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71-607: Following the Second World War, the Canadian government invited the Aluminum Company of Canada (Alcan) to explore the potential of various sites around the country for hydroelectric power generation. British Columbia was particularly interested in attracting the aluminum industry. Premier Byron Johnson introduced special legislation authorizing the provincial cabinet to do what it thought necessary to establish

142-732: A continuation of the Provincial Marine enforcement agencies of the British North American colonies. These ships and other chartered schooners and the like, would cruise the fishing grounds off the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, watching for violations within Canada's territorial sea , then only three nautical miles (6 km) from shore. Prior to the First World War , Canada had limited naval forces, with

213-631: A kitchen utensil production plant and foundry in Toronto . It added a rolling mill in the plant a few years later. During World War I (1914–18), aluminum production increased to 131,000 tonnes from 69,000. In 1925, the company was renamed the Aluminum Company of Canada. It was responsible for rapid development in Arvida , today a part of the city of Saguenay in Quebec, by contributing to

284-628: A new aluminum industry in BC. For its part, Alcan was concerned with locating its energy-intensive aluminum smelters in close proximity to an inexpensive source of hydroelectric power. Chilko Lake in the Chilcotin region was the original proposed site for the Kenney Dam, but due to preliminary calculations by Fisheries and Oceans Canada showing that the Chilko Lake held up to three-quarters of

355-492: A proper environmental assessment. Alcan has not built the cold water release facility outlined in the 1987 settlement agreement, and as such has not reduced the amount of water released in to the Nechako water system. Studies showed that the water in the reservoir was too cold and contained too much nitrogen, while not enough oxygen. In order to create the correct balance, it was suggested that Alcan needed to draw water from both

426-601: A resolution in the House of Commons calling for the establishment of a "Canadian Naval Service". The resolution was not successful; however, on January 12, 1910, the government of Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier took Foster's resolution and introduced it as the Naval Service Bill. After a third reading, the bill received royal assent on May 4, 1910, and became the Naval Service Act , administered by

497-499: A result of their poor living conditions. Requests for assistance in health care, education and housing were denied until 1964 when the relocation sites were officially turned into federal reserves. DIA records show unanimous support by the Cheslatta people for the surrender of their territory, however many band members state that no formal assent was conducted and the signatures on documents are forged by Indian affairs officials. It

568-514: A rise in water temperatures, which would make summer migration for salmon more difficult. In the process of dam development, water temperatures exceeded 20 degrees Celsius, and the safest levels for sockeye salmon is 14 degrees Celsius. Although the Nechako River temperatures became too high, the dam reservoir water temperatures were too low, and contained too high of levels of nitrogen and not enough oxygen for salmon. Due to these concerns,

639-481: A series of lakes in the drainage basin of the upper Nechako River. The water of the reservoir filled an area of 92,000 hectares. However, the level of the reservoir can vary by more than 3 metres depending on rainfall and power generation needs. The dam, which sits at the east end of the reservoir, forms part of a hydroelectric complex which also includes the Skins Lake spillway, which regulates water levels both in

710-558: A temporary location 30 miles north of their reserves in Grassy Plains. They were responsible for transporting their own belongings by means of wagons and consequently were forced to leave most of their traditional possessions behind. After months of living in poor conditions at the temporary location sites, the Cheslatta people were eventually resettled on marginal farms scattered over large areas, which proved disconcerting for this once close-knit community. According to DIA documents,

781-1047: A variety of domestic partners, including the Canadian Coast Guard , other federal departments, other levels of government, industry, First Nations communities, recreational fishing groups, and others. Internationally, C&P participates in or indirectly contributes to more than a dozen regional fisheries management organizations (e.g., Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization and the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission ). C&P promotes compliance with legislation, regulations and management measures through education and shared stewardship initiatives; conducts monitoring, control, and surveillance activities using surface vessels, aerial surveillance aircraft and land patrols; and manages major cases and special investigations. The program includes operational enforcement units in DFO's six regions,

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852-400: Is Darren Goetze. Fishery guardians are also designated under section 5(1) of the act and as peace officers but are not necessarily employed by the department. For example, a provincial conservation officer may be designated as a fishery guardian for the purpose of enforcing the act. In general, fishery guardians cannot conduct a search unless authorized by a warrant or conditions are met under

