Dai Nippon Butoku Kai (DNBK, Japanese : 大日本武徳会 , English: "Greater Japan Martial Virtue Society" ) was the largest martial arts organization in Japan with strong ties to WWII-era Japanese government, originally established in 1895 in Kyoto and had the biggest influence on Budo in modern Japan. The first president was Imperial Prince Komatsunomiya Akihito and the first chairman was Chairman Watanabe Chiaki (Governor of Kyoto). At the end of World War II, the DNBK changed its status from a public to a private organization. Enrollment fell significantly from millions to hundreds and it lost its authority to govern all martial arts organizations in Japan. In 1946, due to its association with the Japanese Military during wartime, the GHQ dissolved the DNBK. The following years, more than 1,300 leaders and officials of the DNBK were purged —ostracized, lost their jobs, and were forbidden to take any government position. In 1953, the new DNBK was established with a new philosophical vision of preserving the long-standing illustrious classical martial virtues and traditions.
51-489: Kendo ( 剣道 , Kendō , lit. 'sword way', 'sword path' or 'way of the sword') is a modern Japanese martial art , descended from kenjutsu (one of the old Japanese martial arts , swordsmanship ), that uses bamboo swords ( shinai ) as well as protective armor ( bōgu ). It began as samurai warriors' customary swordsmanship exercises, and today, it is widely practiced within Japan and has spread to many other nations across
102-458: A datotsu-bui of the opponent's kendo-gu with the shinai making contact at its datotsu-bu , the competitor displaying high spirits, correct posture and followed by zanshin . Datotsu-bui or point scoring targets in kendo are defined as: Datotsu-bu of the shinai is the forward, or blade side ( jin-bu ) of the top third ( monouchi ) of the shinai . Zanshin ( 残心 ) , or continuation of awareness, must be present and shown throughout
153-423: A motodachi . This is a process that requires patience. The kendōka and motodachi practice the technique slowly at first; as familiarity and confidence build, they increase the speed to the level used in matches and competitions. These attack techniques are used to create an opening in an opponent by initiating an attack, or striking boldly when the opponent has created an opening. Such techniques include: This
204-405: A compromise of ten practice moves ( kata ) for police training. This integration effort led to the development of modern kendo. In 1878, Kawaji wrote a book on swordsmanship, Gekiken Saikō-ron (Revitalizing Swordsmanship), stressing sword styles should not disappear with modernization, but should be integrated as necessary skills for the police. He draws a particular example from his experience with
255-512: A garment separated in the middle to form two wide trouser legs. A cotton towel ( 手拭い , tenugui ) is wrapped around the head, under the men , to absorb perspiration and provide a base for the men to fit comfortably. Kendo training is quite noisy in comparison to some other martial arts or sports. This is because kendōka use a shout, or kiai ( 気合い ) , to express their fighting spirit when striking. Additionally, kendōka execute fumikomi-ashi ( 踏み込み足 ) , an action similar to
306-718: A larger project nationally. After the end of World War II , the Supreme Commander of Allied Powers ( General Douglas MacArthur ) issued a directive to dissolve any and all military-related or nationalistic propaganda organizations. The disbanding was done under the "Removal and Exclusion of Undesirable Personnel from Public Office," which issued a purge directive contained in SCAPIN9 548 (Removal of Ultranationalists) clearly stating: "ultra-nationalistic or militaristic social, political, professional and commercial societies and institutions will be dissolved and prohibited." This
357-527: A number of "unprecedented policies aimed at making martial arts education combat effective and ideologically aligned with ultra-nationalistic government policy" were set into motion. This strove to corral any and all budo organizations under state control to which the proposal of the "National Physical Strength Deliberation Council" sponsored by the Ministry of Health and Welfare recommended that an "all-encompassing extra-governmental organization" formed between
408-437: A point to be awarded. Play is stopped after each point is awarded. Kendo competitions are usually a three-point match. The first competitor to score two points, therefore, wins the match. If the time limit is reached and only one competitor has a point, that competitor wins. In the case of a tie, there are several options: The All Japan Kendo Championship is regarded as the most prestigious kendo championship. Despite it being
