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32-423: Kenari may refer to: Canarium ovatum or canarium nut Perodua Kenari , a car Kenari, Senen , Indonesia Kenari, Iran (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Kenari . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

64-519: A mixture of hypogeal and epigeal development, even within the same plant family. Groups which contain both hypogeal and epigeal species include, for example, the Southern Hemisphere conifer family Araucariaceae , the pea family, Fabaceae , and the genus Lilium (see Lily seed germination types ). The frequently garden grown common bean , Phaseolus vulgaris , is epigeal, while the closely related runner bean , Phaseolus coccineus ,

96-438: A way of building up carbohydrate levels in the wood. Success in marcottage may be cultivar-dependent. The production standard for a mature C. ovatum tree is between 100 and 150 kg (220 and 330 lb) of in-shell nut , with the harvest season from May to October and peaking between June and August. There are high variations in kernel qualities and production between seedling trees. Most C. ovatum kernels tend to stick to

128-424: A whorl at the top of the hypocotyl (the embryonic stem) surrounding the plumule. Within each species, there is often still some variation in cotyledon numbers, e.g. Monterey pine ( Pinus radiata ) seedlings have between 5 and 9, and Jeffrey pine ( Pinus jeffreyi ) 7 to 13 (Mirov 1967), but other species are more fixed, with e.g. Mediterranean cypress always having just two cotyledons. The highest number reported

160-489: Is a species of tropical tree belonging to the genus Canarium . It is one of approximately 600 species in the family Burseraceae . C. ovatum are native to the Philippines. They are commercially cultivated in the Philippines for their edible nuts and is believed to be indigenous to that country. The fruit and tree are often vulgarized with the umbrella term of " Java almond " which mixes multiple species of

192-417: Is also used for igniting fire, substituting for gasoline. Fresh saps were gathered from slashed tree trunk or shallow cuts, then gathered before it dries up completely. The most important product from pili is the kernel. A testa (seed coat) is between the shell and the kernel. When raw, its flavor resembles that of roasted pumpkin seed , and when roasted, its nutty flavor and waxy texture make it similar to

224-420: Is composed of about 44% oleic acid , 35% palmitic acid , 10% linoleic acid , and 10% stearic acid . The java almond kernal mineral content is highest in potassium , phosphorus , magnesium , and calcium (in that order). But high levels of phytic acid and tannic acid can prevent mineral absorption during digestion. Cotyledon In the case of dicot seedlings whose cotyledons are photosynthetic,

256-594: Is considered a flagship commodity of the Bicol region, the primary location of the pili nut trade. There is almost no commercial planting of this crop; fruits are collected from natural stands in the mountains near these provinces. In 1977, the Philippines exported approximately 3.8 t of pili preparation to Guam and Australia. The pili nut tree can be propagated by seed, marcotting , patch budding , cleft grafting , air layering , and inarching. Germination by seed takes about 30 to 80 days, and in about three to four years,

288-442: Is for big-cone pinyon ( Pinus maximartinezii ), with 24 (Farjon & Styles 1997). Cotyledons may be ephemeral - lasting only days after emergence, or persistent - enduring at least a year on the plant. The cotyledons contain (or in the case of gymnosperms and monocotyledons, have access to) the stored food-reserves of the seed. As these reserves are used up, the cotyledons may turn green and begin photosynthesis , or may wither as

320-407: Is found to be the most efficient for large-scale propagation work. Similarly to cleft or wedge grafting, the rootstocks are well watered and fertilized and the defoliated budwoods are cultivated from young, actively growing trees. This is also done in the months between November and February in the Philippines, having a success rate as high as 75–80%. The immediate concern in C. ovatum production

352-435: Is frequent and fruits ripen through a prolonged period of time. The ovary contains three locules , each with two ovules; most of the time only one ovule develops. The fruit of C. ovatum is a drupe , 4 to 7 cm (1.6 to 2.8 in) long, 2.3 to 3.8 cm (0.91 to 1.50 in) in diameter, and weighs 15.7 to 45.7 g (0.55 to 1.61 oz). The skin ( exocarp ) is smooth, thin, shiny, and turns purplish black when

