Misplaced Pages

#966033

97-604: The company was founded in 1973 by Tengku Noor Zakiah Tengku Ismail, the first Bumiputera female stockbroker in Malaysia, with her business partner and is one of the first stockbroking houses in Malaysia. It was listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange in 1996. In 2012, Kenanga IB acquired ECM Libra's investment banking and stockbroking business. The group further expanded by purchasing ING Group 's local fund management unit in 2014. Significant stakes in

194-537: A 19% stake in cryptocurrency exchange operator Tokenize. Bumiputera (Malaysia) Bumiputera or bumiputra ( Jawi : بوميڤوترا ‎ , Native) is a term used in Malaysia to describe Malays , the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia , and various indigenous peoples of East Malaysia . The term is sometimes controversial. It is used similarly in the Malay world , Indonesia , and Brunei . The term

291-594: A 21 percent interest) is the Cahya Mata Sarawak, an investment holding company linked to the family of former Sarawak chief minister Abdul Taib Mahmud . In May 2017, Kenanga IB launched Rakuten Trade, a joint venture with Japan's Rakuten Securities, Inc. Rakuten Trade is Malaysia's first full-fledged online stockbroker. In May 2020, Rakuten Trade turned a profit for the first time, after handling more than RM12.5 billion in stocks traded on Bursa Malaysia in three years. In February 2021, Kenanga IB acquired

388-627: A berth in a passenger ship, which stopped at Penang . Tunku Ibrahim , the Regent, and his eldest brother was unhappy with his choice of degrees and he ordered him to return to England to be admitted to the English Bar . On Tunku's initiative, the Malay Society of Great Britain was formed, with Tuanku Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan (later the 1st Yang Di-Pertuan Agong ) as president and Tunku Abdul Rahman of Kedah as Honorary Secretary and

485-620: A better deal. Malays should be assisted to attain parity with non-Malays to forge a united Malayan Nation of equals." Article 153 of the Constitution states that, It shall be the responsibility of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to safeguard the special position of the Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak and the legitimate interests of other communities in accordance with

582-626: A deputy public prosecutor. His work was routine and he spent his days reading case files. Tunku was invited to accept the chairmanship of the Kedah branch of UMNO, the political party which had been formed by Dato' Onn Jaafar . But before long, the Attorney-General, Fosters-Sutton, visited Kedah and met Tunku in his office to ask if he would like to take up a new appointment in Kuala Lumpur , which Tunku accepted. In Kuala Lumpur, Tunku

679-926: A double room. He then telephoned his old friend, David Rees , who was now a prominent member of the British Labour Party . David Rees was the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies under the Labour government from 1947 to 1950. David Rees was a valuable and influential ally. Tunku and Tan went to meet him the next morning in his chambers near the Inner Temple. David Rees promised to do everything possible to persuade Oliver Lyttleton to receive Tunku and his delegation. His persuasion proved to be potent, and on 24 April, Lyttleton agreed to meet Tunku. However, there

776-580: A new policy from the British Government in London. Templer was to guide the people of Malaya towards the attainment of a United Malayan Nation. The policy had also called for the partnership of all communities. To put this new policy into effect, the government had agreed to hold elections at the Municipal and Town Council level, as the first step towards a democratic government, and Kuala Lumpur

873-523: A portfolio in the Government, but Tunku refused it. Earlier in July 1953, the government set up a working committee to examine the possibility of holding State and Federal Elections. The committee was set up after Templer obtained the concurrence of Malay Rulers who at first were quite reluctant to accept such proposals due to their deep-rooted fear of what might befall them if Independence were granted. When

970-427: A privileged status over Malaysian Chinese. Originally intended as a temporary measure, these policies are still in effect. They have been described as racially discriminatory. Although the policies have succeeded in creating a significant urban Malay and Native Bornean middle class, they have been less effective in eradicating poverty among rural communities. The concept of a bumiputera ethnic group in Malaysia

1067-643: A reply was received from the Secretary of State who rejected the request for an interview. Emergency meetings of UMNO and MCA leaders were held and a decision was made. The decision was severely criticised both inside and outside the Alliance and it required great courage and determination for Tunku to proceed. Next were the financial problems. Tunku called for an emergency meeting at UMNO in Malacca where he asked for financial help. The response from UMNO members

SECTION 10

#1732802528967

1164-493: A request for an elected majority and a firm date for the first elections. At the Legislative Council, when the demands by the Alliance were discussed, Onn told the Legislative Council that the holding of the elections should be planned as a gradual process and he questioned Tunku's demand. Onn's remarks were relayed to the Secretary of State and damaged Tunku's image. In August 1953, Gerald Templer offered Tunku