923-496: Is a department of the Government of Canada that is responsible for developing and implementing policies and programs in support of Canada's economic, ecological and scientific interests in oceans and inland waters. Its mandate includes responsibility for the conservation and sustainable use of Canada's fisheries resources while continuing to provide safe, effective and environmentally sound marine services that are responsive to

994-420: Is also widely debated whether or not the legal rights of the Cheslatta people were presented as many claim that they were unaware of their power to refuse the requests of the Government of British Columbia , along with their ability to have a third-party advisor. The Cheslatta people also claimed that Alcan had assured them most grave sites would be unaffected by rising water levels, however any grave sites running

1065-646: Is responsible for several organizations, including the Canadian Coast Guard , the Freshwater Fish Marketing Corporation and the Canadian Hydrographic Service . The Department of Marine and Fisheries was created on July 1, 1867, although it did not receive legislative authority until May 22, 1868. The department's political representative in Parliament was the minister of marine and fisheries , with

1136-701: Is the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. It is also referred to as "Fisheries and Oceans Canada" under the Federal Identity Program . *In 1935, the Department of Marine was merged with the Department of Railways and Canals and the Civil Aviation Branch of the Department of National Defence to form the Department of Transport, also known as Transport Canada . Text of each law and its regulations can be found by entering

1207-727: The Allies ' demand for aluminum expanded rapidly, and with it the company. Already accounting for roughly three-quarters of the production capacity for aluminum in the British Empire , the company's "assets increased fivefold; sales increased fivefold; net income increased sixfold" between 1937 and 1944, according to a report commissioned by the Government of Canada. The governments of the UK, Canada, US, and Australia facilitated this growth with low-interest loans and tax deferrals. In 1945,

1278-625: The Criminal Code (Canada) with the authority to enforce all provisions of the act and other related acts (e.g., the Coastal Fisheries Protection Act ) and their regulations. There are currently more than 600 fishery officers serving in more than 100 detachments and offices across Canada. DFO's chief fishery officer is the Director General, Conservation & Protection; as of April 2019, the incumbent

1349-493: The DFO asked Alcan to assist the river's flow during the summer months. Eventually both parties agreed to an extra spillway on Cheslatta Lake that would promote the natural flow of the river during these dry periods. The Cheslatta, a tributary of the Nechako, would hold a spillway and reservoir to supply the water needed in sockeye migration during the summer months. The river regained between 60 and 70 percent of flow, three years after

1420-477: The Fraser River 's total sockeye salmon spawned in the region, the provincial government eliminated the site from the proposal. In 1948, following feasibility studies, Alcan decided to pursue a project on the Nechako River to power a large aluminum smelter to be located at the new townsite of Kitimat . A public opinion poll taken in 1949 indicated that an overwhelming majority of British Columbians supported

1491-520: The Great Lakes and Lake Winnipeg , through cooperative agreements with various provinces. Provincial governments have enacted provincial fisheries legislation for the licensing of their fisheries. With the exception of Saskatchewan, conservation rules for freshwater fisheries are enacted under the Fisheries Act ; six provinces administer these regulations in their own fisheries. To address

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1562-564: The "constitutional battle" over who controls the flow of water in the Nechako River. In the late 1970s Alcan announced the Kemano Completion Project. The project would construct a second tunnel from the Nechako Reservoir to Kemano , where four more power generators would be built. Controversies began in 1980, starting with the DFO and the federal government when they realized Alcan was going to go ahead with

1633-567: The 1987 settlement agreement. Aspects of the agreement include: Alcan could build a cold water release valve in the Nechako Reservoir to cool the water temperature for migrating salmon and, in turn, release a smaller volume of water, and the company gave up its water rights to the Nanika River. In addition, the federal and provincial governments agreed to allow Alcan to proceed with a modified version of its completion project. Critics and opposition governments accused all three parties of not doing

1704-635: The Alcan's plans for hydroelectric development on the Nechako. Support was not universal, however: for example, the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission objected to the use of a salmon river for power. Alcan had originally proposed that the BC government build the dam and the company buy the electricity from the province, but the government declined. Instead, Alcan signed the Kemano I agreement with

1775-439: The Aluminum Company of Canada was officially registered under the trade name Alcan. Sales fell substantially in the immediate aftermath of the war but rebounded with postwar expansion, as aluminum was increasingly in use in construction, by electrical utilities, and in manufacturing. In 1951, the company initiated a $ 500-million project at Kitimat, British Columbia , the largest public-private partnership ever created in Canada at

