ) per capita across the 34 members of OECD countries. The US (17.7%, or US$ PPP 8,508),

1533-622: Is sometimes used as an extension of tertiary care in reference to advanced levels of medicine which are highly specialized and not widely accessed. Experimental medicine and some types of uncommon diagnostic or surgical procedures are considered quaternary care. These services are usually only offered in a limited number of regional or national health care centers. Many types of health care interventions are delivered outside of health facilities. They include many interventions of public health interest, such as food safety surveillance, distribution of condoms and needle-exchange programs for

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1606-545: Is specialized consultative health care, usually for inpatients and on referral from a primary or secondary health professional, in a facility that has personnel and facilities for advanced medical investigation and treatment, such as a tertiary referral hospital . Examples of tertiary care services are cancer management, neurosurgery , cardiac surgery , plastic surgery , treatment for severe burns , advanced neonatology services, palliative, and other complex medical and surgical interventions. The term quaternary care

1679-850: Is the improvement of health via the prevention , diagnosis , treatment , amelioration or cure of disease , illness , injury , and other physical and mental impairments in people. Health care is delivered by health professionals and allied health fields . Medicine , dentistry , pharmacy , midwifery , nursing , optometry , audiology , psychology , occupational therapy , physical therapy , athletic training , and other health professions all constitute health care. The term includes work done in providing primary care , secondary care , tertiary care , and public health . Access to healthcare may vary across countries, communities, and individuals, influenced by social and economic conditions and health policies . Providing health care services means "the timely use of personal health services to achieve

1752-414: Is translated into report cards that are generated by quality organizations, nonprofit, consumer groups and media. This evaluation of quality is based on measures of: Access to healthcare may vary across countries, communities, and individuals, influenced by social and economic conditions as well as health policies . Providing health care services means "the timely use of personal health services to achieve

1825-449: The 911 emergency system, reducing tobacco use among Americans, lowering rates of unwanted teenage pregnancies, and improving perceptions of hospice care . The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation supports the development of programs that can be used in community-led initiatives or by government bodies, funds research through surveys and polls, and makes impact investments . According to Pensions & Investments and Foundation Center,

1898-571: The COVID-19 pandemic , the foundation partnered with organizations such as NPR to research financial, educational, and health impacts of the pandemic. The foundation also has ongoing surveys with the Rand Corporation , one of which found that many Americans agree that minority communities have been more affected by the pandemic, but do not believe structural racism is a barrier to health. The foundation's other activities in response to

1971-619: The Global Industry Classification Standard and the Industry Classification Benchmark , health care includes many categories of medical equipment, instruments and services including biotechnology , diagnostic laboratories and substances, drug manufacturing and delivery. For example, pharmaceuticals and other medical devices are the leading high technology exports of Europe and the United States. The United States dominates

2044-865: The McKinney–Vento Homeless Assistance Act . Other early foundation efforts included: support for the Nurse-Family Partnership , which partners at-risk pregnant women with nurses; establishing the Minority Medical Faculty Development Program (renamed the Harold Amos Medical Faculty Development Program in 2004); and supporting development of the "swing bed" concept in rural hospitals, which allows patients to transition from acute care to skilled-nursing without having to transfer to

2117-556: The Netherlands (11.9%, 5,099), France (11.6%, 4,118), Germany (11.3%, 4,495), Canada (11.2%, 5669), and Switzerland (11%, 5,634) were the top spenders, however life expectancy in total population at birth was highest in Switzerland (82.8 years), Japan and Italy (82.7), Spain and Iceland (82.4), France (82.2) and Australia (82.0), while OECD's average exceeds 80 years for the first time ever in 2011: 80.1 years,

2190-481: The biopharmaceutical field, accounting for three-quarters of the world's biotechnology revenues. The quantity and quality of many health care interventions are improved through the results of science, such as advanced through the medical model of health which focuses on the eradication of illness through diagnosis and effective treatment. Many important advances have been made through health research, biomedical research and pharmaceutical research , which form

2263-536: The social model of health and disability , which emphasizes the societal changes that can be made to make populations healthier. Results from health services research often form the basis of evidence-based policy in health care systems. Health services research is also aided by initiatives in the field of artificial intelligence for the development of systems of health assessment that are clinically useful, timely, sensitive to change, culturally sensitive , low-burden, low-cost, built into standard procedures, and involve

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2336-575: The COVID-19 pandemic included collaborating with Boston University to develop a database of state policies enacted in response to the pandemic, and hosting teleconferences and virtual discussions on how the pandemic unveiled the impact that systemic racism and other forms of discrimination have on health in America. During this period, RWJF partnered with the Ford Foundation to establish