1261-457: A single political party. He believed that each community needs its political party and its political leaders, and he was proven to be right. The first trial of strength between all the rival political parties took place in January 1952. On 6 October 1951, Sir Henry Gurney was killed in an ambush by communist revolutionaries. He was replaced by General Sir Gerald Templer who brought with him

1358-685: A temporary Regent until the Sultan returned to Alor Setar . On 17 December, the Sultan, the Regent, and his family and senior officers of the State Government set off for Alor Setar with a Japanese military escort. In Kulim, Tunku reluctantly remained as District Officer for another year as a servant to the Japanese Military Administration. Friction between Tunku and the Japanese officials were frequent, and he

1455-619: A vigorous campaign to enlist support for "The Alliance". News of the venture appeared in all the leading newspapers. Tunku was in Province Wellesley when he read the news. He received a telephone call from a UMNO leader in Kuala Lumpur asking him to come back at once for a discussion. On his way to meet the UMNO leaders in Kuala Lumpur, he saw a leading member of Independence of Malaya Party , or IMP, and asked for his opinion of

1552-535: A year, he realised that he was making very little progress in his studies. After a meeting with Mr. Ezekiel, his guardian, in the office of the Crown Agents , Ezekiel arranged for the Tunku to move to Cambridge and to be taught by and live with Basil Atkinson . Atkinson was an experienced tutor and he also prepared Tunku to sit in a university entrance examination known as " Little Go ". The following year, he took

1649-541: Is a commonly-held belief that the public university entry requirements are easier for matriculation students and disproportionately difficult for STPM students. Quotas also exist for Public Services Department (JPA) scholarships, full scholarships offered to students to study in leading universities worldwide. These scholarships are given on the basis of SPM ( Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia , the equivalent of O-Levels ) results, ethnic group, and certain quotas. The JPA scholars are sent to selected pre-university programmes offered by

1746-523: Is a failure of economic, social and educational policies, you come back and say, oh, these wicked Chinese, Indian and others opposing Malay rights. They don't oppose Malay rights. They, the Malay, have the right as Malaysian citizens to go up to the level of training and education that the more competitive societies, the non-Malay society, has produced. That is what must be done, isn't it? Not to feed them with this obscurantist doctrine that all they have got to do

1843-460: Is derived from the Sanskrit language which was later absorbed into the classical Malay word bhumiputra ( Sanskrit : भूमिपुत्र , romanized :  bhū́miputra ). This can be translated literally as "son of the land" or "son of the soil". In Indonesia , this term is known as " Pribumi "; the latter is also used in Malaysia but in a more generic sense to mean "indigenous peoples". In

1940-594: Is racial-based and not deprivation-based. For instance, all bumiputera, regardless of their financial standing, are entitled 7 percent discount on houses or property, including luxurious units; whilst a low-income non-bumiputra receives no such financial assistance. Other preferential policies include quotas for the following: admission to government educational institutions, qualification for public scholarships, marking of universities exam papers, special bumiputera-only classes prior to university's end of term exams, for positions in government, and ownership of businesses. Most of

2037-495: Is subject to bumiputera hiring preferences. The NEM [New Economic Model] proposes reforming ethnic preferences in business ownership and social safety net programs. Some conservative bumiputera groups have voiced strong opposition to any significant changes to the extensive preferences." Examples of such policies include: As a result of these policies, many bumiputera with good connections quickly became millionaires. According to Rafidah Aziz , former Minister of Trade and Industry,

SECTION 20

#1732802528967

2134-433: Is that the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia are not considered bumiputera under the federal constitution. As their settlement predates that of the Malays, it is considered by many, that bumiputera is about the promotion one religion over another, especially since Orang Asli are much worse off than Muslim Malays. Others argue that the Orang Asli are in fact considered bumiputera. On 1 March 2009, Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat ,

2231-565: Is to get Malay rights for the few special Malays and their problem has been resolved." At the 2004 annual general assembly of the United Malays National Organisation , which is the largest member of the governing coalition, deputy chair Badruddin Amiruldin cautioned against questioning the bumiputera's special rights, which met with approval from the delegates: "Let no one from the other races ever question

2328-471: Is unlikely, especially in view of the constitutional issues involved, although successive administrations since Mahathir have attempted to reform the system of government aid for the bumiputera. Some bumiputera groups believe further affirmative action is necessary. Parliament began to use the term bumiputra in 1965. Following debate of the act to create the Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA),

