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44-730: Khash Rod District or Khashrowd ( Balochi : خاشرود دمگ ‎, Dari : ولسوالی خاشرود ‎) is a district of Nimruz Province in Afghanistan . It had a population of 35,381 in 2004, which was 55% ethnic Pashtun , 20% Baloch , 15% Brahui and 10% Tajik . The district capital is Ghorghori . The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan announced in 2023 that it plans to build a major dam in Khash Rod District. 31°46′38″N 62°58′21″E  /  31.7773°N 62.9724°E  / 31.7773; 62.9724 This Nimruz Province , Afghanistan location article

88-470: A narrow transcription : [u̟] . Whether this is as far front as the central vowel [ʉ] , or somewhere between [u] and [ʉ] , may need to be clarified verbally, or on a vowel diagram . The difference between a fronted and non-fronted consonant can be heard in the English words key [k̟ʰi] and coo [kʰu] , where the /k/ in key is fronted under the influence of the front vowel /i/ . In English,

132-486: A retracted or backed sound is one that is pronounced farther to the back of the vocal tract, and its IPA diacritic is the subscript minus U+0320 ◌̠ COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW . For letters with descenders, U+02D6 ˖ MODIFIER LETTER PLUS SIGN and U+02D7 ˗ MODIFIER LETTER MINUS SIGN may instead be used after the letter, as in [ɡ˖] and [y˗] . Both vowels and consonants may be fronted or backed. In verbal description,

176-498: A standard alphabet for Balochi. The Balochi vowel system has at least eight vowels: five long and three short . These are /aː/ , /eː/ , /iː/ , /oː/ , /uː/ , /a/ , /i/ and /u/ . The short vowels have more centralized phonetic quality than the long vowels. The variety spoken in Karachi also has nasalized vowels, most importantly /ẽː/ and /ãː/ . In addition to these eight vowels, Balochi has two vowel glides, that

220-627: A "Southern-Western Balochi" branch), and Eastern Balochi, all under the "Balochic" group. ISO 639-3 groups Southern, Eastern, and Western Baloch under the Balochi macrolanguage, keeping Koroshi separate. Balochi, somehow near similarity with the Parthian and on the other hand, it has near kinship to the Avestan . There are two main dialects: the dialect of the Mandwani (northern) tribes and

264-430: A letter has a descender, the tack may be written after it, using: U+02D4 ˔ MODIFIER LETTER UP TACK as in [ɭ˔] , or U+02D5 ˕ MODIFIER LETTER DOWN TACK as in [ɣ˕] . In the case of a vowel, raising means that the vowel is closer , toward the top of the vowel chart. For example, [e̝] represents a vowel somewhere between cardinal [e] and [i] , or may even be [i] . Lowering, on

308-547: A professional setting and by educated folk. The following Latin-based alphabet was adopted by the International Workshop on "Balochi Roman Orthography" (University of Uppsala, Sweden, 28–30 May 2000). a á b c d ď e f g ĝ h i í j k l m n o p q r ř s š t ť u ú v w x y z ž ay aw (33 letters and 2 digraphs) In 1933, the Soviet Union adopted a Latin-based alphabet for Balochi as follows: The alphabet

352-446: Is zobaczyłem dziś dwa samochody [zɔ̽bɐˈt͡ʂɘwɛ̽m ˈd͡ʑɪʑ ˈdvɐ sɐmɔ̽ˈxɔ̽dɘ] ('I saw two cars today'), instead of the standard [zɔbäˈt͡ʂɘwɛm ˈd͡ʑiʑ ˈdvä sämɔˈxɔdɘ] . This can severely affect intelligibility. There are also diacritics, respectively U+0339 ̹ COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING BELOW and U+031C ̜ COMBINING LEFT HALF RING BELOW , to indicate greater or lesser degrees of rounding. For example,

396-477: Is subject–object–verb . Like many other Indo-Iranian languages, Balochi also features split ergativity . The subject is marked as nominative except for the past tense constructions where the subject of a transitive verb is marked as oblique and the verb agrees with the object . Balochi, like many Western Iranian languages, has lost the Old Iranian gender distinctions. Much of the Balochi number system

440-853: Is /aw/ and /ay/. The following table shows consonants which are common to both Western (Northern) and Southern Balochi. The consonants /s/, /z/, /n/, /ɾ/ and /l/ are articulated as alveolar in Western Balochi. The plosives /t/ and /d/ are dental in both dialects. The symbol ń is used to denote nasalization of the preceding vowel . In addition, /f/ occurs in a few words in Southern Balochi. /x/ (voiceless velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to /χ/ (voiceless uvular fricative) in Western Balochi; and /ɣ/ (voiced velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to /ʁ/ (voiced uvular fricative) in Western Balochi. In Eastern Balochi, it

