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22-529: Khoma Gewog ( Dzongkha : མཁོ་མ་) is a gewog (village block) of Lhuntse District , Bhutan . This Bhutan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . 27°42′00″N 91°15′00″E  /  27.7000°N 91.2500°E  / 27.7000; 91.2500 Dzongkha The word dzongkha means "the language of the fortress", from dzong "fortress" and kha "language". As of 2013 , Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers. Dzongkha

44-555: A close linguistic relationship to J'umowa, which is spoken in the Chumbi Valley of Southern Tibet . It has a much more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan . Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50% to 80% mutually intelligible, with the literary forms of both highly influenced by the liturgical (clerical) Classical Tibetan language, known in Bhutan as Chöke, which has been used for centuries by Buddhist monks . Chöke

66-792: A distinct set of rules." The following is a sample vocabulary: The following is a sample text in Dzongkha of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : འགྲོ་ ’Gro- བ་ ba- མི་ mi- རིགས་ rigs- ག་ ga- ར་ ra- དབང་ dbaṅ- ཆ་ cha- འདྲ་ ’dra- མཏམ་ mtam- འབད་ ’bad- སྒྱེཝ་ sgyew- ལས་ las- ག་ ga- ར་ ra- གིས་ gis- གཅིག་ Alveolo-palatal consonant In phonetics , alveolo-palatal ( alveolopalatal , alveo-palatal or alveopalatal ) consonants , sometimes synonymous with pre-palatal consonants, are intermediate in articulation between

88-508: A feature of many Slavic languages , such as Polish , Russian , and Serbo-Croatian , and of Northwest Caucasian languages , such as Abkhaz and Ubykh . The alveolo-palatal consonants included in the International Phonetic Alphabet are: The letters ⟨ ɕ ⟩ and ⟨ ʑ ⟩ are essentially equivalent to ⟨  ʃʲ ⟩ and ⟨ ʒʲ ⟩. They are the sibilant homologues of

110-514: A number of spoken Chinese varieties, such as standard Mandarin, also contrast EMC alveolo-palatal nasal with velar nasal of class III (palatalizing medial), most don't contrast them in a way that alveolo-palatal differs from palatal. For example, in Pianlian  [ Wikidata ] Hakka, alveolo-palatal nasal marginally contrasts with velar nasal under close front medials , but there is little sign of palatal contrasts. Thus most frequently,

132-447: A transcription system known as Roman Dzongkha , devised by the linguist George van Driem , as its standard in 1991. Dzongkha is a tonal language and has two register tones: high and low. The tone of a syllable determines the allophone of the onset and the phonation type of the nuclear vowel. All consonants may begin a syllable. In the onsets of low-tone syllables, consonants are voiced . Aspirated consonants (indicated by

154-585: Is a South Tibetic language . It is closely related to Laya and Lunana and partially intelligible with Sikkimese , and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha , Brokpa , Brokkat and Lakha . It has a more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan . Spoken Dzongkha and Tibetan are around 50 to 80 percent mutually intelligible . Dzongkha and its dialects are the native tongue of eight western districts of Bhutan ( viz. Wangdue Phodrang , Punakha , Thimphu , Gasa , Paro , Ha , Dagana and Chukha ). There are also some native speakers near

176-509: Is also sometimes seen), but they are not recognized by the IPA. In standard IPA, they can be transcribed ⟨ t̠ʲ d̠ʲ n̠ʲ l̠ʲ ⟩ or ⟨ c̟ ɟ̟ ɲ̟ ʎ̟ ⟩. An alternative transcription for the voiced alveolo-palatal stop and nasal is ⟨ ɟ˖ ɲ˖ ⟩, but it is used only when ⟨ ɟ̟ ɲ̟ ⟩ cannot be displayed properly. For example, the Polish nasal represented with

198-471: Is often elided and results in the preceding vowel nasalized and prolonged, especially word-finally. Syllable-final /k/ is most often omitted when word-final as well, unless in formal speech. In literary pronunciation, liquids /r/ and /l/ may also end a syllable. Though rare, /ɕ/ is also found in syllable-final positions. No other consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Many words in Dzongkha are monosyllabic . Syllables usually take

220-409: The coronal and dorsal consonants, or which have simultaneous alveolar and palatal articulation. In the official IPA chart, alveolo-palatals would appear between the retroflex and palatal consonants but for "lack of space". Ladefoged and Maddieson characterize the alveolo-palatals as palatalized postalveolars (and thus as palato-alveolars ), articulated with the blade of the tongue behind

242-755: The Classroom (2019) are in Dzongkha. The Tibetan script used to write Dzongkha has thirty basic letters , sometimes known as "radicals", for consonants . Dzongkha is usually written in Bhutanese forms of the Uchen script , forms of the Tibetan script known as Jôyi "cursive longhand" and Jôtshum "formal longhand". The print form is known simply as Tshûm . There are various systems of romanization and transliteration for Dzongkha, but none accurately represents its phonetic sound. The Bhutanese government adopted