2425-769: The Alor Setar Malay Primary School before furthering his studies at the government English school, Sultan Abdul Hamid College . He and his siblings were later sent by his parents to Debsirin School in Bangkok. He returned home in 1915 to continue his education at the Penang Free School . When the Tunku was 17, he won the Kedah State Government scholarship to further his studies at Cambridge University . After about

2522-580: The Invasion by the Japanese army began. The attack was quickly followed by the advance of General Yamashita 's army which had landed unopposed on beaches near Songkla the previous night. A second assault force came ashore, unopposed, on the coast of Petani and advanced towards Betong and Kroh. A third but smaller force landed close to Kota Bahru in Kelantan despite vigorous opposition. Unaware of

2619-508: The Japanese 's bombing Penang , the Regent and his family fled. They were given accommodation in Sidim when the second and more severe bombing of Penang town took place on 11 December 1941, which caused hundreds of civilians to be killed. Upon returning, to Kulim , Tunku found out that all the Police were no longer on duty. Tunku's first concern was to prevent looting and he called all members of

2716-573: The Malayan Union would come into effect on 1 April 1946. A British officer who had held Tunku's post before the war was appointed Superintendent of Education, Kedah in his place. The State Government did not give Tunku any new position. During this period, Tunku held no office in any Malay organisation. Tunku applied for 18 months' study leave and arranged to return to England to resume his law studies. He arrived in bunker on 27 December 1946 and travelled by train to London, and remained there for

2813-532: The formation of Malaysia . As such, he is often referred to as Father of Independence ( Bapa Kemerdekaan ) or Father of Malaysia ( Bapa Malaysia ). Tunku Abdul Rahman was born on 8 February 1903, in Alor Setar , Kedah , the seventh son and one of 45 children of Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah , the 26th ruler of the Kedah Sultanate. Tunku's mother was Cik Menyelara (Nueang Nandanagara), a Thai, and

2910-535: The "Alliance". Tunku was confronted by protesting political colleagues, but he told them that he supported the Alliance and Intended to help in the campaign in Kuala Lumpur. At the counting of votes on 16 February 1952, the "Alliance" won nine seats, IMP, two, and an Independent one. The success of the UMNO-MCA alliance was repeated in other municipal and town council elections, starting in Johor Bahru, where, to

3007-466: The 1970s, the Malaysian government implemented policies designed to favour bumiputera (including affirmative action in public education and in the public sector) in order to elevate the socioeconomic status of the economically disadvantaged bumiputera community. It was an effort to defuse interethnic tensions following the 13 May Incident in 1969 and to placate the Malay majority through granting them

Kenanga - Misplaced Pages Continue

3104-431: The Government showed his disapproval by transferring Tunku Abdul Rahman to the isolated post of District Officer at Langkawi . The district consisted of a group of islands, thinly populated, sparsely cultivated, and without roads. When the Tunku applied for government funds to develop Langkawi his application was rejected. Ever-resourceful, his way in winning co-operation from members of the public of all communities led to

3201-772: The Japanese Imperial government in Tokyo agreed to an unconditional surrender . When the Japanese surrender was announced over the wireless in mid-August, plans were hurriedly prepared in Ceylon for the dispatch of a British Military Administration . At the same time, the top Chinese Communist leaders in Malaya, Fong Chong Pik , who was nicknamed "the Plen" and a young Chinese Rebel named Chin Peng decided to try to seize control of

3298-454: The Malay community. Tunku realised that Parti Negara would attempt to weaken UMNO and subvert some of his UMNO supporters. But Tunku also knew that he must act now if the granting of Independence was not to be delayed indefinitely. London in mid-April 1954 was cold, damp, and cheerless. There was not even one press reporter to meet Tunku. Knowing their financial resources were limited, Tunku took T.H. Tan with him to Gloucester Road Hotel and booked

3395-613: The Malaysian Higher Education Ministry defined bumiputra as follows, depending on the region of origin of the individual applicant: In addition to the interpretation given above, a broader definition of bumiputera include groups such as native Indonesians , Malaysian Siamese , Muslim Indian Malaysians, Peranakan and the Kristang people of Portuguese-Eurasian descent. Most of these encompass communities that were established in southeast Asia prior to

3492-456: The Minister of Higher Education, Mustapa Mohamad, stated that he wanted public universities to recruit more non-bumiputera academic staff to "strive for world-class institutions", which may have signaled a move toward less racial discrimination in academia. However this does not affect entry into universities, which is still designed to restrict other races access to higher education in favour of

