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59-537: The Record traces its history back to the founding of the Daily News , first published on February 9, 1878, by former Methodist preacher Peter Moyer at a printing press located at King and Ontario streets in Berlin (now Kitchener). This would be the city's first daily newspaper, and Canada's first bilingual daily as it was supplemented with a full page of German news for the first eight months of its life. In 1896, at

118-691: A controlling interest in Southam during the period when it owned The Record . The paper was acquired by Sun Media in 1998, but Sun itself was bought by Quebecor soon after, and The Record was sold to Torstar before the end of the year. The administrative records and photographic negatives of the paper amassed prior to the Sun Media acquisition are maintained at the University of Waterloo Library . On June 3, 2002, The Record switched from being an afternoon newspaper to morning one. In January 2005,

177-551: A deficit of trust in mainstream sources. McIntyre first builds trust by respectful exchange, listening carefully to their explanation without interrupting. Then he asks questions such as "What evidence would make you change your mind?" and "Why do you trust that source?" McIntyre has used his technique to talk to flat earthers , though he admits it may not work with hard-core deniers. Individuals should confront misinformation when spotted in online blogs, even if briefly, otherwise they fester and proliferate. The person being responded to

236-646: A lie." The intent and purpose of fake news is important. In some cases, fake news may be news satire , which uses exaggeration and introduces non-factual elements that are intended to amuse or make a point, rather than to deceive. Propaganda can also be fake news. In the context of the United States of America and its election processes in the 2010s, fake news generated considerable controversy and argument, with some commentators defining concern over it as moral panic or mass hysteria and others worried about damage done to public trust. It particularly has

295-438: A method to render individuals resistant to undesirable narratives. Because new misinformation emerges frequently, researchers have stated that one solution to address this is to inoculate the population against accepting fake news in general (a process termed prebunking ), instead of continually debunking the same repeated lies. Fake news is false or misleading information presented as news . The term as it developed in 2017

354-565: A million subscribers but the publication has an international cachet that makes it a "must-read", especially in the U.S. where Fake news has been widespread. The Waterloo Region Record has seen like most Canadian daily newspapers a decline in circulation . Its total circulation dropped by 14 percent to 53,283 copies daily from 2009 to 2015. The Record has won the Michener Award for meritorious public service in journalism four times: 1978, 1981 (shared), 1983, and 2001. It received

413-408: A much higher chance of being retweeted than truthful tweets. More so, it is humans who are responsible for disseminating false news and information as opposed to bots and click farms . The tendency for humans to spread false information has to do with human behavior; according to research, humans are attracted to events and information that are surprising and new, and, as a result, cause high arousal in

472-400: A purpose. Since they typically hope to intentionally promote incorrect information, such articles are quite difficult to detect. When identifying a source of information, one must look at many attributes, including but not limited to the content of the email and social media engagements. Specifically, the language is typically more inflammatory in fake news than real articles, in part because

531-702: A spurious treatise saying the Jews were entirely responsible for the Second World War, and the Holocaust didn't happen, and it goes out there on the Internet and is available on the same terms as any piece of historical research which has undergone peer review and so on. There's a kind of parity of esteem of information on the net. It's all there: there's no way of finding out whether this stuff has any bottom to it or whether someone has just made it up". Gates

590-522: A summary in diagram form (pictured at right) to assist people in recognizing fake news. Its main points are: The International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN), launched by the Poynter Institute in 2015, supports international collaborative efforts in fact-checking, provides training, and has published a code of principles. In 2017 it introduced an application and vetting process for journalistic organisations. One of IFCN's verified signatories,

649-483: A survey was conducted, it was found that 58% of people had less trust in social media news stories as opposed to 24% of people in mainstream media after learning about fake news. In 2019 Christine Michel Carter , a writer who has reported on Generation Alpha for Forbes stated that one-third of the generation can decipher false or misleading information in the media. Claire Wardle of First Draft News , has identified seven types of fake news: Scientific denialism