1846-508: The BC Utilities Commission was directed to conduct public hearings. The hearings began January 17, 1994. They looked at the design and construction of the plans for the facilities required for the completion project, hydrology impacts, fishery impacts, and the economic impacts for the people in the surrounding areas. In 1995, due to the potential and unresolved impacts on the salmon fishery, BC Premier Mike Harcourt announced

1917-680: The Cheslatta filed a $ 122 million court case against the Canadian government over DIA fraud, duress and breach of trust, however the case was settled out of court for slightly less than $ 7 million. In 1998, Members of the Cheslatta Carrier Nation filed a Statement of Claim with the Supreme Court of British Columbia disputing all agreements and licenses issued to Alcan by the Federal and Provincial governments. The appeal

1988-541: The Cheslatta people asked for $ 108,000 in compensation along with payments for their new land, traplines and monthly pensions, however requests were denied and claims were dismissed. Payments in the form of money were demanded for their new land and any constructional improvements within their community. The Cheslatta people were compensated an average of $ 77/hectare with no payment covering moving expenses, compared to non-native individuals who received relocation compensation of $ 1,544/hectare along with covered moving expenses. It

2059-562: The Fraser River and its tributaries, which has made specific impacts of river diversion hard to evaluate. The staff at the IPSFC and the DFO surveyed the Nechako River and discovered that the loss of salmon spawning grounds would not be the main threat to sockeye populations in dam construction. Rather, it was the diversion of the river's natural flow that would cause the most impact to the sockeye population. Research showed that because of

2130-512: The Government of Canada, except gunboats or other vessels of war, harbour commissioners, harbour masters, classification of vessels, examination and granting of certificates of masters and mates, and others in the merchant service, shipping masters and shipping offices, inspection of steamboats and board of steamboat inspection, enquiries into causes of shipwrecks, establishment, regulation and maintenance of marine and seamen hospitals, and care of distressed seamen, and generally such matters as refer to

2201-468: The Kemano Completion project without addressing the existing water level and temperature concerns. The proposed Kemano Completion Project would result in an additional 12% reduction in the Nechako River water levels. To avoid increased tensions Alcan accepted annual renewals of a court injunction setting water flows from 1980 until 1985, while the DFO performed studies on the potential effects on

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2272-587: The National Fisheries Intelligence Service, the National Digital Forensics Service and Program and Operational Readiness. Enforcement activities are conducted by three types of officials that are designated under the Fisheries Act : fishery officers, fishery guardians, and fishery inspectors. Fishery officers are designated under section 5(1) of the act and defined as peace officers under

2343-524: The Nautley River. The fish left in this section of the river remained trapped and died. Local animals that relied on that section of the river were also forced to migrate. In the first two years of operation, smelter emissions from the new Aluminum plant in Kitimat were believed to have caused further forest depletion, health problems for local workers, and harm on aquatic ecosystems. Although there

2414-417: The Nechako River. The decrease in water levels provided an increase the water temperatures. By 1980 water temperatures in the Nechako River had risen above what Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) consider to be safe for migrating and spawning salmon. In response to the DFO studies, the federal government asked Alcan to increase water flow from the Nechako Reservoir into the river, but Alcan declined. This led to

2485-482: The Nechako's salmon population. In 1985, Alcan refused to consent to the renewal of the injunction, and DFO brought a claim against Alcan in the Supreme Court of British Columbia . Both parties armed with their own scientists. While the trial was briefly commenced in 1987, it was ultimately settled out of court through negotiations involving Alcan, the provincial government and the federal government, resulting in

2556-545: The act, specifically to enforce the pollution prevention sections of the Fisheries Act . They are not peace officers and have limited powers vis-à-vis the other two designations. Since confederation, the responsibilities of the original Department of Marine and Fisheries, namely the Fisheries Service and the Marine Service, have transferred to several other departments. The legal name of the department

2627-426: The cancellation of the Kemano Completion Project. However, Alcan had already invested $ 1.3 billion in the Kemano Completion Project and in 1987 had been given permission to continue with the project. After two years of negotiations between Alcan and the BC government, the two parties signed the 1997 settlement agreement. Alcan committed to spending $ 50 million on a cold water release facility at Kenney Dam. In addition,