3589-564: The Sultans of Johor , Selangor , Pahang , and Perak and securing their signatures to a new treaty. In Kedah , MacMichael was told that the Ruler would consult his Council of State before discussing with him. With these consultations proceeded, rallies and processions in opposition to the treaty were held in every district and the center of Alor Setar. Tunku was one of the most popular speakers in Alor Setar , Sungai Petani , and Kulim , but he

3686-530: The bumiputera. The manufacturing sector is exempted from the Foreign Investment Committee (FIC) Guidelines and the mandatory 30% Bumiputera equity and restrictions in market entry have been removed for all (manufacturing) sub-sectors. Malaysia requires citizens to carry a national identification card called MyKad . Smart Cards identify citizens as Muslims or non-Muslims. The national identification card does not specify whether or not

3783-522: The chagrin of Dato' Onn, the Alliance won all the seats. Tunku followed up the Municipal elections by holding a 'Round Table Conference' on 3 February 1953, attended by leaders of the MCA and UMNO, in the Selangor Miner's Club, Kuala Lumpur. Everyone agreed to establish a permanent alliance of UMNO and MCA as a political body with Independence for Malaya as its principal objective. They also discussed

3880-588: The civil administration in as many states as possible. Tunku and his followers were responsible for the peace-keeping efforts and the protection of Alor Setar from the Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army . On 19 August, the surrender of the Japanese Army had become common knowledge in Alor Setar . With the Japanese surrender, several groups of people talked about independence and discussed how it might be attained. Malay societies were formed all over

3977-400: The commercial sector was taken over by wealthy Chinese merchants. The Communities Liaison Committee (CLC), comprising leading politicians from different racial backgrounds, supported the promotion of economic equality for the Malays, conditional on political equality for the non-Malays. CLC member E.E.C. Thuraisingham later said, "I and others believed that the backward Malays should be given

Kenanga - Misplaced Pages Continue

4074-405: The company have changed hands throughout its history. It received a 30% equity investment from the U.S. financial group John Hancock in 1989. John Hancock sold its holding to Deutsche Bank in 1991. Deutsche remained a significant shareholder until 2015 to when it disposed part of its interest to Tokai Tokyo . Through a series of merger transactions in 2001, the company's largest shareholder (with

4171-618: The construction of a jetty and later to the opening of several earth roads using money and material which he collected. While in London, he sat once more for the Bar Examinations, as he planned to leave the Civil Service, and to enter private practice as soon as he had qualified as an advocate and solicitor. He succeeded in passing the Part One Examination, in 1939. However, with the advent of World War II, he

4268-550: The construction of six "Long Houses" made of round timber and with attap roofs on a low hill about two miles away from the town. Funds for this work had been refused by the State Secretariat and he, therefore, invited donations from local town dwellers who would benefit if evacuations became necessary. By October 1941, British troops had prepared defensive positions in North Kedah. On the morning of 8 December 1941,

4365-402: The country attacked the Government's proposals with a new rallying cry – ' Merdeka '. By then, recommendations had been forwarded to London, and Tunku in consultations with the Alliance leaders decided that they must ask for an interview with the Secretary of State in London. Tunku sent a long telegram to the Secretary of State asking him to meet a delegation from the Alliance. On 14 April 1954,

4462-697: The disbanded Kedah Volunteer Force in Kulim to come to his assistance. These men formed a vigilante corps and Tunku arranged for them to patrol the town at night. He was also responsible for the acquiring of emergency food stores from the Government Rice Mill at Bagan Serai in Perak . By 16 December 1941, the Japanese army had occupied the west coast of Kedah, including all the main towns. The Japanese Military Governor of Kedah an assuming office appointed another of Tunku's brothers, Tunku Mohamed Jewa, to be

4559-484: The driving force. In January 1931, the Tunku was appointed a Cadet in the Kedah Civil Service . Later, he was transferred to Kulim as Assistant District Officer. In Kulim, he devoted much of his time touring the district and getting to know the problems of the peasants who made up 90% of the population. He also devoted some of his time to prepare for Cadet's Law exam to qualify for the promotion. He took

4656-515: The entrance exams and he obtained high marks for all his papers with a Pass for the whole examination. He was accepted as an undergraduate at St Catharine's College , one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, and graduated with a bachelor's degree of Arts in Law and History in 1925. Five years after sailing from Singapore, at the age of 23, he sailed home. The Crown Agents secured the Tunku

4753-441: The exams and passed them on his first attempt. About a year later, he was promoted to District Officer of Padang Terap . The post was unpopular because Kuala Nerang was rife with malaria. As soon as he took over the district, he gave orders for a survey to be made of the swamps which bordered the town, obtained an estimate for draining them, and applied to the State Secretariat for the necessary funds. However, his plea for funds

