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43-490: Keminmaa ( Finnish: [ˈkeminˌmɑː] ; until 1979 Kemin maalaiskunta ; Inari Sami : Kiemâeennâm ; Skolt Sami : Ǩeeʹmmjânnam ) is a municipality of Finland . It is located near the towns of Kemi and Tornio in the Lapland region . The municipality has a population of 7,638 (31 October 2024) and covers an area of 647.24 square kilometres (249.90 sq mi) of which 20.73 km (8.00 sq mi)

86-440: A (originating from Proto-Samic *ë ) and the second syllable contains á , the second-syllable vowel is backed to a . Thus, the third-person singular present indicative form of moonnâđ "to go" is maṇa (rather than * maṇá ), and the illative singular of ahe "age" is ahan (rather than * ahán ). Inari Sámi has nine cases, although the genitive and accusative are often the same: The partitive appears to be

129-434: A trochaic pattern of alternating secondarily-stressed and unstressed syllables. Odd-numbered syllables (counting from the start) were stressed, while even-numbered syllables were unstressed. The last syllable of a word was never stressed. Thus, a word could end in either a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable (if the last syllable was even-numbered) or a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables (if

172-590: A combination of several root words, each word retained the stress pattern that it had in isolation, so that that stress remained lexically significant (i.e. could theoretically distinguish compounds from non-compounds). The first syllable of the first part of a compound had the strongest stress, with progressively weaker secondary stress for the first syllables of the remaining parts. Nominals , i.e. nouns , adjectives , numerals and pronouns were systematically inflected for two numbers and ten cases . The personal pronouns and possessive suffixes also distinguished

215-439: A highly unproductive case in that it seems to only be used in the singular . In addition, unlike Finnish , Inari Sámi does not make use of the partitive case for objects of transitive verbs. Thus " Mun puurâm leeibi " could translate into Finnish as either " Minä syön leivän " (English: "I'm eating (all of) the bread") or " Minä syön leipää " ( I'm eating (some) bread , or generally, I eat bread ); this telicity contrast

258-402: A lack of pre-stopping of geminate nasals, a lack of *ś -vocalization, and a reflex /e/ of *ë in certain positions. These likely indicate an earlier Eastern Sámi substratum . In the history of Proto-Sámi, some sound changes were triggered or prevented by the nature of the vowel in the next syllable. Such changes continued to occur in the modern Sámi languages, but differently in each. Due to

301-506: A pre-Sámi ancestry is assured, or whose distribution across the Sámi languages reaches at least from Lule Sámi to Skolt Sámi. Later work has increased the number of reconstructed words to 3421. Within this sample, loanwords from the Finnic and North Germanic languages already constitute major subsets of the language with 24% of the 3421 root words coming from North Germanic. One oddity is that

344-543: A system consisting of *i *e *ä *a *o *u in the first syllable in Pre-Sámi, and probably at least long *ī *ē *ū . In unstressed syllables, only *i *a *o were distinguished. The source of *o is unclear, although it is frequently also found in Finnic. The table below shows the main correspondences: The processes that added up to this shift can be outlined as follows: At this point, the vowel system consisted of only two short vowels *ɪ *ʊ in initial syllables, alongside

387-442: Is likely that this part of the case system was still partially in development during the late Proto-Sámi period, and developed in subtly different ways in the various descendants. In most Sámi languages, the case system has been simplified: The following non-finite forms were also present: The vocabulary reconstructible for Proto-Sámi has been catalogued by Lehtiranta (1989), who records approximately 1500 word roots for which either

430-632: Is mandatory in Finnish. The personal pronouns have three numbers: singular, plural and dual . The following table contains personal pronouns in the nominative and genitive/accusative cases. The next table demonstrates the declension of a personal pronoun I/we (dual)/we (plural) in the various cases: Inari Sámi verbs conjugate for three grammatical persons : Inari Sámi has five grammatical moods : Inari Sámi verbs conjugate for three grammatical numbers : Inari Sámi has two simple tenses : and two compound tenses : Inari Sámi, like Finnish and

473-491: Is more complex than that of other Sámi languages, because of the effects of the unique stress pattern of Inari Sámi. Like in other Sámi languages, there is a distinction between the strong and weak grade, but a second factor is whether the consonants appear in the middle of a foot (FM) or in the juncture between two feet (FJ). In the latter case, consonants are often lengthened. Umlaut is a phenomenon in Inari Sámi, whereby