2409-544: The Green House model allows residents to set their own schedules, and houses fewer people in more units designed like a single family home . In 2011, the foundation established a $ 100 million impact capital fund to develop the Green House model. By 2014, 27 states had adopted versions of the Green House Project. A 2017 study on Green House nursing homes funded by the foundation found that while imperfect,

2482-495: The Healthy Communities Initiative. In 2014, the foundation announced a major shift in its approach to health issues. It had previously focused on specific health issues, and would instead focus on changes that could lead to large-scale social shifts by building what it called a "culture of health." The change built on the Culture of Health Action Framework adopted by the foundation in 2013. Critics of

2555-537: The Homeless initiative. Approaches to the issue varied by city. For example, a Philadelphia program connected hospitals with homeless shelters , so individuals experiencing homelessness had access to inpatient and outpatient care. Another program in New York City focused on providing care in soup kitchens . Congress followed the foundation's program for providing health care through shelters by passing

2628-627: The Presidents' Council on Disability Inclusion in Philanthropy. The group includes 17 grant making organizations. The council's focus is on improving inclusion of disability issues in philanthropy. The foundation also funded the Childhood Opportunity Index, which ranks neighborhoods across the U.S. on access to childhood development resources that can affect health and life expectancy, and income later in life. The index

2701-404: The U.S. decreased during the campaign. In the early 2000s, under the leadership of Risa Lavizzo-Mourey , the foundation prioritized childhood obesity , and pledged of $ 1 billion for research and advocacy to raise awareness on the topic. Grants from this pledge, the first $ 500 million of which came in 2007, have been used to fund projects in cities throughout the United States. As early as 2003,

2774-776: The U.S.: early-childhood education; community-based health initiatives; and preventative care . In 2010, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation partnered with the University of Wisconsin's Population Health Institute to launch the County Health Ranking program, which calculates and compares the health of each county, nationwide. The counties are measured and ranked on various health and social factors, which include more than 30 indicators such as obesity, tobacco use, mental health, employment and poverty rates, and access to healthy food. Over time,

2847-416: The United States, the 2013 National Health Interview Survey found that skin disorders (42.7%), osteoarthritis and joint disorders (33.6%), back problems (23.9%), disorders of lipid metabolism (22.4%), and upper respiratory tract disease (22.1%, excluding asthma) were the most common reasons for accessing a physician. In the United States, primary care physicians have begun to deliver primary care outside of

2920-662: The basis for evidence-based medicine and evidence-based practice in health care delivery. Health care research frequently engages directly with patients, and as such issues for whom to engage and how to engage with them become important to consider when seeking to actively include them in studies. While single best practice does not exist, the results of a systematic review on patient engagement suggest that research methods for patient selection need to account for both patient availability and willingness to engage. Health services research can lead to greater efficiency and equitable delivery of health care interventions, as advanced through

2993-501: The best possible health outcomes". Factors to consider in terms of healthcare access include financial limitations (such as insurance coverage), geographical and logistical barriers (such as additional transportation costs and the ability to take paid time off work to use such services), sociocultural expectations, and personal limitations (lack of ability to communicate with health care providers, poor health literacy , low income). Limitations to health care services affect negatively

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3066-502: The best possible health outcomes". Factors to consider in terms of healthcare access include financial limitations (such as insurance coverage), geographical and logistical barriers (such as additional transportation costs and the ability to take paid time off work to use such services), sociocultural expectations, and personal limitations (lack of ability to communicate with health care providers, poor health literacy , low income). Limitations to health care services affects negatively

3139-470: The context of global population aging , with increasing numbers of older adults at greater risk of chronic non-communicable diseases , rapidly increasing demand for primary care services is expected in both developed and developing countries. The World Health Organization attributes the provision of essential primary care as an integral component of an inclusive primary health care strategy. Secondary care includes acute care : necessary treatment for

3212-438: The definitions of the various types of health care vary depending on the different cultural , political, organizational, and disciplinary perspectives, there appears to be some consensus that primary care constitutes the first element of a continuing health care process and may also include the provision of secondary and tertiary levels of care. Health care can be defined as either public or private . Primary care refers to

3285-591: The direction of working on substance abuse problems". Risa Lavizzo-Mourey was the first woman and African American to be the foundation's chief executive officer , a role she held between 2002 and 2017. She was succeeded by Richard E. Besser, who was named president and CEO in April 2017. Besser previously worked as the medical editor for ABC News and acting director of the Centers for Disease Control . Health care Health care , or healthcare ,

3358-461: The foundation added coaches and competitions to the program to support communities' efforts to improve local health. This was done in response to growing evidence showing that social factors and individuals' actions could affect a population's health more than the quality of medical treatment. The foundation also partnered with Federal Reserve Banks to engage impact investors, banks, and community developers in health and wellness-based projects through