4850-412: The extent of the Japanese attack, he went to his office and ordered a general alert for his air wardens. Later that morning, he met the leading shopkeepers and advised them to evacuate their families to the "Long House". His eldest surviving brother, Tunku Badlishah , had succeeded Tunku Mahmud as Regent in 1937 when the latter died. He was now in control, since Sultan Abdul Hamid , although still alive,

4947-506: The eyes of the average UMNO member, Tunku was first and foremost the brother of the Sultan of Kedah , and a member of a royal house, which carried some prestige within Malaya. Tunku had acquired a wealth of experience as a district officer in Kedah, which enables him to understand and sympathise with the problems of the rural population, who made up a large proportion of the UMNO membership. At

SECTION 50

#1732802528967

5044-592: The fluency of his spoken English and his genial personality attracted his audience and provided ample justification for his mission. When the contents of the 'Election Proposal' were released by the Colonial Office only then did Tunku discover that the Secretary of State had not accepted all the recommendations of the Election Committee. But Tunku was not satisfied. He had asked for at least 60 elected members. A substantial majority of elected members

5141-482: The government founded an agency to preserve bumiputera interests. In July 2017, Prime Minister Najib Razak said that the government would consider the request of the Muslim Indian community to be recognized as bumiputera, in what is seen as a move to woo voters in the lead-up to the upcoming general election . Certain but not all pro-bumiputera policies exist as affirmative action for bumiputera, for NEP

5238-403: The government – from there, they apply to universities. In the 1965 session of Parliament , Singapore 's Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew (who was also a member of that Parliament) questioned the implementation of Malay rights as proposed. Lee asked, "How does the Malay in the kampung find his way out into this modernised civil society? By becoming servants of the 0.3 per cent who would have

5335-593: The head of government of its predecessor states from 1955 to 1970. He was the first chief minister of the Federation of Malaya from 1955 to 1957. He supervised the independence process that culminated on 31 August 1957 . As an independent Malaysia's first prime minister, he dominated the country's politics for the next 13 years. In 1963, he successfully incorporated the Federation of Malaya, British North Borneo (renamed Sabah ), Sarawak , and Singapore into

5432-472: The heading "Ethnic Preferences", part of a paragraph describes the reality of the bumiputera policy as follows: "Many of the preference policies are opaque, with details of implementation largely left to the various ministries and civil servants within those ministries. Policies and practices vary greatly. Some practices are explicit and contained in law or regulation, while others are informal, leaving much ambiguity for potential investors. The civil service itself

5529-429: The holder is a bumiputera. Tunku Abdul Rahman [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Race and politics Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah ( Jawi : ‏تونكو عبد الرحمن ڤوترا الحاج ابن المرحوم سلطان عبد الحميد حليم شاه ; 8 February 1903 – 6 December 1990) was a Malaysian statesman and lawyer who served as the first prime minister of Malaysia and

5626-589: The law, and "Except as expressly authorised by this Constitution, there shall be no discrimination against citizens on the ground only of religion, race, descent or place of birth in any law or in the appointment to any office or employment under a public authority or in the administration of any law relating to the acquisition, holding or disposition of property or the establishing or carrying on of any trade, business, profession, vocation or employment." Article 153 itself expressly forbids particular forms of discrimination; clause 5 states that "All persons of whatever race in

5723-492: The money to hire them to clean their shoe, open their motorcar doors?" and "How does telling a Malay bus driver that he should support the party of his Malay director (UMNO) and the Chinese bus conductor to join another party of his Chinese director (MCA) – how does that improve the standards of the Malay bus driver and the Chinese bus conductor who are both workers in the same company?" Lee closed with "Meanwhile, whenever there

5820-484: The municipal level, their chances of success would be greater. Together with his deputy, they met and sought the approval of Dato' Yahaya, the Chairman of UMNO in Kuala Lumpur. They quickly reached an agreement. Under the chairmanship of Col. H. S. Lee, a combined committee from the MCA and UMNO was formed and 12 candidates were selected, one for each area, some Malays, some Chinese, and one Indian. The committee then began

5917-437: The names of the members of the Election Committee were announced, Tunku observed that a majority of them were Onn Jaafar 's supporters. During the discussion, the members found themselves in two groups. The majority approved certain recommendations while the Alliance minority disagreed and made their proposals. When the majority of recommendations were accepted and proposed by the Government. Alliance representatives all over