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516-412: Is possible that these are archaisms , and shortening and lowering occurred only after the initial division of Proto-Sámi into dialects. The effects of the vowel shift can be illustrated by the following comparison between Northern Sámi, and Finnish , known for retaining vowel values very close to Proto-Uralic. All word pairs correspond to each other regularly: The main division among the Sámi languages

559-423: Is reconstructible, known as consonant gradation . Gradation applied to all intervocalic single consonants as well as all consonant clusters. This is unlike gradation in the related Proto-Finnic and its descendants , where it applied only to a subset. The conditioning factor was the same, however: the weak grade occurred if the following syllable was closed , the strong grade if it was open . This difference

602-755: Is the split between eastern and western Sámi. Changes that appear across the Eastern-Western divide are: Innovations common to the Western Sámi languages: The Southern West Sámi languages consist of Southern Sámi and Ume Sámi , and have a number of further innovations: The Northern West Sámi languages consist of Pite Sámi , Lule Sámi and Northern Sámi. They have one important common innovation: Pite Sámi and Lule Sámi form their own smaller subgroup of shared innovations, which might be termed Northwestern West Sámi: Northern Sámi by itself has its own unique changes: The Eastern Sámi languages have

645-513: Is the use of Inari Sámi in rap songs by Mikkâl Morottaja, whose stage name is Amoc . Morottaja published the first full-length Inari Sámi rap CD in the world on 6 February 2007, the Sámi National Day . Along with Finnish , Skolt Sámi and Northern Sámi , Inari Sámi is one of the four official languages in the municipality of Inari , in particular in the following villages located on the shore of Lake Inari (the Inari Sámi name for

688-442: Is water. The population density is 12.18 inhabitants per square kilometre (31.5/sq mi). Neighbouring municipalities are Kemi , Simo , Tervola and Tornio . Blazon : Gules with a springing Silver salmon , holding a padlock in its mouth. [REDACTED] Media related to Keminmaa at Wikimedia Commons [REDACTED] Keminmaa travel guide from Wikivoyage Inari Sami language The first book in Inari Sámi

731-565: Is written using the Latin script . The alphabet currently used for Inari Sámi was made official in 1996 and stands as follows: The phonetic values are the same as in Karelian , and đ represents the voiced dental fricative (in English "the"). Q/q, W/w, X/x, Å/å, Ö/ö are also used in words of foreign origin. Á was traditionally pronounced in the middle of a and ä , but in modern Inari Sámi

774-399: The dual number. The cases included the core cases nominative , accusative and genitive ; the local cases inessive , elative , illative ; as well as essive , partitive , comitative and abessive . The case system shows some parallel developments with the Finnic languages. Like Finnic, the original Uralic locative *-na was repurposed as an essive, the ablative case *-ta became

817-682: The closed-mid vowel only occurred before following *ɪ , the open-mid vowel only before following *ā , *ō . Further changes then shifted the sound values of the unstressed syllables that had conditioned the above shift: Lastly, a number of unconditional shifts adjusted the sound values of the vowel phonemes. To what extent the two last changes should be dated to Proto-Sámi proper is unclear. Although all Sámi languages show these changes in at least some words, in Southern Sámi and Ume Sámi earlier *ī , *ɪ , *ʊ , *ū are regularly reflected as ij , i , u , uv in stressed open syllables . It

860-406: The consonant(s): s  : s̯ , č  : č̯ , tt  : t̯t̯ , lk  : l̯k̯ . After the phonematization of gradation due to loss of word-final sounds, Sámi varieties could be left with as many as four different contrastive degrees of consonant length. This has only been attested in some dialects of Ume Sámi . Most other Sámi varieties phonemically merged the weak grade of geminates with

903-430: The distinction between á and ä is nonexistent. In writing, Á and ä are nevertheless considered separate characters. Ä is used in: In dictionaries, grammars and other linguistic works, the following additional marks are used. These are not used in normal writing. Consonant gradation is a pattern of alternations between pairs of consonants that appears in the inflection of words. Consonant gradation in Inari Sámi