2698-437: The centre and the surface of the reservoir, then run the water through "a hallow cone valve and over a baffle-clock spillway to reduce the amount of nitrogen". Second delays in the construction were due to a decrease in the demand of aluminum and a decrease in the economy. In the early 1990s there were increased objections to the completion project, both from the public and the newly elected NDP provincial government, and in 1993

2769-571: The construction of major ports and railway facilities. It began production at its sheet rolling and extrusion facility in Ontario in 1940. In 1931, the Northern Aluminum Co. Ltd., or Alcan Industries Ltd. pig and rolled aluminum factory was opened on land acquired in 1929 in the then-hamlet of Hardwick, Banbury , England. The factory helped build parts for Spitfire fighter aircraft during World War II . The Alcan Laboratories Club

2840-460: The course of 2008–2009. In 2010, Alcan Packaging was sold to Amcor , Alcan Composites to Schweiter Technologies, and Alcan Food Packaging to Bemis . In 2011, Rio Tinto sold Apollo Global Management and FSI shareholdings of 51% and 10%, respectively, of Alcan Engineered Products (excluding Cable). Rio Tinto retained 39%. Fisheries and Oceans Canada Fisheries and Oceans Canada ( DFO ; French : Pêches et Océans Canada, MPO )

2911-849: The development of the Kenney Dam. As a result of the discharged water from the Murray Dam and the spillway, the traditional lands which had been home to the Cheslatta T'En people for at least 10,000 years, were flooded and caused the relocation of approximately 200 Cheslatta people. Villages were demolished and burned prior to the flooding with most families unable to return to collect their belongings and as water levels rose, it has been noted that coffins and skeletons from their traditional grave sites were washed away with skeletal remains being allegedly found in and around Cheslatta Lake. The Cheslatta T'En people were given approximately 10 days notice before they were relocated to live in overcrowded tents at

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2982-893: The first minister having been Peter Mitchell . The department was headquartered in the Centre Block of Parliament Hill until the fire of 1916 , after which it was moved into the West Block and then off Parliament Hill entirely when new government office buildings were constructed in Ottawa . DFO is organized into seven administrative regions which collectively cover all provinces and territories of Canada. Nunavut The department's responsibilities were described as follows: Sea-Coast and Inland Fisheries, Trinity Houses , Trinity Boards, Pilots, Decayed Pilots Funds, Beacons, Buoys, Lights and Lighthouses and their maintenance, Harbours, Ports, Piers, Wharves, Steamers and Vessels belonging to

3053-486: The forerunner to the Canadian Coast Guard , with vessels dedicated to performing maintenance of buoys and lighthouses. Whereas fisheries management was not as important as it became in the latter part of the 20th century, a major responsibility for the Department of Marine and Fisheries included the provisioning of rescue stations and facilities at the shipwreck sites of Sable Island and St. Paul Island off Nova Scotia. The department also had responsibility for overseeing

3124-492: The government paid Alcan $ 500 million for what the company had previously invested in the project. Alcan Alcan was a Canadian mining company and aluminum manufacturer. It was founded in 1902 as the Northern Aluminum Company, renamed Aluminum Company of Canada in 1925, and Alcan Aluminum in 1966. It took the name Alcan Incorporated in 2001. During that time, it grew to become one of

3195-517: The hydroelectric development of the Nechako, the Alcan smelter, and townsite of Kitimat were created. At the request of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) and Department of Indian Affairs (DIA), the Murray Dam and the Skins spillway were constructed across the Cheslatta River to help cool water temperatures in the upper Nechako River in order to minimize the impact on salmon spawning from

3266-513: The location was later closed and demolished. Between 1998 and 2001, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean became the largest construction site in North America, as Alcan undertook a $ 3-billion construction project in Alma , with a yearly production capacity of 400,000 metric tonnes. In 2000, Alcan acquired Algroup (Alusuisse Group Ltd.), merging the companies to become Alcan, Inc. in 2001. Alcan became

3337-405: The loss of 8.7 million cubic meters of timber. The reservoir also disrupted existing ecosystems, and impacted animals such as beavers, Canada geese, ducks, moose, and about 100 trumpeter swans, equivalent to one eighth of Canada's swan population. The Nechako Reservoir took four years to fill, during these four year there was no flow running from the Nechako Reservoir for 50 miles between the dam and

3408-401: The majority of protection having been provided by the enforcement vessels of the Department of Marine and Fisheries (Dominion Cruisers) or Fisheries Protection Service of Canada, and by Britain's Royal Navy . In 1909–1910, the Department of Marine and Fisheries became linked to efforts to develop a Canadian naval force, when on March 29, 1909, a member of parliament, George Foster , introduced