SECTION 60

#1732802528967

6014-564: The natives of the mainland of Malaya and the natives of the Borneo States". He later qualified that the benefits under Article 153 were for "the natives of Malaysia…who are less advanced and less able to compete with these other Malaysians". In the book Buku Panduan Kemasukan ke Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam, Program Pengajian Lepasan SPM/Setaraf Sesi Akademik 2007/2008 (Guidebook for entry into public higher learning institutions for SPM/equivalent graduates for academic year 2007/2008),

6111-548: The need for racial harmony and a non-communal political party. A General Assembly was to be held in Kuala Lumpur in August 1951, and Onn had made it known that if his proposals were not accepted in this meeting, he would resign. Malay leaders while discussing the crisis recognised that they must find a successor to Onn. At that time, Tunku's qualities and ability as a leader were almost unknown outside Kedah. Finally, three candidates, including Tunku, were suggested to be nominated for

6208-533: The next 18 months. When he passed all his law exams, Tunku sailed back to Malaya on the P.&.O. Corfu in January 1949 to be met by his wife, children, and friends in Penang . A few days later he called on the Secretary to the Government to inform him that he was now a qualified advocate and solicitor, but the reception was neutral. Tunku was instructed to report to the State Legal Advisor for duty as

6305-474: The nomination. The UMNO Assembly met on 23 August 1951, where Tunku received 57 votes and his nearest rival had 11. In his acceptance speech, Tunku demanded that independence should be granted to Malaya as soon as possible. Tunku was still President of the Sessions Court in Kuala Lumpur, with daily duties to perform drawing a government salary and living in government quarters. Tunku informed the Chief Justice of his intention to resign from government service. In

6402-447: The parliamentary debate of 13 November 1965, the Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman , was asked by Lim Chong Eu if there is a "legal and constitutional definition of the term "Bumiputera", and whether the children of Malaysian citizens who were born after 31 August 1963, will also be entitled to all the rights of "Bumiputera". To this, Tunku replied: "Mr Speaker, Sir, the term 'Bumiputera'...has no legal meaning except in so far as to denote

6499-500: The peninsular with similar objectives, but with no coordination. On 10 October 1945, the Secretary of State for the Colonies issued his Policy Statement on a " Malayan Union ". In Kedah , both the principal Malay organisations held protest meetings and rallies. Tunku spoke forcefully at these rallies, but he recommended opposition by peaceful means. Sir Harold MacMichael , representing the British Government, arrived in Kuala Lumpur on 11 October 1945. He came to Alor Setar after visiting

6596-404: The period of British colonial rule which saw large-scale immigration from China . Others favour a definition encompassing all children of bumiputera. In Sarawak, there were cases of people with one bumiputera parent and one non-bumiputera parent being dismissed as non-bumiputera. However, this law was changed in 2022. At the time of Malaya's independence from British colonial rule in 1957,

6693-467: The policies were established in the Malaysian New Economic Policy (NEP) period. Many policies focus on trying to achieve a bumiputerashare of corporate equity, comprising at least 30% of the total. Ismail Abdul Rahman proposed this target after the government was unable to agree on a suitable policy goal. In a report titled 2012 Investment Climate Statement – Malaysia published by the Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs (US Department of State), under

6790-521: The policy was to create "Towering Malays". In 2005 she gave a speech that stated: "If there are young Malay entrepreneurs whose companies are successful, then we appreciate their success, we want Towering Malays of glokal (global and local) standard". She also said that the policy of Approved Permits (APs) had produced many bumiputera entrepreneurs in the automotive industry. Since 2000, the government has discussed phasing out certain affirmative action programs and reinstating " meritocracy ". In 2003 it began

6887-401: The population included many first- or second-generation immigrants who had come to fill manpower needs as indentured labourers , among rich Chinese merchants and settlers who brought their wealth and investment into Malaysia. Chinese immigrants, who typically settled in urban areas, played a significant role in the commercial sector after the Indians left the country to return to India, much of

6984-527: The possibility of forming a united front with the Independence of Malayan Party, or the IMP. Tunku arranged a meeting with Onn. He brought H. S. Lee and Dr. Ismail . Onn brought three lawyers and two Malay civil servants. At the meeting, Onn told Tunku that IMP could only work together with the Alliance leaders if they disbanded the Alliance and joined IMP. Tunku tried to find some ground for compromise, but Onn

7081-508: The post of President if Onn stepped down. Abdul Razak , the State Secretary of Pahang and UMNO vice president went to meet Tunku in his house, to ask him to agree to the nomination, but Tunku was reluctant. Instead, Tunku replied that Razak himself was much better qualified to be nominated. But Razak convinced Tunku that he was much too young to gain the support of the Malay masses. After much persuasion, Tunku reluctantly accepted