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708-499: A variety of false information, from genuine error through to foreign interference in democratic processes." This followed a recommendation by the House of Commons ' Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee to avoid the term. However, recent reviews of fake news still regard it as a useful broad construct, equivalent in meaning to fabricated news , as separate from related types of problematic news content, such as hyperpartisan news,

767-402: Is a neologism (a new or re-purposed expression that is entering the language, driven by culture or technology changes). Fake news is now used by many people as a catch-all, referring to any lies and misrepresentations, from a news distributor or not; further, a few people use the term to condemn creditable news sources they do not like, without otherwise arguing details. Fake news stories in

826-512: Is another potential explanatory type of fake news, defined as the act of producing false or misleading facts to unconsciously support strong pre-existing beliefs. In 2017, Wardle announced she has now rejected the phrase fake news and "censors it in conversation", finding it "woefully inadequate" to describe the issues. She now speaks of information disorder and information pollution , and distinguishes between three overarching types of information content problems: Disinformation attacks are

885-460: Is false or misleading information ( misinformation , disinformation , propaganda , and hoaxes ) claiming the aesthetics and legitimacy of news . Fake news often has the aim of damaging the reputation of a person or entity , or making money through advertising revenue. Although false news has always been spread throughout history, the term fake news was first used in the 1890s when sensational reports in newspapers were common. Nevertheless,

944-539: Is probably resistant to change, but many other bloggers may read and learn from an evidence-based reply. A brutal example was learned by John Kerry during the US 2004 Presidential election campaign against George W. Bush. The right-wing Swift Boat Veterans for Truth falsely claimed that Kerry showed cowardice during the Vietnam War. Kerry refused to dignify the claims with a response for two weeks, despite being pummeled in

1003-463: Is the deliberate spreading of false narratives for political purposes, or for destabilising social cohesion in targeted communities. Multiple strategies need to be tailored to individual types of fake news, depending for example on whether the fake news is deliberately produced, or rather unintentionally or unconsciously produced. Considerable resources are available to combat fake news. Regular summaries of current events and research are available on

1062-487: Is to flood the information space, particularly social media and web browser search results with factual news, thus drowning out misinformation. A key factor in establishing facts is the role of critical thinking, the principles of which should be imbedded more comprehensively within all school and university education courses. Critical thinking is a style of thinking in which citizens, prior to subsequent problem solving and decision-making , have learned to pay attention to

1121-529: The Daily Record took over the Daily Telegraph , leaving it the only newspaper of significant size serving the community. On April 2, 1929, the newspaper moved from 49 King Street West to what was at the time considered the most modern printing operation in the country (using a 24-page press) at 30 Queen Street North. Motz and Euler fought over control of the newspaper for the next two decades, with

1180-677: The 2001 award for breaking the story on the RIM Park financing fiasco. In November 2005, the Record began publishing Grand , a regional lifestyle magazine. It followed that with the March 2006 launch of Rex , a business magazine covering Waterloo Region and Guelph . Most magazine, for women over 40, was launched in the spring of 2008. Rex was scheduled to suspend publication after the April 2009 issue. All magazines are distributed independently of

1239-532: The 24-page press would be replaced first by a 48-page press in the 1950s, a 96-page press in 1961–1962, and a 128-page press in 1973. In 1962, it was the first company in Canada to use plastic sleeves to protect newspapers bound for rural addresses. Ownership had been in the hands of the Motz family for generations until 1990, when the paper was sold to Southam in a $ 90 million deal. Conrad Black 's Hollinger Inc. took

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1298-465: The Internet by governments for citizen-surveillance purposes, and for cyberwarfare purposes. Author Terry Pratchett , previously a journalist and press officer, was among the first to be concerned about the spread of fake news on the Internet. In a 1995 interview with Bill Gates , founder of Microsoft , he said, "Let's say I call myself the Institute for Something-or-other and I decide to promote