459-565: A register of dan graded members of the AJKF, lists (as of September 2007) 1.48 million registered dan graded kendōka in Japan. According to a survey conducted by AJKF, the number of active kendo practitioners in Japan is 477,000, including 290,000 dan holders. From these figures, AJKF estimates that the number of kendōka in Japan is 1.66 million, with over 6 million practitioners worldwide, with registered dan holders and active kendo practitioners without dan grade. In 1975,
510-512: A rising-slide motion, with the right ( ura ) or left ( omote ) side of the shinai . Then strike in the direction of their shinai , or at the opening resulting from their composure's collapse. This technique needs to be smooth. That is, do not separate the rising-slide motion and the upward-sweeping motion or it will not be successful. Valid strikes include: men-suriage-men , kote-suriage-men , men-suriage-do , kote-suriage-kote , and Tsuki-suriage-men . This waza knocks an opponent's shinai to
561-461: A stamp of the front foot, during a strike. Like some other martial arts, kendōka train and fight barefoot. Kendo is ideally practiced in a purpose-built dōjō , though standard sports halls and other venues are often used. An appropriate venue has a clean and wooden sprung floor , suitable for fumikomi-ashi . Kendo techniques comprise both strikes and thrusts. Strikes are only made towards specified target areas ( 打突-部位 , datotsu-bui ) on
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#1732787259985612-476: A strike after responding or avoiding an attempted strike by the opponent. This can also be achieved by inducing the opponent to attack, then employing one of the Ōji-waza . Avoiding an attack from another, then instantly responding. Here, timing has to be correct. A response that is too slow or fast may not be effective. Therefore, close attention to an opponent's every move is required. If struck by an opponent's shinai , this technique sweeps up their shinai in
663-569: A voluntary surrender of swords, the government banned the use of swords by the surviving samurai and initiated sword hunts . Meanwhile, in an attempt to standardize the sword styles ( kenjutsu ) used by policemen, Kawaji Toshiyoshi recruited swordsmen from various schools to come up with a unified swordsmanship style. This led to the rise of the Battotai (抜刀隊, lit. Drawn Sword Corps ), consisting mainly of sword-wielding policemen. However, it proved difficult to integrate all sword arts, leading to
714-442: Is a technique used when one's opponent has weak kisei (spirit, vigor) or when they yield an opening under pressure. Always hold kisei and strike quickly. Body and shinai will lose balance as the initiator strikes or when being attacked. This technique takes advantage of this to help execute a strike. A good example is Hikibana-kote when a strike is made to an opponent's kote as they feel threatened and raise their kensen as
765-546: Is attributed to Naganuma Shirōzaemon Kunisato ( 長沼 四郎左衛門 国郷 , 1688–1767) during the Shotoku Era (1711–1715). Naganuma developed the use of this armor and established a training method using bamboo swords. Yamada Heizaemon Mitsunori (Ippūsai) ( 山田平左衛門光徳(一風斎) , 1638–1718) , third son of Naganuma and the 8th headmaster of the Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū Kenjutsu, is credited with improving
816-411: Is broken. This technique involves striking the opponent as they are about to strike. This is because their concentration will be on striking and their posture will have no flexibility to respond. Thus debana-waza is ideal. This can be to any part of the opponent's body, with valid strikes being: debana-men , debana-kote , and debana-Tsuki . These counter-attack techniques are performed by executing
867-605: Is held every year, except in those years in which there is a world championship. Kendo is also one of the martial arts in the World Combat Games . Technical achievement in kendo is measured by advancement in grade, rank or level. The kyū ( 級 ) and dan ( 段 ) grading system, created in 1883, is used to indicate one's proficiency in kendo. The dan levels are from first-dan ( 初段 , sho-dan ) to tenth-dan ( 十段 , jū-dan ) . There are usually six grades below first-dan, known as kyu . The kyu numbering
918-528: Is in reverse order, with first kyu ( 一級 , ikkyū ) being the grade immediately below first dan, and sixth kyu ( 六級 , rokkyū ) being the lowest grade. There are no visible differences in dress between kendo grades; those below dan-level may dress the same as those above dan-level. Gendai bud%C5%8D Gendai budō ( Japanese : 現代武道 , lit. ' modern budō ' ) , or Shinbudō ( 新武道 , new budō) are both terms referring to modern Japanese martial arts , which were established after