3479-500: The marine and navigation of Canada. Responsibility for the construction and operation of canals was given to the department of public works at the time of confederation , with the canals of the United Province of Canada having been previously operated by that colony's department of public works. In its early days, one of the department's most active agencies was the operation of the Marine Service of Canada, which became

3550-414: The massive amount of water to be transmitted to the coast, there would be a loss of water during the spring and summer months, causing reduced flow. Close to 100 percent of the river's estimated mean annual flow was diverted into the reservoir during the four-year period. 627 million cubic feet of water were withdrawn from the river daily. Therefore, the Nechako riverbed would be affected, as well as causing

3621-520: The minister of marine and fisheries at the time. The official title of the navy was the "Naval Service of Canada" (also "Canadian Naval Forces"), and the first Director of the Naval Service of Canada was Rear-Admiral Charles Kingsmill (Royal Navy, retired), who was previously in charge of the marine service of the Department of Marine and Fisheries. The Naval Service of Canada changed its name to " Royal Canadian Navy " on January 30, 1911, but it

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3692-456: The need for conservation, the department has an extensive science branch, with research institutes across the country. Typically the science branch provides evidence of the need for conservation of various species, which are then regulated by the department. DFO also maintains a large enforcement branch with peace officers (known as fishery officers) used to combat poaching and foreign overfishing within Canada's Exclusive Economic Zone . DFO

3763-463: The needs of Canadians in a global economy. The federal government is constitutionally mandated for the conservation and protection of fisheries resources in all Canadian fisheries waters. However, the department is largely focused on the conservation and allotment of harvests of salt water fisheries on the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic coasts of Canada. The department works toward the conservation and protection of inland freshwater fisheries, such as on

3834-692: The power transmission system from Prince George and Smithers and it would extend the transmission system further to Terrace . In 1978, when the project went forward, Alcan was able to run energy directly into the province's power grid. Because the BC Hydro grid is linked to the North American grid, Alcan began selling energy to Alberta and the United States. In order to meet the energy demands in its new market, Alcan began diverting more water into its reservoir, resulting in lower water levels in

3905-467: The province on December 29, 1950 which granted the company rights to divert water from the Nechako above the dam and Nanika River downstream of Nanika Falls, permission to dam the Nechako and divert a portion of the original flow through a tunnel to a hydroelectric facility at Kemano , tax exemptions, and favourable water rental rates. Alcan also received timber rights and mineral rights on the Crown land that

3976-495: The qualification of apprenticing sailors who desired to become mates or shipping masters, as well as several marine police forces, which attempted to combat illegal crimping , the trafficking of sailors in human bondage at major ports. The foray into enforcement saw the department operate the "Dominion cruisers" which were armed enforcement vessels operating for the Fisheries Protection Service of Canada,

4047-718: The reservoir and downstream. On the west side of the reservoir, a 16-kilometre (9.9 mi) long intake tunnel running through the Coast Mountain range brings water to penstocks for a 2,600-foot (790 m) vertical drop to the 8 units of the 890-MW Kemano Generating Station . The basic design of the Kenney Dam-Kemano power station inspired a similar development in Quebec . The Bersimis-1 generating station , built between 1953 and 1956 by Hydro-Québec , shares many features with Alcan's project. Concurrent with

4118-405: The risk of inundation would be transferred to higher grounds and the Cheslatta would be informed. Alcan, however, claimed that the Cheslatta had agreed to flooding the grave sites, so long as two recent graves were moved and commemorative markers were placed above the flood waters. In accordance with this understanding, Alcan moved two graves while the rest of the grave markers were burned. In 1990,

4189-501: The second biggest primary aluminum production company. It then became the world's largest aluminum manufacturer in 2004 after acquiring the Pechiney Group, the fourth player in worldwide production and fabrication of aluminum and the number-three in packaging. In 2007, Rio Tinto acquired Alcan in a US$ 38 billion deal. The offer served to undermine a hostile bid of $ 27.5bn from Alcoa , Alcan's US rival. Rio Tinto thus became

4260-410: The spillway was implemented. Starting in the 1960s, Alcan was no longer producing energy solely for Kitimat's aluminum smelter. The company had begun selling the extra energy produced by the Kenney Dam to BC Hydro , a publicly owned company. By 1968, Alcan was producing enough energy to allow BC Hydro to delay their proposed $ 100 million project by 10 years. BC Hydro's proposed project would improve