484-629: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Balochi language Balochi ( بلۏچی , romanized: Balòci ) is a Northwestern Iranian language , spoken primarily in the Balochistan region of Pakistan , Iran and Afghanistan . In addition, there are speakers in Oman , the Arab states of the Persian Gulf , Turkmenistan , East Africa and in diaspora communities in other parts of

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528-619: Is a vowel that is more central than some point of reference, or that has undergone a shift in this direction. The diacritic for this in the International Phonetic Alphabet is the diaeresis, U+0308 ̈ COMBINING DIAERESIS . For example, to transcribe rounded and unrounded near-close central vowels, the symbols [ɪ̈, ʊ̈] may be used. In other (non-IPA) transcription systems, ⟨ ᵻ, ᵿ ⟩ (or ⟨ ɪ , ʊ ⟩) will be seen instead of [ɪ̈, ʊ̈] (by analogy with [ɨ, ʉ] ). Before

572-433: Is equivalent to [e˰], IPA [e̞] is equivalent to [e˯]. With consonants, raising and lowering changes the manner of articulation to have more or less stricture. For example, raised approximants and trills are fricatives , whereas lowered fricatives are approximants . The ambiguous symbols for rear approximant/fricatives may be specified as fricatives with the raising diacritic, [ʁ̝, ʕ̝, ʢ̝] , or as approximants with

616-601: Is identical to Persian . According to Mansel Longworth Dames , Balochi writes the first twelve numbers as follows: Balochi was not a written language before the 19th century, and the Persian script was used to write Balochi wherever necessary. However, Balochi was still spoken at the Baloch courts. British colonial officers first wrote Balochi with the Latin script. Following the creation of Pakistan, Baloch scholars adopted

660-424: Is noted that the stop and glide consonants may also occur as aspirated allophones in word initial position as [pʰ tʰ ʈʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ] and [wʱ] . Allophones of stops in postvocalic position include for voiceless stops, [f θ x] and for voiced stops [β ð ɣ] . /n l/ are also dentalized as [n̪ l̪] . Difference between a question and a statement is marked with the tone, when there is no question word. Rising tone marks

704-464: Is provided by the extIPA and may be used in IPA transcription.) From most open (least stricture ) to most close (most stricture), there are several independent relationships among speech sounds. Open vowel → mid vowel → close vowel → approximant → fricative → plosive is one; flap → stop is another; and trill → trilled fricative yet another. The IPA chart has been organized so that

748-460: Is still used very frequently. آ، ا، ب، پ، ت، ٹ، ج، چ، د، ڈ، ر، ز، ژ، س، ش، ک، گ، ل، م، ن، و، ھ ہ، ء، ی ے The Balochi Standard Alphabet , standardized by Balochi Academy Sarbaz, consists of 29 letters. It is an extension of the Perso-Arabic script and borrows a few glyphs from Urdu . It is also sometimes referred to as Balo-Rabi or Balòrabi. Today, it is the preferred script to use in

792-509: Is still written in a modified Arabic script based on Persian . In 2002, a conference was held to help standardize the script that would be used for Balochi. The following alphabet was used by Syed Zahoor Shah Hashmi in his lexicon of Balochi Sayad Ganj ( سید گنج ) (lit. Sayad's Treasure ). Until the creation of the Balochi Standard Alphabet , it was by far the most widely used alphabet for writing Balochi, and

836-404: Is thus transcribed [k̠] . Officially, the IPA symbol [a] stands for the open front unrounded vowel . However, in most languages where it is used, [a] actually stands for the central , rather than the front vowel. If precision is desired, this may also be indicated with the minus sign [a̠] , although a number of other transcriptions are also possible. A raised sound is articulated with

880-405: Is usual in such cases, as the IPA does not provide any official means to distinguish sounds with compressed and protruded rounding. Mid-centralized vowels are closer to the midpoint of the vowel space than their referent vowels. That is, they are closer to the mid-central vowel schwa [ə] not just by means of centralization, but also by raising or lowering . The diacritic used to mark this in

924-782: The Persian alphabet . The first collection of poetry in Balochi, Gulbang by Mir Gul Khan Nasir was published in 1951 and incorporated the Arabic Script . It was much later that Sayad Zahoor Shah Hashemi wrote a comprehensive guidance on the usage of Arabic script and standardized it as the Balochi Orthography in Pakistan and Iran. This earned him the title of the 'Father of Balochi'. His guidelines are widely used in Eastern and Western Balochistan. In Afghanistan, Balochi