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264-565: The Indian town of Kalimpong , once part of Bhutan but now in North Bengal , and in Sikkim . Dzongkha was declared the national language of Bhutan in 1971. Dzongkha study is mandatory in all schools, and the language is the lingua franca in the districts to the south and east where it is not the mother tongue. The Bhutanese films Travellers and Magicians (2003) and Lunana: A Yak in

286-516: The Sinologist use of ȵ instead of ɲ is not to indicate a contrast, but to emphasize its primary allophone not to be the Turkish [ɲ], or to indicate its coronal origin or that it has evolved with other dorsal consonants which have become alveolopalatals, where ɲ is reserved for postpalatals evolved from dorsal consonants. However, since ȵ has also been unfortunately used by some for Meixian Hakka ,

308-446: The alveolar ridge and the body of the tongue raised toward the palate, whereas Esling describes them as advanced palatals (pre-palatals), the furthest front of the dorsal consonants , articulated with the body of the tongue approaching the alveolar ridge . These descriptions are essentially equivalent, since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue (see schematic at right). They are front enough that

330-486: The form of CVC, CV, or VC. Syllables with complex onsets are also found, but such an onset must be a combination of an unaspirated bilabial stop and a palatal affricate. The bilabial stops in complex onsets are often omitted in colloquial speech. Dzongkha is considered a South Tibetic language . It is closely related to and partially intelligible with Sikkimese , and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha , Brokpa , Brokkat and Lakha . Dzongkha bears

352-408: The fricatives and affricates are sibilants , the only sibilants among the dorsal consonants. According to Daniel Recasens, alveolo-palatal consonants are realized through the formation of a simultaneous closure or constriction at the alveolar and palatal zones with a primary articulator which encompasses the blade and the tongue dorsum. Their place of articulation may include the postalveolar zone and

374-847: The letter ń is a palatalized laminal alveolar nasal and thus often described as alveolo-palatal rather than palatal. The "palatal" consonants of Indigenous Australian languages are also often closer to alveolo-palatal in their articulation. In Migueleño Chiquitano , phoneme /ȶ/ contrasts with phoneme /c̠/; in the syllabic coda (or intervowel) position in conservative Irish , laminal alveolo-palatal phoneme /ṉʲ/ (termed fortis slender coronal nasal , orthographic example inn ) contrasts with both dorsal palatal phoneme /ɲ/ (termed slender dorsal nasal , orthographic example ing or -nc- ) and apical palatalized alveolar phoneme /nʲ/ (termed lenis slender coronal nasal , orthographic example in ); while general Irish other than Munster Irish contrasts alveolo-palatal nasal only with palatal nasal. In both cases,

396-604: The palatal consonants work as the palatalization of velar consonants while alveolo-palatal consonants work as the palatalization of alveolar consonants. In some spoken Chinese varieties, such as the Luchuan Hakka  [ zh ] in Hengshan  [ zh ] , contrast the alveolo-palatal nasal with the palato-velar nasal. For example, the following contrasting pairs can be found in Luchuan Ngai. Although

418-433: The pre-palatal fricatives [ç˖] and [ʝ˖] . Symbols for alveolo-palatal stops U+0236 ȶ LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CURL U+0221 ȡ LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CURL ( ȶ, ȡ ), nasals U+0235 ȵ LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CURL ( ȵ ) and liquids U+0234 ȴ LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CURL ( ȴ ) are sometimes used in sinological circles (a circumflex accent

440-576: The prepalate, but also a larger contact area extending towards the front alveolar zone and the back palate surface. The tongue tip is bent downwards and the tongue dorsum is raised and fronted during the production of these consonants. The alveolo-palatal sibilants are often used in varieties of Chinese such as Mandarin , Hakka , and Wu , as well as other East Asian languages such as Japanese and Korean , Tibeto-Burman such as Tibetan and Burmese as well as Tai languages such as Thai , Lao , Shan and Zhuang . Alveolo-palatal sibilants are also

462-494: The superscript h ), /ɬ/ , and /h/ are not found in low-tone syllables. The rhotic /r/ is usually a trill [ r ] or a fricative trill [ r̝ ] , and is voiceless in the onsets of high-tone syllables. /t, tʰ, ts, tsʰ, s/ are dental . Descriptions of the palatal affricates and fricatives vary from alveolo-palatal to plain palatal. Only a few consonants are found in syllable-final positions. Most common among them are /m, n, p/ . Syllable-final /ŋ/

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484-439: Was used as the language of education in Bhutan until the early 1960s when it was replaced by Dzongkha in public schools. Although descended from Classical Tibetan, Dzongkha shows a great many irregularities in sound changes that make the official spelling and standard pronunciation more distant from each other than is the case with Standard Tibetan. "Traditional orthography and modern phonology are two distinct systems operating by

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