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384-462: Is hypogeal. The term cotyledon was coined by Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694). John Ray was the first botanist to recognize that some plants have two and others only one, and eventually the first to recognize the immense importance of this fact to systematics , in Methodus plantarum (1682). Theophrastus (3rd or 4th century BC) and Albertus Magnus (13th century) may also have recognized

416-546: Is the difficulty of propagation. The lack of an effective clonal propagation method not only hampers the collection of superior germplasm but also makes it almost impossible to conduct feasibility trials of this crop. C. ovatum cultivars such as 'Red', 'Albay', and 'Katutubo' were selected in the Philippines. The Department of Agriculture has been working to synthesize a tree that is commercially viable. The National Clonal Germplasm Repository at Hilo, USDA - ARS , has initiated studies of in vitro and vegetative propagation for

448-573: The pine nut . Research from the Institute of Plant Breeding, University of the Philippines Los Baños , describes pili nuts of high quality as large, round kernel, and a thin pulp and shell. The contents should have a white pulp, high in protein and oils with mild nutty flavor. In the Philippines, pili is used in candies and brittle . Often called "Java almond", Canarium ovatum' s fruit can be found bunched with other species of

480-717: The Philippines, Indonesia and the Philippines harvest and use it commercially. However, the latter's natives were believed to be the first to cultivate the aforesaid nut by boiling the pulp to make them edible. It is also sold commercially in the United States of America under the Pili Hunters Brand. In Indonesia and Malaysia, their "Java almond" is called kenari from Canarium vulgare and C. indicum trees (syn.: C. commune , C. amboinense ). In Indonesia, especially in Minahasa and Moluccas islands ,

512-440: The cotyledon persists for a lifetime. Such a plant is Streptocarpus wendlandii of South Africa in which one cotyledon grows to be up to 75 centimeters (2.5 feet) in length and up to 61 cm (two feet) in width (the largest cotyledon of any dicot, and exceeded only by Lodoicea ). Adventitious flower clusters form along the midrib of the cotyledon. The second cotyledon is much smaller and ephemeral. Related plants may show

544-409: The cotyledons are functionally similar to leaves. However, true leaves and cotyledons are developmentally distinct. Cotyledons form during embryogenesis , along with the root and shoot meristems , and are therefore present in the seed prior to germination. True leaves, however, form post-embryonically (i.e. after germination) from the shoot apical meristem, which generates subsequent aerial portions of

576-554: The first true leaves take over food production for the seedling. Cotyledons may be either epigeal , expanding on the germination of the seed, throwing off the seed shell, rising above the ground, and perhaps becoming photosynthetic; or hypogeal , not expanding, remaining below ground and not becoming photosynthetic. The latter is typically the case where the cotyledons act as a storage organ, as in many nuts and acorns . Hypogeal plants have (on average) significantly larger seeds than epigeal ones. They are also capable of surviving if

608-444: The fruit ripens; the pulp ( mesocarp ) is fibrous, fleshy, and greenish yellow in color, and the hard shell ( endocarp ) within protects a normally dicotyledonous embryo. The basal end of the shell (endocarp) is pointed and the apical end is more or less blunt; between the seed and the hard shell (endocarp) is a thin, brownish, fibrous seed coat developed from the inner layer of the endocarp. This thin coat usually adheres tightly to

640-486: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenari&oldid=932937723 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Canarium ovatum Canarium ovatum , the pili ( Central Bikol and Filipino: pili , / ˈ p iː l iː / PEE -lee ;),

672-629: The kernels are used for making cake, bobengka in Minahasan or bubengka in Maluku . Java almond kernel is also used in chocolate , ice cream , and baked goods. The largest buyers of pili nuts are in Hong Kong and Taiwan; the kernel is one of the major ingredients in one type of the famous Chinese festive desserts known as the " moon cake ". The kernel is composed of about 70% fat, 11.5–13.9% protein, and 8% carbohydrate. The light yellowish kernel oil

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704-491: The multiplication and long-term preservation of pili. A recently released pili nut tree cultivar in Hawaii , 'Poamoho', may further stimulate the interest in this crop. Besides the desirable production and quality attributes, its kernels separate easily from the hard shell without the need of prior drying (30 °C (86 °F) for 27 to 28 hours). The young shoots and the fruit pulp are edible. The shoots are used in salads, and