7178-438: The provisions of this Article. Article 160 defines a Malay as being one who "professes the religion of Islam , habitually speaks the Malay language, conforms to Malay customs and is the child of at least one parent who was born within the Federation of Malaysia before independence of Malaya on 31 August 1957, or the issue of such a person." Article 8 of the Constitution, states that all Malaysian citizens shall be equal under

7275-559: The rights of Malays on this land. Don't question the religion because this is my right on this land." In 2004, Mohd. Johari Baharum, parliamentary secretary of the Prime Minister's Department, stated that the PSD scholarships would remain quota based. He added that there were no plans to convert this to a merit based system, and that the total value of the PSD scholarship since 1996 was 2.4 billion ringgit . Another controversial aspect

7372-470: The royal family to marry non-Malays without the prior approval of the Ruler or Regent, the Tunku Abdul Rahman married Violet Coulson who lived in Penang . In 1934, the regent died unexpectedly and was succeeded as regent by Tunku Mahmud , the sultan's younger brother, who was more broad-minded and gave consent to the marriage. This enabled Violet to move to Kuala Nerang , but the Secretary to

7469-526: The same grade in the service of the Federation shall, subject to the terms and conditions of their employment, be treated impartially," while clause 9 states: "Nothing in this Article shall empower Parliament to restrict business or trade solely for the purpose of reservations for Malays." The concept of the bumiputera's special position has been disputed. The Reid Commission , which drafted the Constitution, initially proposed that Article 153 expire after 15 years unless renewed by Parliament . This qualification

7566-470: The sixth wife of Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah; she was the daughter of Luang Naraborirak (Kleb Nandanagara), a district officer in Thailand. Cholera and malaria were very common in Kedah at the time and at least two of Tunku's brothers and his older sister died from cholera while Tunku himself suffered from intermittent attacks of malaria until he left for London in 1920. He received early education at

7663-523: The special position was "a slur on the ability of the Malays." In 1970, however, one member of the Cabinet said that Malay special rights would remain for "hundreds of years to come." In the 1970s, the government implemented the New Economic Policy (NEP), designed to be a more aggressive form of affirmative action for the bumiputera than Article 153. Article 153 provides specifically for

7760-773: The spiritual leader of the opposition Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party stated that the term bumiputera is racist and the policy prevented other races from receiving government aid. Nik Aziz's remarks were made in response to the criticisms and threats made by UMNO against Democratic Action Party 's Boo Cheng Hau , the opposition leader in Johor when Boo was reported to have compared "bumiputeraism" with state apartheid . On 1 February 2015, Swiss academic Tariq Ramadan reflected on how non-Muslims have been treated as second class citizens. He stated, "I'm sorry but some of your fellow citizens in this country who are not Muslims are facing this discrimination, they are facing injustices." In 2006,

7857-474: The state of Malaysia. However, tensions between the Malay and Chinese communities resulted in Singapore's expulsion in 1965. His poor performance during race riots in Kuala Lumpur in 1969 led to his resignation in 1970. Commonly known simply as "Tunku" (a Malay royal title ), Abdul Rahman is widely regarded, even by his critics, as Malaysia's " founding father ", the architect of Malayan independence and of

7954-465: The system of "Malaysian model meritocracy" for university admission. Admission to public universities was not based upon a common examination such as the SAT or A-Levels , but rather upon a two parallel systems of either a one-year matriculation course or a two-year STPM ( Malaysian Higher School Certificate ) programme. Bumiputera compose an overwhelming majority of entrants to the matriculation programme. It

8051-437: The time of Onn Jaafar 's resignation from the presidency of UMNO , he had predicted that the party would disintegrate within three months. But even before the end of that period, it became clear that although influential Chinese and some prominent Indians and Ceylonese had become members of Onn Jaafar's new party, very few Malays had done so. Tunku held and expressed the view that Malayan communities could not be united within

8148-587: The use of quotas in the granting of scholarships, positions in the civil service, and business licences, as well as native reservations of land. Policies under the rubric of the NEP include subsidies for real estate purchases, quotas for public equity shares, and general subsidies to bumiputera businesses. Former Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi and his predecessor Mahathir Mohamad have both suggested that Malays should depend less on government assistance. Many observers believe full abolition of bumiputera privileges

8245-408: Was adamant and the meeting ended. Tunku disagreed fundamentally with Onn's conception of a single political party consisting of members of all communities. He knew by instinct that each community needed its political party. The challenge that lay before him was finding a way to unite the communal parties. Soon, the Alliance leaders met again to discuss their campaign. They drew up proposals that included