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946-414: The early Finnic sound *š with Sámi *ś . Likely contemporary to these were the oldest loanwords adapted from extinct Paleo-European substrate languages during the northwestward expansion of Pre-Sámi. Prime suspects for words of this origin include replacements of Uralic core vocabulary, or words that display consonant clusters that cannot derive from either PU or any known Indo-European source. A number of

989-468: The early development of Inari Sámi have changed this structure, making the prosodic rhythm quite different: Consequently, Inari Sámi distinguishes prosodically between words that originally ended in a vowel but have undergone apocope, and words that already ended in a consonant in Proto-Samic . This rearrangement of the foot structure has an effect on the length of vowels and consonants. Inari Sámi

1032-583: The existence of language varieties closely related to but likely distinct from Sámi proper having been spoken further east, with a limit around Lake Beloye . Separation of the main branches (West Sámi and East Sámi) is also likely to have occurred in southern Finland, with these later independently spreading north into Sápmi. The exact routes of this are not clear: it is possible Western Sámi entered Scandinavia across Kvarken rather than via land. Concurrently, Finnic languages that would eventually end up becoming modern-day Finnish and Karelian were being adopted in

1075-454: The following innovations: The Mainland East Sámi languages, Inari Sámi , Skolt Sámi and Akkala Sámi , share further innovations: Skolt and Akkala Sámi moreover share: Peninsular East (Kola) Sámi, consisting of Kildin Sámi and Ter Sámi , share: Reflexes in parentheses are retentions found in certain subdialects. In particular, in the coastal dialects of North Sámi (known as Sea Sámi), several archaisms have been attested, including

1118-479: The form of distinct inflectional classes, with words with a stressed second-last syllable following the so-called "even" or "two-syllable" inflection, and words with an unstressed second-last syllable following the "odd" or "three-syllable" inflection. Weakening and simplification of non-final consonants after unstressed syllables contributed further to the alternation, leading to differences that are sometimes quite striking. For example: In compounds, which consisted of

1161-488: The full complement of long vowels *ī *ē *ǟ *ā *ō *ū . In non-initial syllables, the vowels were *ɪ *ā *ō . After this, several metaphonic changes then occurred that rearranged the distribution of long vowels in stressed syllables. Sammallahti (1998 :182–183) suggests the following four phases: The inventory of long vowels in stressed syllables now featured seven members: *ī *ē *ɛ̄ *ā *ɔ̄ *ō *ū . However, in native vocabulary *ē *ɛ̄ remained in complementary distribution:

1204-445: The last syllable was odd-numbered). This gave the following pattern, which could be extended indefinitely (P = primary stress, S = secondary stress, _ = no stress): Because the four diphthongs could only occur in stressed syllables, and consonant gradation only occurred after a stressed syllable, this stress pattern led to alternations between vowels in different forms of the same word. These alternations survive in many Sámi languages in

1247-504: The later type can be found in the Finnic languages as well. Examples: Later consonant changes mostly involved the genesis of the consonant gradation system, but also the simplification of various consonant clusters, chiefly in loanwords. A fairly late but major development within Sámi was a complete upheaval of the vowel system, which has been compared in scope to the Great Vowel Shift of English. The previous changes left

1290-501: The north and west, Proto-Sámi was likely spoken in the area of modern-day Southwestern Finland around the first few centuries CE. Local (in Sápmi ) ancestors of the modern Sámi people likely still spoke non-Uralic, "Paleoeuropean" languages at this point (see Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate ). This situation can be traced in placenames as well as through the analysis of loanwords from Germanic, Baltic and Finnic. Evidence also can be found for

1333-636: The northern part of Sodankylä as official policy favors the conservation of the language. All announcements in Inari , which is the only officially quadrilingual municipality in Finland , must be made in Finnish , North Sámi , Inari Sámi and Skolt Sámi . Only about 10% of the public servants in the area, however, can serve the Inari Sámi-speaking population in Inari Sámi, so Finnish is used by

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1376-562: The other Sámi languages, has a negative verb . In Inari Sámi, the negative verb conjugates according to mood (indicative, imperative and optative), person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and number (singular, dual and plural). Proto-Samic Proto-Sámi is the hypothetical, reconstructed common ancestor of the Sámi languages . It is a descendant of the Proto-Uralic language . Although the current Sámi languages are spoken much further to