4331-508: The time. Despite a June 1950 antitrust ruling by a US court that forced shareholders to divest themselves of shares in either Aluminum Limited (as the company was then known) or Alcoa, and the rise of American rivals Kaiser and Reynolds , Alcan remained a dominant player in the aluminum sector for many subsequent decades. In 1994, Alcan sold their building products unit (with a plant in Scarborough , Ontario) to Genstar Capital , and

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4402-694: The warrantless search provisions of the criminal code. Under the Aboriginal Guardian Program, certain First Nations may submit to the minister to designate certain band members as guardians. In October 2017, DFO and the National Indigenous Fisheries Institute (NIFI) launched a full and collaborative review of the department's indigenous programs, including the Aboriginal Guardian Program. Fishery inspectors are designated under section 38(1) of

4473-594: The world's largest aluminum manufacturers. Alcan was purchased by Australian-British multinational Rio Tinto for $ 38 billion in 2007, becoming Rio Tinto Alcan Inc. in 2008. It was headquartered in Montreal , in its Maison Alcan complex. The Northern Aluminum Company was founded in 1902 in Shawinigan , Quebec, as part of the Pittsburgh Reduction Company . In 1913, the company opened

4544-559: The world's leading aluminum producer. The company quickly announced its intention to sell off the Engineered Products and Packaging business groups. Alcan Incorporated was amalgamated with Rio Tinto Canada Holding Incorporated and renamed Rio Tinto Alcan Incorporated in 2008. The various Alcan facilities on the 53-acre site in Oxfordshire closed between 2006 and 2007, and the factory and laboratory were demolished over

4615-408: Was a general public acceptance of the proposed hydroelectric dam and smelter plant in the Fraser River region, the fisheries sector was outspoken about the dam's potential effects on salmon reproductive patterns. Hydroelectric development in the region was seen in the media as being disruptive to important Fraser salmon spawning areas. There were limitations to long-term streamflow and ecosystems data in

4686-561: Was dismissed in Alcan's favour with no further legal actions in effect. On January 30, 2012, Rio Tinto Alcan finalized the transfer of approximately 11,000 acres of land to the Cheslatta Carrier Nation. The Cheslatta received the land as a form of freehold ownership with an estimated value of $ 1.2 million Construction of the dam involved flooding 32,000 acres of land in order to create the Nechako Reservoir. This flooding impacted surrounding agricultural land and caused

4757-474: Was flooded, and was given the opportunity to purchase land for the townsite of Kitimat at a rate of $ 1.60 per acre. Construction of the dam and its associated facilities began in 1951 and continued until 1967, although the dam became operational in 1954. The dam, located in the Canyon of the Nechako River, is a rock-filled, clay-core dam measuring 97 metres high and 457 metres wide (at the top). Construction involved over 3 million cubic metres of material. Concrete

4828-400: Was founded in 1948 by the lab technicians to promote the well-being of the workforce in general. As a result, the village began to grow. By the early 1950s, the local economy had become dependent on the plant's prosperity, with 24% of the town's workers being employed there. At this time, 13% were employed in distribution, 7% in clothing, and 5% in agriculture. With the onset of World War II,

4899-430: Was injected in bedrock fissures below the dam to stabilize the foundation. Until the W. A. C. Bennett Dam was built on the Peace River in the 1960s, the Kenney Dam was the largest rockfill dam in the world. The dam was named for the Hon. Edward Tourtellotte Kenney , then-Minister of Lands and Forests in the government of Premier Byron Johnson. Behind the dam, the Nechako Reservoir filled from 1952 to 1957, flooding

4970-416: Was not until August 29, 1911, that the use of " Royal Canadian Navy" was permitted by King George V . The Conservation & Protection (C&P) directorate is responsible for fisheries enforcement. The program aims to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of Canada's aquatic resources and the protection of species at risk, fish habitat, and oceans, not always successfully. C&P collaborates with

5041-471: Was only a year after the Murray Dam was constructed that the band members received their compensation payments. The Cheslatta people were also regulated on where to hunt and when to fish which combined with the land payments forced many people to seek welfare benefits. Their traditional practices became increasingly difficult as they were forced to conform to a new way of living and consequently death tolls rose from tuberculosis , suicide and alcoholism as

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