736-576: The plant. The cotyledon of grasses and many other monocotyledons is a highly modified leaf composed of a scutellum and a coleoptile . The scutellum is a tissue within the seed that is specialized to absorb stored food from the adjacent endosperm . The coleoptile is a protective cap that covers the plumule (precursor to the stem and leaves of the plant). Gymnosperm seedlings also have cotyledons. Gnetophytes , cycads , and ginkgos all have 2, whereas in conifers they are often variable in number (multicotyledonous), with 2 to 24 cotyledons forming

768-451: The pulp is eaten after it is boiled and seasoned. Boiled pili pulp resembles the sweet potato in texture; it is oily (about 12%) and is considered to have food value similar to the avocado . Pulp oil can be extracted and used for cooking or as a substitute for cottonseed oil in the manufacture of soap and edible products. The stony shells are excellent as fuel or as porous, inert growth media for orchids and anthurium . The tree's sap

800-399: The same genus, Canarium . The C. ovatum tree is a symmetrically shaped evergreen, averaging 20 m (66 ft) tall with resinous wood and resistance to strong winds. It is dioecious , with flowers borne on cymose inflorescence at the leaf axils of young shoots. As in papaya and rambutan , functional hermaphrodites exist in C. ovatum . Pollination is by insects. Flowering

832-484: The same genus. These can be: Canarium vulgare , Canarium indicum which are not cultivated in the Philippines. The nickname "Java almond" is a name casually given to the fruits of Canarium species members where their range includes maritime Southeast Asia , Papua New Guinea, and Northern Australia . Although they are grown as ornamental trees in many areas of the Old World tropics of Indonesia, Malaysia and

864-500: The sapling can reach a juvenile height of about 2 meters. The trees are expected to start fruiting after 5 to 6 years from seedlings, reaching economic yield in the 10th year. Though propagation by seedlings is most common, asexual propagation is becoming preferred, for production of more female plants, removal of the juvenile period, and uniformity of the genetics, though to preserve genetic variability, seedlings are still created by sexual reproduction. Marcotting and air layering are

896-414: The seedling is clipped off, as meristem buds remain underground (with epigeal plants, the meristem is clipped off if the seedling is grazed). The tradeoff is whether the plant should produce a large number of small seeds, or a smaller number of seeds which are more likely to survive. The ultimate development of the epigeal habit is represented by a few plants, mostly in the family Gesneriaceae in which

928-496: The shell and/or the seed. Much of the kernel weight is made up of the cotyledons , which are about 4.1–16.6% of the whole fruit; it is composed of approximately 8% carbohydrate , 11.5–13.9% protein , and 70% fat. Kernels from some trees may be bitter, fibrous or have a turpentine odor. C. ovatum' s distribution range is the Philippines. C. ovatum is a tropical tree preferring deep, fertile, well drained soil , warm temperatures, and well distributed rainfall . It cannot tolerate

960-483: The shell when fresh, but come off easily after being dried to 3–5% moisture (30 °C (86 °F) for 27 to 28 h). Shelled nuts, with a moisture content of 2.5–4.6%, can be stored in the shade for one year without deterioration of quality. In the Philippines, production centers are located in the Bicol region , provinces of Sorsogon , Albay , and Camarines Sur , southern Tagalog , and eastern Visayas . The species

992-467: The simplest of asexual propagation methods for pili, though success can vary. This issue comes from the branch unsuccessfully rooting after severing from the mother tree. Commercially, in the Philippines, cleft or wedge grafting with defoliated budsticks is used with rootstocks in large containers or directly in the field during the months between November and February, when the weather is cool and dry. This has an average success rate of 85%. Patch budding

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1024-560: The slightest frost or low temperature. Refrigeration of seeds at 4 to 13 °C (39 to 55 °F) resulted in loss of viability after 5 days. Seed germination is highly recalcitrant, reduced from 98 to 19% after 12 weeks of storage at room temperature; seeds stored for more than 137 days did not germinate. Asexual propagations using marcotting , budding, and grafting were too inconsistent to be used in commercial production. Young shoots of C. ovatum were believed to have functional internal phloems , which rendered bark ringing ineffective as

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