969-424: Is meant to represent a Japanese sword ( katana ) and is made up of four bamboo slats which are held together by leather fittings. A modern variation of a shinai with carbon fiber reinforced resin slats is also used. Age Group Shinai Size Kendōka also use hard wooden swords ( 木刀 , bokutō ) to practice kata . Kendo employs strikes involving both one edge and
1020-400: Is often defined as a gendai budō. This definition is incorrect as sumo is an ancient art that has attained popularity and media coverage in the modern era. Gendai budō have origins in koryū , the traditional Japanese martial arts. For example, Kano Jigoro (嘉納 治五郎 Kanō Jigorō , 1860–1938) founded judo in part as an attempt to systematize the myriad traditions of ju-jitsu which existed at
1071-498: The All Japan Kendo Federation developed and published "The Concept and Purpose of Kendo" (reproduced below). Kendo is a way to discipline the human character through the application of the principles of the katana . Kendo is practiced wearing a traditional Japanese style of clothing, protective armor ( 防具 , bōgu ) and using one or, less commonly two, shinai ( 竹刀 , shinai ) . The shinai
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#17327872599851122-601: The Meiji Restoration (1866–1869). Kobudō or koryū are the opposite of these terms referring to ancient martial arts established before the Meiji Restoration. Any martial art created after the Meiji Restoration of 1868 is Gendai Budō. Koryō Budō are schools of budō that predate 1868. Some examples of Gendai budō are aikido , fuji ryu Goshendo ju-jitsu, gendai goshin ju jitsu , judo , karate , kūdō and shorinji kempo . The Japanese art of sumo
1173-475: The Satsuma Rebellion . The Junsa Kyōshūjo (Patrolman's Training Institute), founded in 1879, provided a curriculum that allowed policemen to study gekiken during their off-hours. In the same year, Kawaji wrote another book on swordsmanship, Kendo Saikō-ron (Revitalizing Kendo), defending the significance of such sword art training for the police. While Junsa Kyōshūjo remained active only until 1881,
1224-426: The keppan ("blood oath"). Whereas in most gendai budō dojo all are welcome provided they follow basic rules of conduct, koryū instructors often strictly scrutinize candidates. The primary purpose of gendai budō is for spiritual and mental development through the study and application of East Asian metaphysical techniques and teachings. Dai Nippon Butoku Kai The original Dai Nippon Butoku Kai facility
1275-662: The Butokukai. In 1921, the DBNK executive committee decided to make kendo, Judo and Kyudo the main Budo disciplines. Kendo and Judo grading system was established in 1895 and kyudo in 1923. By the 1930s a systematic appropriation of martial arts by the state was underway, fueled in the successful wake of the Russo-Japanese War , sped up even more in 1942–1945 during the apex of Japan's "militarisation" ( sengika ). This led to
1326-569: The Imperial Japanese Government is recommended in accordance with the provisions of SCAPIN 548 Paragraph I-f on the grounds that this is an organization 'affording military or quasi-military training' and which provides for the 'perpetuation of militarism' or a martial spirit in Japan." Japan regained its sovereignty in 1951 after the signing of the San Francisco peace treaty. In 1953, the new Dai Nippon Butoku Kai
1377-563: The International Division overseeing all international members. In 2022, DNBK has official representatives and coordinators in Canada, United Kingdom, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, Israel, Hungary, Russia, Germany, Spain, Malta, France and California US, Hawaii US, Mid-Western US, Boston US, Arizona US, Florida US, Australia, Romania, Switzerland, Armenia, Chile, Switzerland, Greece, Gibraltar, Austria, Latvia and Nepal. In April 2023
1428-411: The art with Japanese wooden and bamboo swords, according to his gravestone's inscription. He is also credited with refining the armor by adding a metal grille to the headpiece (面; men ) and thick cotton protective coverings to the gauntlets that cover the wrists and hands (小手; kote ). Naganuma Sirozaemon Kunisato ( 長沼四郎左衛門国郷 , 1688–1767) inherited the tradition from his father Heizaemon in 1708, and
1479-541: The end of the Edo period , the use of bamboo swords and armor as a form of practice became popular. Modern kendo techniques, such as Suriage-Men and Oikomi-Men, were originally Hokushin Ittō-ryū techniques, were named by Chiba Shūsaku. After the Meiji Restoration in the late 1800s, Sakakibara Kenkichi popularized public gekiken for commercial gain, resulting in increased interest in kendo and kenjutsu. In 1876, five years after