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968-668: The Western Iranian subgroup, and its original homeland is suggested to be around the central Caspian region. Balochi is an Indo-European language , spoken by the Baloch and belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the family. As an Iranian language , it is classified in the Northwestern group . Glottolog classifies four different varieties, namely Koroshi , Southern Balochi and Western Balochi (grouped under

1012-581: The English / ʊ / often has very little rounding, and may be transcribed [ʊ̜] . In Assamese , on the other hand, the open back rounded vowel is much more rounded than is typical for a low vowel, and may be transcribed [ɒ̹] . These diacritics are sometimes also used with consonants to indicate degrees of labialization . For example, in the Athabaskan language Hupa , voiceless velar fricatives distinguish three degrees of labialization, transcribed either [x x̹ xʷ] or [x x̜ʷ xʷ] . The Extensions to

1056-506: The International Phonetic Alphabet is the over-cross, U+033D ̽ COMBINING X ABOVE . In most languages, vowels become mid-centralized when spoken quickly, and in some languages, such as English and Russian, many vowels are also mid-centralized when unstressed . This is a general characteristic of vowel reduction . Mid-centralization of vowels can be a speech impediment. An example from Polish

1100-464: The common practice of avoiding using diacritics wherever possible, and because very few languages contrast front and central open unrounded vowels. Instead of the diacritic for centralization, the advanced or retracted diacritics may be used (an equivalent transcription of [ä] is retracted [a̠] ), but the concept of centralization is convenient in cases where front and back vowels move toward each other, rather than all advancing or retracting in

1144-621: The dialect of the Domki (southern) tribes. The dialectal differences are not very significant. One difference is that grammatical terminations in the northern dialect are less distinct compared with those in the southern tribes. An isolated dialect is Koroshi , which is spoken in the Qashqai tribal confederation in the Fars province . Koroshi distinguishes itself in grammar and lexicon among Balochi varieties. The Balochi Academy Sarbaz has designed

1188-401: The letter. Another dimension of relative articulation that has IPA diacritics is the degree of roundedness , more rounded and less rounded . An advanced or fronted sound is one that is pronounced farther to the front of the vocal tract than some reference point. The diacritic for this in the IPA is the subscript plus, U+031F ◌̟ COMBINING PLUS SIGN BELOW . Conversely,

1232-441: The letters [ɘ, ɵ, ɜ, ɞ] were added to the IPA in 1993, the symbols [ë, ö, ɛ̈, ɔ̈] were used for these near- schwa values. [ë, ö, ɛ̈, ɔ̈] would now be assumed to represent articulations intermediate between [e, o, ɛ, ɔ] and [ɘ, ɵ, ɜ, ɞ] . Similarly, [ï, ÿ, ü, ɯ̈] would be intermediate between [i, y, u, ɯ] and [ɨ, ʉ] . However, since the IPA does not specify the exact amount of centralization that centralized vowels have,

1276-410: The lowering diacritic, [ʁ̞, ʕ̞, ʢ̞] . In Spanish , the lenited allophones of the voiced stops are generally transcribed as fricatives even though they are approximants , or intermediate between fricative and approximant. This may be partially due to the fact there is only a dedicated IPA symbol for one of them, the velar approximant . More precise transcription will use the fricative symbols with

1320-462: The lowering diacritic, [β̞, ð̞, ɣ˕] (the last symbol may be rendered as [ɣ̞] , but that may not display properly in some browsers). Czech , on the other hand, requires the opposite: Its fricated trill, which is a separate phoneme, may be transcribed as a raised trill, [r̝] . Similarly, the non-sibilant coronal fricative is written [ɹ̝] , and the voiceless velar lateral fricative as [ʟ̝̊] . (A dedicated letter for this sound, ⟨ 𝼄 ⟩,

1364-480: The nearest IPA symbol. For example, Polish sz is a postalveolar sibilant. While this is often transcribed as [ʃ] , it is not domed (partially palatalized ) the way a prototypical [ʃ] is. A more precise transcription is therefore [s̠] . Similarly, the velar consonants in Kwakiutl are actually postvelar ; that is, pronounced farther back than a prototypical velar, between velar [k] and uvular [q] , and

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1408-497: The other hand, means that the vowel is more open , toward the bottom of the chart. For example, [e̞] represents a vowel somewhere between cardinal [e] and [ɛ] , or may even be [ɛ] . In other non-IPA transcription systems, raised vowels are indicated with the iconic upward-pointing arrowhead U+02F0 ˰ MODIFIER LETTER LOW UP ARROWHEAD while lowered vowels have the downward arrowhead U+02EF ˯ MODIFIER LETTER LOW DOWN ARROWHEAD . Thus, IPA [e̝]