3431-430: The foundation also funded studies on palliative care and worked with researchers to develop the chronic care model. In 1989, the organization funded a five-year, $ 28 million study on palliative care, publishing the results in 1995. The Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment found that most Americans die alone in hospitals while receiving high-cost care and treatment, often against

3504-482: The foundation and George Soros's Open Society Institute began research and advocacy efforts. During this period, the foundation also contributed to efforts to enroll more uninsured U.S. children in medicare . A study published in Health Affairs noted that RWJF spent $ 55 million on its Covering Kids campaign, which lasted from 1997 until 2002. The study found that the overall rate of uninsured children in

3577-537: The foundation co-funded a study along with the National Institutes of Health that found police killings of unarmed black Americans led to adverse mental health affects among black American respondents. Other public opinion polls RWJF worked on with NPR and Harvard University have covered issues such as the burden of stress in America (2014), education and health in schools (2013), trust in public health (2021), income inequality (2020), and experiences during

3650-473: The foundation gives grants to help minorities attend school for dentistry . The foundation also supports New Options Initiative (For Youth) , an initiative that seeks to establish new pathways connecting out-of-school young adults ages 16–24 with meaningful career opportunities. The philanthropy expert Waldemar A. Nielsen said that the Kellogg Foundation "is substantially better than it is generally seen to be." Robert Wood Johnson Foundation This

3723-642: The foundation was the fifth-largest in the U.S. in investment assets, as of 2015. As of 2020, the value of its endowment was $ 13 billion. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation was initially established as the Johnson-New Brunswick Foundation in December 1936, and focused on charitable efforts in New Brunswick, New Jersey . The original board of trustees included Robert Wood Johnson II , John Seward Johnson II , and others. It

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3796-614: The foundation was working in Louisville , Kentucky , providing more than $ 740,000 in grants between 2003 and 2011 to make infrastructure updates that encourage physical activity, such as widening sidewalks and adding the city's first bicycle lane . The foundation also continued to work on eldercare topics and provided funding for the Green House Project , a non-profit that offers a long-term care alternative to nursing homes. While nursing homes tended to be regimented,

3869-482: The foundation's program had access to a centralized emergency services system. By 1977, when the program ended, coverage had increased to 95 percent. In 1985, the foundation partnered with The Pew Charitable Trusts to launch a new program to improve access to health care for the American homeless population. The organizations committed $ 25 million over five years to 19 pilot programs as part of their Health Care for

3942-442: The funds were distributed to 44 grantees in amounts ranging from $ 350,000 to $ 400,000. The program funded primary aspects of emergency medical services , including: technology access, such as equipping ambulances with radios; training for ambulance drivers and dispatchers; interagency coordination through a national centralized, regional-based system; and development of the 911 emergency system. In 1973, 11 percent of areas covered by

4015-526: The managed care (insurance-billing) system through direct primary care which is a subset of the more familiar concierge medicine . Physicians in this model bill patients directly for services, either on a pre-paid monthly, quarterly, or annual basis, or bill for each service in the office. Examples of direct primary care practices include Foundation Health in Colorado and Qliance in Washington. In

4088-559: The model had better outcomes for residents, including fewer hospitalizations and a lower occurrence of conditions such as pressure ulcers . In 2003, the foundation worked with the College Board to create the Young Epidemiology Scholars (YES) program to encourage high-school students to study in the area of public health; the program ran for 8 years. The foundation established the commission to Build

4161-526: The most challenges, get the high-quality services they need to be successful. The foundation has made grants to prominent educational institutions, including: The foundation supports multiple programs for optimal child development . It supports oral hygiene. In 2010, the W. K. Kellogg Foundation started a dental therapy program in five states to educate children and their families about the importance of healthy teeth. Mobile dental vans travel to rural areas to give families access to dental care. Additionally,

4234-400: The organization and policies of the national health system, patients may be required to see a primary care provider for a referral before they can access secondary care. In countries that operate under a mixed market health care system, some physicians limit their practice to secondary care by requiring patients to see a primary care provider first. This restriction may be imposed under

4307-520: The pandemic (2021). Under Richard Besser 's leadership, the foundation prioritized health equity and removing barriers to health resulting from discrimination. In an address given at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University , Besser pointed to where people live, recreate, and work as well as access to healthy food and livable wages, and removal of cultural barriers as important factors in individual health. The foundation funded

4380-403: The patient's desires. The study led to the formation of several groups by the foundation, including Last Acts, 900 entities that have drafted best practices for palliative care . Between 1989 and 2007, the foundation gave more than $ 148 million for research related to palliative care. By 2007, more than 500 hospitals throughout the U.S. had palliative care programs, most of which were created after