1357-762: The Record is usually printed at the Star-owned Hamilton Spectator . On May 24, 2019, Torstar Corporation announced it will close its Hamilton Spectator printing operations on or about August 24, 2019. The printing work (including printing of the Record) performed at the Hamilton facility will be transferred to TC Transcontinental Printing , various Torstar-owned facilities, and other external printers. The Record building on Fairway Road in Kitchener

1416-424: The ability to actively confront false narratives, as well as taking care when sharing information can reduce the prevalence of falsified information. However, it has been noted that this is vulnerable to the effects of confirmation bias , motivated reasoning and other cognitive biases that can seriously distort reasoning, particularly in dysfunctional and polarised societies. Inoculation theory has been proposed as

1475-424: The brain. Besides, motivated reasoning was found to play a role in the spread of fake news. This ultimately leads humans to retweet or share false information, which are usually characterized with clickbait and eye-catching titles. This prevents people from stopping to verify the information. As a result, massive online communities form around a piece of false news without any prior fact-checking or verification of

1534-430: The conspiracy beliefs of Fox hosts were repeated shortly after by Trump (and vice versa) in a continuous feedback loop. This served to promote outrage, and thus to condition and radicalise conservative Republican Fox listeners into cult-like Trump supporters, and to demonise and gaslight Democratic opponents, the mainstream media, and elites generally. A key strategy to counter fake news based on emotions rather than facts

1593-421: The content of written words, and to judge their accuracy and fairness, among other worthy attributes. Because content rebuttal (presenting true facts to refute false information) does not always work, Lee McIntyre suggests the better method of technique rebuttal, in which faulty reasoning by deniers is exposed, such as cherry-picking data, and relying too much on fake experts. Deniers have a lot of information, but

1652-511: The culture, and are consumed by millions of people." These stories are not only found in politics, but also in areas like vaccination, stock values and nutrition. He did not include news that is "invoked by politicians against the media for stories that they don't like or for comments that they don't like" as fake news. Guy Campanile, also a 60 Minutes producer said, "What we are talking about are stories that are fabricated out of thin air. By most measures, deliberately, and by any definition, that's

1711-480: The definition of fake news has been applied too narrowly to select mediums and political ideologies. While most definitions focus strictly on content accuracy and format, current research indicates that the rhetorical structure of the content might play a significant role in the perception of fake news. Michael Radutzky, a producer of CBS 60 Minutes , said his show considers fake news to be "stories that are probably false, have enormous traction [popular appeal] in

1770-487: The evaluation of sources. Called "media literacy", the course provides training in journalism in the new information society. Fake news has become increasingly prevalent over the last few years, with over 100 misleading articles and rumors spread regarding the 2016 United States presidential election alone. These fake news articles tend to come from satirical news websites or individual websites with an incentive to propagate false information, either as clickbait or to serve

1829-438: The former eventually winning majority interest. Euler sold his stock to Southam Company in 1953, leaving Motz's son, John E. Motz, the sole director of the rapidly growing daily. On January 1, 1948, John Motz changed the name of the newspaper once again, to The Kitchener-Waterloo Record (to mark the occasion of Waterloo's designation as a city), a name which remained until the change to The Record , in 1994. During this period

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1888-479: The impact of real news by competing with it. For example, a BuzzFeed News analysis found that the top fake news stories about the 2016 U.S. presidential election received more engagement on Facebook than top stories from major media outlets. It also particularly has the potential to undermine trust in serious media coverage. The term has at times been used to cast doubt upon credible news, and former U.S. president Donald Trump has been credited with popularizing

1947-465: The independent, not-for-profit media journal The Conversation , created a short animation explaining its fact checking process, which involves "extra checks and balances, including blind peer review by a second academic expert, additional scrutiny and editorial oversight". Beginning in the 2017 school year, children in Taiwan study a new curriculum designed to teach critical reading of propaganda and