1530-404: The execution of the strike and the kendōka must be mentally and physically ready to attack again. In competition, there are usually three referees ( 審判 , shinpan ) . Each referee holds a red flag and a white flag in opposing hands. To award a point, a referee raises the flag corresponding to the color of the ribbon worn by the scoring competitor. Usually, at least two referees must agree for
1581-502: The five ministries of Kōseishō (Health and Welfare), Mombushō (Education), Rikugunshō (Army), Kaigunshō (Navy) and the Naimushō (Home) which promoted budō in schools, community organizations and groups. This was an effective way to expand the reach and breadth of the propaganda being issued by the ultra nationalistic government into the community, plus allowing a clear path to community indoctrination through budō programs; especially notable
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1632-445: The initiator pushes forward. This provides a surprise attack by lifting the shinai over the initiator's shoulder before striking. Here a skillful use of the kensen and spirited attack is crucial for effective katsugi-waza or luring the opponent into breaking their posture. There are two types. The first is for moving to the next waza after a failed first strike, and the second holds the opponent's attention and posture to create
1683-589: The national championship for only Japanese kendōka , kendo practitioners all over the world consider the All Japan Kendo Championship as the championship with the highest level of competitive kendo. The World Kendo Championships have been held every three years since 1970. They are organised by the International Kendo Federation (FIK) with the support of the host nation's kendo federation. The European championship
1734-413: The opening for a second strike. The former requires a continuous rhythm of correct strikes. The latter requires continuous execution of waza , to take advantage of the opponent's opening. This can be used if one's opponent's stance has no opening when the opponent tries to attack. The opponent's shinai is either knocked down from above or swept up from below with a resulting strike just when their stance
1785-405: The opponent parries their shinai with the initiator's. They then flip over (turn over the hands) and strike their opposite side. Valid strikes include: men-kaeshi-men , men-kaeshi-kote , men-kaeshi-do , kote-kaeshi-men , kote-kaeshi-kote , and do-kaeshi-men . A scorable point ( 有効打突 , yūkō-datotsu ) in a kendo competition ( tai-kai ) is defined as an accurate strike or thrust made onto
1836-492: The opponent's neck, thrusting techniques in free practice and competition are often restricted to senior dan graded kendōka . Once a kendōka begins practice in armor, a practice session may include any or all of the following types of practice: Techniques are divided into shikake-waza (仕掛け技; to initiate a strike) and ōji-waza (応じ技; a response to an attempted strike). Kendōka who wish to use such techniques during practice or competitions often practice each technique with
1887-509: The police continued to support such practice. The Dai Nippon Butoku Kai (DNBK) was established in 1895 to promote martial arts in Japan. It changed the name of the sporting form of swordsmanship, gekiken , ( Kyūjitai : 擊劍 and Shinjitai : 撃剣 , "hitting sword") to kendō in 1920. Kendo (along with other martial arts) was banned in Japan in 1946 by the occupying powers. This was part of "the removal and exclusion from public life of militaristic and ultra-nationalistic persons" in response to
1938-412: The right or left. This neutralises a potential strike and gives the ideal chance to strike as an opponent is off-balance. For success, the distance between oneself and the opponent has to be correctly perceived, and then one knocks down their shinai before their arm fully extends. Valid strikes include: do-uchiotoshi-men and Tsuki-uchiotoshi-men . This technique is a response. As the opponent strikes,
1989-437: The side of the neck and shoulders. The forearms, wrists, and hands are protected by long, thickly padded fabric gloves called kote ( 小手 ) . The torso is protected by a breastplate ( 胴 , dō ) , while the waist and groin area are protected by the tare ( 垂れ ) , consisting of three thick vertical fabric flaps or faulds . The clothing worn under the bōgu comprise a jacket ( kendogi or keikogi ) and hakama ,
2040-432: The time. Kendo similarly derives from the many schools of kenjutsu that evolved over the centuries. Koryū make no use of the popular kyu - dan ranking system. The gendai budō (modern budō forms), however, use the kyū-dan ranking system. These rankings replaced the various certificates awarded within koryū . Gendai budō also generally do not contain the same strong entrance oaths and rituals as koryū , such as