8342-694: Was allotted an office in the Federal Secretariat, together with other Deputy Public Prosecutors. Tunku's work received a favourable report and he was transferred with promotion, to the post of President of the Selangor Court. At the same time, a political crisis was brewing in UMNO. When the Communist revolutionaries launched an armed rebellion from jungle bases during the Malayan Emergency , UMNO founder and president, Onn, felt

8439-621: Was chosen as one of the venues for the experiment. All the existing political parties were prepared to contest. One of these political organisation was the Malayan Chinese Association , or MCA. MCA was brought into existence in 1949 by two men, Colonel H. S. Lee , the President of the Selangor Mining Association , and Tan Cheng Lock of Malacca. It occurred to him that if MCA and UMNO allied at

8536-569: Was coined by Abdul Razak Hussein . It recognised the "special position" of the Malays provided in the Constitution of Malaysia , in particular Article 153 . However, the constitution does not use the term bumiputera; it defines only "Malay" and " aboriginal peoples " (Article 160(2)), "natives" of Sarawak (161A(6)(a)), and "natives" of Sabah (Article 161A(6) (b)). Definitions of bumiputera in public use vary among different institutions, organisations, and government departments and agencies. In

8633-635: Was essential. While Lyttleton was overseas Tunku prepared his brief and on 14 May, Tunku, Abdul Razak and T.H Tan were ushered into the Secretary of State's room in the Colonial Office. Tunku explained in detail the Alliance's views on the importance of a workable elected majority and the need for early elections, but the Secretary of State insisted that the Alliance try out the Colonial Office Election proposals. Tunku pressed on further for an agreement on at least three-fifths of

8730-403: Was incapacitated. At about 9 o'clock on the night of the invasion, Syed Omar telephoned Tunku and told him that the Regent had decided to evacuate the 77-year-old Sultan to Penang , and thence to Singapore . Tunku disagreed with this decision, feeling the need for the Sultan to remain with his people, he absconded with him during the journey. Soon after, the Japanese began bombing Penang. With

8827-493: Was not invited to take part in any of the discussions convened by his half-brother, Sultan Badlishah . After three days of negotiations, the Sultan followed the example of his brother rulers. The Sultan's surrender was vigorously criticised by the public and by Tunku. MacMichael flew back to London after securing all the signatures from the rulers for the new treaty. Then the British Prime Minister announced that

8924-483: Was one problem. Lyttleton had arranged to leave for Uganda on an official visit on the following day and would not return until 10 May. It was a long time to wait and it would be stretch their financial resources to the limit, but Tunku decided to stay on. Meanwhile, with David Rees's help, Tunku gave a press conference at which he explained the popular support for the Alliance. He then had meetings with members of parliament of all three parties. Tunku's relaxed manner,

9021-533: Was recalled to Malaya and ordered to resume duty as District Officer in Kulim , where he remained for the next three years. He was responsible for the Civil Defence preparations implemented by district officers. He was appointed Deputy Director of Air Raid Precautions for South Kedah . He recognised the need to prepare for the evacuation of civilians in the event of an invasion and in 1941 he gave orders for

9118-405: Was rejected. He wrote again to the State Secretariat, asking that funds be made available to drain the swamps and to rid Kuala Nerang of the main breeding place malaria carriers. This time the money came and the work was carried out under his supervision. Because Tunku Ibrahim, the Regent, was known to be strongly opposed to mixed marriages and since there was a law in Kedah which forbade members of

9215-656: Was removed from his position of authority. The Siamese was then put in charge. Soon after the takeover by the Siamese, Tunku was appointed the Superintendent of Education. In 1942, the Japanese transported thousands of young male Malayans to work on the construction of a railway from North Siam to Burma . Tunku helped house and feed some escapees from the railway construction project at considerable risk to himself. On 6 and 9 August 1945, atom bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki respectively. A week later,

9312-438: Was struck from the final draft. After the 13 May Incident in 1969, representatives within the government argued over whether the special position of the bumiputera should have a sunset clause . Ismail Abdul Rahman argued that "the question be left to the Malays themselves because ... as more and more Malays became educated and gained self-confidence, they themselves would do away with this 'special position'." Ismail believed

9409-524: Was swift. A quantity of money and even personal jewellery were handed to Tunku. After some final travel arrangements, Tunku and T.H Tan left Singapore on 21 April 1954, for London. Tunku flew to London all too conscious of the doubts of his Alliance partners and the strong criticism from Government officials. Before he left, he was aware that Onn Jaafar had dissolved IMP and formed a new political party called ' Parti Negara '. Onn had abandoned his vision of an all-communities party and directed his attention to

#966033