1419-407: The partitive, and new locative cases were formed from these by infixing *-s- . Sámi lacks any equivalent to the Finnic "external" cases beginning with *-l- , however. Moreover, the earliest stages of Sámic appear to have used these cases only in the singular, as several of the singular cases do not have a formational counterpart in the plural: Given the discrepancies in the plural locative cases, it

1462-510: The plurality of words, 35 percent are of uncertain origin, likely from a theorized group of languages called Proto-Laplandic . Words describing natural elements such as reindeer or snow tend to be from of unknown origin but those for more modern things such as tools contain larger Germanic influence. This approximate point of Pre-Sámi marks the introduction of the oldest Western Indo-European loanwords from Baltic and Germanic. Loans were also acquired from its southern relative Finnic, substituting

1505-564: The remaining 90%. In 1986, the Anarâškielâ servi (Inari Sámi Language Association) was founded to promote the language and its use. The association publishes numerous books, textbooks, a calendar, etc., in Inari Sámi. They have established a language immersion program in 1997 for 3- to 6-year-old children in a day care in Inari and Ivalo . In 2007, the association started publishing an Inari Sámi newspaper called Kierâš online. A new phenomenon

1548-423: The second-syllable vowel changes, it is necessary to know which series the vowel of a particular word belongs to. For example, juuḥâđ "to drink" has the third-person singular present indicative form juhá , while nuuḥâđ "to end" has nohá ; the former originates from Proto-Samic *u , the latter from *o . A second kind of umlaut also occurs, which operates in reverse: when the first syllable contains

1591-898: The southern end of the Proto-Sámi area, likely in connection with the introduction of agriculture, a process that continued until the 19th century, leading to the extirpation of original Sámi languages in Karelia and all but northernmost Finland. The Proto-Sámi consonant inventory is mostly faithfully retained from Proto-Uralic, and is considerably smaller than what is typically found in modern Sámi languages. There were 16 contrastive consonants, most of which could however occur both short and geminate : Stop and affricate consonants were split in three main allophones with respect to phonation : The spirant *δ also had two allophones, voiceless [θ] occurring word-initially and syllable-finally, and voiced [ð] elsewhere. A detailed system of allophony

1634-438: The strong grade of single consonants, leaving only three lengths. In some Sámi languages, other sound developments have left only two or three degrees occurring elsewhere. An asymmetric system of four short and five long vowel segments can be reconstructed. Stress was not phonemic in Proto-Sámi. The first syllable of a word invariably received primary stress. Non-initial syllables of a word received secondary stress, according to

1677-443: The village is enclosed in parentheses): Notes: Inari Sámi, like the other Samic languages, has fixed word-initial stress. Syllables are furthermore divided into feet , usually consisting of two syllables each, and with secondary stress on the first syllable of every foot. In the other Samic languages the last syllable in a word with an odd number of syllables is not assigned to a foot. In Inari Sámi, however, two important changes in

1720-567: The vowel in the second syllable affects the quality of the vowel in the first. The following table lists the Inari Sámi outcomes of the Proto-Samic first-syllable vowel, for each second-syllable vowel. As can be seen, several of the Proto-Samic vowels have identical outcomes before certain second-syllable vowels. Only before Proto-Samic *ē are all vowels distinguishable. For example, Proto-Samic *oa and *ë both appear before *ë as o , while *o and *u both appear as u . In cases where

1763-521: Was Anar sämi kiela aapis kirje ja doctor Martti Lutherus Ucca katkismus , which was written and translated by Edvard Wilhelm Borg in 1859. The written history of modern Inari Sámi, however, is said to begin with Lauri Arvid Itkonen's translation of the history of the Bible in 1906, although he had already translated some other books into Inari Sámi (Martin Luther and John Charles Ryles). After that, Inari Sámi

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1806-426: Was mainly published in books written by linguists, in particular Frans Äimä and Erkki Itkonen. For many years, very little literature was written in Inari Sámi, although Sämitigge has funded and published a lot of books, etc., in recent years. Since 1992, Finland's Sámi have had the right to interact with officials in their own language in areas where they have traditionally lived: Enontekiö , Utsjoki , Inari and

1849-408: Was originally probably realized as length : Gradation only applied after a stressed syllable; after an unstressed syllable all medial consonants appeared in the weak grade. In sources on Proto-Sámi reconstruction, gradation is often assumed but not indicated graphically. In this article, when it is relevant and necessary to show the distinction, the weak grade is denoted with an inverted breve below

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