2091-412: The tip of the shinai or bokutō . Protective armor is worn to protect specified target areas on the head, arms, and body. The head is protected by a stylized helmet, called men ( 面 ) , with a metal grille ( 面金 , men-gane ) to protect the face, a series of hard leather and fabric flaps ( 突垂れ , tsuki-dare ) to protect the throat, and padded fabric flaps ( 面垂れ , men-dare ) to protect
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2142-529: The two of them collaborated to improve what would become modern kendo training armor. Shūsaku Narimasa Chiba ( 千葉 周作 成政 , 1792–1855) , founder of the Hokushin Ittō-ryū Hyōhō (北辰一刀流兵法), introduced gekiken (撃剣) (full contact duels with bamboo swords and training armor) to the curriculum of tradition arts in the 1820s. Due to the large number of students of the Hokushin Ittō-ryū Hyōhō at
2193-412: The wartime militarization of martial arts instruction in Japan. The DNBK was also disbanded. Kendo was allowed to return to the curriculum in 1950, first as "shinai competition" ( 竹刀競技 , shinai kyōgi ) and then as kendo in 1952. The All Japan Kendo Federation (AJKF or ZNKR) was founded in 1952, immediately after Japan's independence was restored and the ban on martial arts in Japan was lifted. It
2244-410: The world. Swordsmen in Japan established schools of kenjutsu (the ancestor of kendo). These continued for centuries and form the basis of kendo practice today. Formal kendo exercises known as kata were developed several centuries ago as kenjutsu practice for warriors. They are still studied today, in a modified form. The introduction of bamboo practice swords and armor to sword training
2295-412: The wrists, head, or body, all of which are protected by armor. The targets are men , sayu-men or Yoko-men (upper, left or right side of the men ), the right kote at any time, the left kote when it is in a raised position, and the left or right side of the dō . Thrusts ( 突き , tsuki ) are only allowed to the throat. However, since an incorrectly performed thrust could cause serious injury to
2346-478: Was accompanied by SCAPIN 550 (Removal and Exclusion of Undesirable Personnel from Public Office) which states: "Persons who have been active exponents of militarism and militant nationalism will be removed and excluded from public office and from any positions of public or substantial private responsibility." In a memorandum proposed to the Chief of Staff, it also stated: "Dissolution of Dai Nippon Butokukai by order to
2397-484: Was created as a private organization in 1895 in Kyoto. in 1919, Mr Hiromichi Mishikubo (Vice-president of DBNK) made the term change from Bujutsu to Budo. In the eyes of Mishikubo the term bujutsu seemed heavily concerned with physical technique and insisted in using Budo as a mental discipline and as it was representative if the term Bushido. All -jutsu termed Arts transitioned to become -Do and thus became standard terms at
2448-414: Was established to revive the pre-WWII DNBK with the philosophical vision of preserving the long-standing classical martial virtues and traditions. The DNBK aims for the restoration of classical martial cultures, supporting allied research, instruction and service, promotion of international peace and harmony, and the advancement of greater humanity through Budo education. In 1974, DNBK officially established
2499-577: Was formed on the principle of kendo not as a martial art , but as educational sport and it has continued to be practiced as such to this day. The International Kendo Federation (FIK) was founded in April 1970. It is an international federation of national and regional kendo federations, and the world governing body for kendo. The FIK is a non-governmental organization , and it aims to promote and popularize kendo, iaido and jodo . The International Martial Arts Federation (IMAF), established in Kyoto 1952,
2550-499: Was the efforts targeting children and schools that is apparent by the amount of funding it received, allocated by a national budget at the time. The response was as follows: "We have reached a consensus to restructure the Dai-Nippon Butokukai, a registered society that has contributed to the advancement of budō for many years, and incorporate it into the organs of government." This allowed public funding to be spent on
2601-467: Was the first international organization founded since WWII to promote the development of martial arts worldwide. Today, IMAF includes kendo as one of the Japanese disciplines. Practitioners of kendo are called kendōka ( 剣道家 ) , meaning "someone who practices kendo", or occasionally kenshi ( 剣士 ) , meaning "swordsman". Additionally, the old term of kendoists is sometimes used. The Kodansha Meibo,
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