1452-471: The plosive in the affricate /tʃ/ , as in the word church , is farther back than an alveolar /t/ due to assimilation with the postalveolar fricative /ʃ/ . In narrow transcription, /tʃ/ may be transcribed [t̠ʃʰ] . In English, the /d/ in the phrase "I need that" is farther front than normal due to assimilation with the interdental consonant /ð/ , and may be transcribed as [aɪ̯ ˈniːd̟ ðæt] . Languages may have phonemes that are farther back than

1496-476: The prefix pre- may be used to indicate fronting, especially in the terms prepalatal and prevelar . Otherwise phrases like "fronted u" may be used. For retraction, either the prefix post- may be used to indicate retraction, as above, or phrases like "retracted i" may be used. In most dialects of English , the back vowel /u/ is farther forward than what is normally indicated by the IPA letter ‹u› . This fronting may be shown explicitly, especially within

1540-458: The question and falling tone the statement. Statements and questions with a question word are characterized by falling intonation at the end of the sentence. Questions without a question word are characterized by rising intonation at the end of the sentence. Both coordinate and subordinate clauses that precede the final clause in the sentence have rising intonation. The final clause in the sentence has falling intonation. The normal word order

1584-524: The raising diacritic moves the value of a letter through these series toward the top of the chart, and the lowering diacritic toward the bottom of the chart, but this only works for some of the consonants. While it would be convenient if all consonants could be so ordered, consonants are too diverse for a single dimension to capture their relationships. In addition, many of the points along the series may be nasalized or lateralized as well, and these parameters are independent of stricture. A centralized vowel

1628-451: The same direction. When a transcription system uses both the centralized and the advanced/retracted diacritics, generally the former indicates a more central vowel, so that e.g. [i̠] indicates an only slightly centralized (retracted) front vowel [ i ] , whereas [ï] indicates a more centralized (retracted) front vowel, or even a fully central vowel [ ɨ ] . Semivowels can be centralized much like vowels; for instance,

1672-480: The script fell out of use. Relative articulation#Centralized The relative position of a sound may be described as advanced ( fronted ), retracted ( backed ), raised , lowered , centralized , or mid-centralized . The latter two terms are only used with vowels , and are marked in the International Phonetic Alphabet with diacritics over the vowel letter. The others are used with both consonants and vowels, and are marked with iconic diacritics under

1716-504: The semivowels corresponding to the close central vowels [ ɨ , ʉ ] can be written as centralized palatal semivowels [j̈, ɥ̈] , or centralized velar semivowels [ɰ̈, ẅ] . The transcription [ɥ̈] vs. [ẅ] may also denote a distinction in the type of rounding , with the former symbol denoting a semivowel with compressed rounding typical of front vowels, and the latter symbol denoting a semivowel with protruded rounding typical of central and back vowels, though an additional verbal clarification

1760-431: The symbols [ë, ö, ɛ̈, ɔ̈] and [ï, ÿ, ü, ɯ̈] can in modern transcriptions be used at times to transcribe fully central vowels, or vowels that have a variable amount of centralization. In the majority of languages described as having an [a] (which denotes a front vowel), the vowel is actually central and therefore a more narrow transcription of it is [ä] . However, this symbol is not commonly used mainly because of

1804-473: The tongue or lip raised higher than some reference point. In the IPA this is indicated with the uptack diacritic U+031D ◌̝ COMBINING UP TACK BELOW . A lowered sound is articulated with the tongue or lip lowered (the mouth more open) than some reference point. In the IPA this is indicated with the downtack diacritic U+031E ◌̞ COMBINING DOWN TACK BELOW . Both consonants and vowels may be marked as raised or lowered. When

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1848-570: The world. The total number of speakers, according to Ethnologue , is 8.8 million. Of these, 6.28 million are in Pakistan. According to Brian Spooner , Literacy for most Baloch-speakers is not in Balochi, but in Urdu in Pakistan and Persian in Afghanistan and Iran. Even now very few Baloch read Balochi, in any of the countries, even though the alphabet in which it is printed is essentially identical to Persian and Urdu. Balochi belongs to

1892-525: Was used for several texts, including children's books, newspapers, and ideological works. In 1938, however, the official use of Balochi was discontinued. In 1989, Mammad Sherdil, a teacher from the Turkmen SSR , approached Balochi language researcher Sergei Axenov with the idea of creating a Cyrillic -based alphabet for Balochi. Before this, the Cyrillic script was already used for writing Balochi and

1936-399: Was used in several publications but the alphabet was not standardized. In 1990, the alphabet was finished. It included the following letters: The project was approved with some minor changes ( қ , ꝑ , and ы were removed due to the rarity of those sounds in Balochi, and о̄ was added). From 1992 to 1993, several primary school textbooks were printed in this script. In the early 2000s,

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