4453-544: The patient. There are generally five primary methods of funding health care systems : In most countries, there is a mix of all five models, but this varies across countries and over time within countries. Aside from financing mechanisms, an important question should always be how much to spend on health care. For the purposes of comparison, this is often expressed as the percentage of GDP spent on health care. In OECD countries for every extra $ 1000 spent on health care, life expectancy falls by 0.4 years. A similar correlation

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4526-553: The prevention of transmissible diseases. They also include the services of professionals in residential and community settings in support of self-care , home care , long-term care , assisted living , treatment for substance use disorders among other types of health and social care services. Community rehabilitation services can assist with mobility and independence after the loss of limbs or loss of function. This can include prostheses , orthotics , or wheelchairs . Many countries are dealing with aging populations, so one of

4599-577: The priorities of the health care system is to help seniors live full, independent lives in the comfort of their own homes. There is an entire section of health care geared to providing seniors with help in day-to-day activities at home such as transportation to and from doctor's appointments along with many other activities that are essential for their health and well-being. Although they provide home care for older adults in cooperation, family members and care workers may harbor diverging attitudes and values towards their joint efforts. This state of affairs presents

4672-849: The shift expressed concern that funding for some areas—such as leadership training for doctors, and programs for nursing and health policy—was being discontinued as part of the shift. When describing the changes at the Aspen Ideas Festival , Lavizzo-Mourey said, “We have to make a seismic shift in the way we deal with health, and it has to come from the ground up.” A 2017 survey conducted by RWJF, NPR, and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health found that people in America report that their personal experience with discrimination regularly affects their lives and drives decisions that influence their health, safety, and well-being. Experiences with discrimination correlated to an increased risk for health conditions such as coronary heart disease. In 2018,

4745-410: The terms of the payment agreements in private or group health insurance plans. In other cases, medical specialists may see patients without a referral, and patients may decide whether self-referral is preferred. In other countries patient self-referral to a medical specialist for secondary care is rare as prior referral from another physician (either a primary care physician or another specialist)

4818-682: The third-highest amount of money to Native American projects, after the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Ford Foundation . In 1996, it supplied a multi-year grant worth $ 750,000 ($ 1.35 million in 2023 dollars) to start mass salt fluoridation programs which were then carried out by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), covering 350 million people in Bolivia, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and Venezuela. The project

4891-626: The use of medical services, the efficacy of treatments, and overall outcome (well-being, mortality rates). Health care extends beyond the delivery of services to patients, encompassing many related sectors, and is set within a bigger picture of financing and governance structures. A health system , also sometimes referred to as health care system or healthcare system , is the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to populations in need. The healthcare industry incorporates several sectors that are dedicated to providing health care services and products. As

4964-661: The use of medical services, the efficacy of treatments, and overall outcome (well-being, mortality rates). Health systems are the organizations established to meet the health needs of targeted populations. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a well-functioning healthcare system requires a financing mechanism, a well-trained and adequately paid workforce , reliable information on which to base decisions and policies , and well-maintained health facilities to deliver quality medicines and technologies. An efficient healthcare system can contribute to

5037-401: The work of health professionals who act as a first point of consultation for all patients within the health care system . The primary care model supports first-contact, accessible, continuous, comprehensive and coordinated person-focused care. Such a professional would usually be a primary care physician , such as a general practitioner or family physician . Another professional would be

5110-467: Was initially published in 2014, and an updated version was released in January 2020. The foundation's first president, David E. Rogers, served from 1972 until 1987. Leighton E. Cluff served as the foundation's president from 1986 until February 1990, when he was succeeded by Steven A. Schroeder. The foundation's board of trustees selected Schroeder to lead the foundation, knowing he wanted to take it "in

5183-545: Was part of a multi-year plan launched by PAHO in 1994 to "fluoridate the entire region of the Americas." More recently, they have provided funding for HealthCorps to prevent childhood obesity by encouraging students to take personal responsibility for their health and wellness. One grantee is the Birth to Five Policy Alliance , whose mission is to increase public and private support so young children, particularly those facing

5256-438: Was partially modeled on RWJF's program. After Steven A. Schroeder became the foundation's president in 1990, he made substance abuse a major focus of the foundation's work. Between 1991 and 2003, the foundation spent approximately $ 408 million on a variety of tobacco-related programs, including awareness campaigns on smoking cessation and the negative effects of tobacco use . The foundation launched Smokeless States in 1993,

5329-440: Was renamed the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation in 1952. Robert Wood Johnson II left a bequest of 10,204,377 shares of Johnson & Johnson stock to the foundation upon his death in 1968. The foundation became a national philanthropy in 1972. The value of the stock was more than US$ 1 billion, making it the second-largest private foundation at the time. Initially, the foundation worked on improving access to health care , with

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