2006-616: The internet, especially on social media [...] Much of this content is produced by for-profit websites and Facebook pages gaming the platform for advertising revenue" and distinguishes it from disinformation: "[F]ake news does not meet the definition of disinformation or propaganda. Its motives are usually financial, not political, and it is usually not tied to a larger agenda." Media scholar Nolan Higdon has defined fake news as "false or misleading content presented as news and communicated in formats spanning spoken, written, printed, electronic, and digital communication". Higdon has also argued that

2065-888: The latter being a particular source of political polarization. Therefore, researchers are beginning to favour information disorder as a more neutral and informative term. For example, the Commission of Inquiry by the Aspen Institute (2021) has adopted the term Information Disorder in its investigative report. According to an academic library guide, a number of specific aspects of fake news may help to identify it and thus avoid being unduly influenced. These include: clickbait , propaganda , satire / parody , sloppy journalism , misleading headings, manipulation , rumor mill, misinformation , media bias , audience bias , and content farms . The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) published

2124-495: The liar (the perpetrator of fake news), (2) the conduit (the method of carriage of the fake news), and (3) the lied-to (the recipient of the fake news). American philosopher of science Lee McIntyre, who has researched the scientific attitude and post-truth , has explained the importance of factual basis of society, in preference to one in which emotions replace facts. One modern example is the symbiotic relationship that developed between President Donald Trump and Fox News , in which

2183-518: The mainstream media has proved a highly successful money-spinner for the TV network. In 2017, the inventor of the World Wide Web , Tim Berners-Lee claimed that fake news was one of the three most significant new disturbing Internet trends that must first be resolved if the Internet is to be capable of truly "serving humanity." The other two new disturbing trends were the recent surge in the use of

2242-448: The media, and this action contributed to his marginal loss to Bush. We should never assume any claim is too outrageous to be believed. However, caution applies regarding over-zealous debunking of fake news. It is often unwise to draw attention to fake news published on a low-impact website or blog (one that has few followers). If this fake news is debunked by a journalist in a high-profile place such as The New York Times , knowledge of

2301-409: The most insidious type because of the harmful intent. For example, it is sometimes generated and propagated by hostile foreign actors, particularly during elections . Because of the manner in which former president Donald Trump has co-opted the term, The Washington Post media columnist Margaret Sullivan has warned fellow journalists that "It's time to retire the tainted term 'fake news'. Though

2360-428: The news. There is also many social context features that can play a role, as well as the model of spreading the news. Websites such as Snopes try to detect this information manually, while certain universities are trying to build mathematical models to do this themselves. Considerable research is underway regarding strategies for confronting and suppressing fake news of all types, in particular disinformation , which

2419-686: The newspaper. Both the Cambridge Times and the Record are owned and published by Metroland Media Group but keep separate newsrooms and operations. William Daum Euler Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.236 via cp1112 cp1112, Varnish XID 945685745 Upstream caches: cp1112 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 08:01:52 GMT Fake news Fake news or information disorder

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2478-637: The old sense, plus misleading headlines, are presented among other stories by news aggregators or political sites, for financial or political gain. There are also fake news websites which run only stories that have no basis in fact but are presented as being factually accurate. Some satirical sites openly label themselves as fake news or satire, or they may reveal that they are fake only on closer inspection for clues. Overlapping terms are bullshit , hoax news , pseudo-news , alternative facts , false news and junk news . The National Endowment for Democracy defines fake news as "[M]isleading content found on

2537-577: The paper was moved to Market Square on King Street East in Kitchener's downtown core. It had been based on Fairway Road in Kitchener since May 1973. The paper was printed at that location on a letterpress system until 2000, when printing was moved to offset presses at parent company Torstar's Vaughan Press Centre in Vaughan . Printing later moved to presses of sister papers in Hamilton and Guelph , and then back to Vaughan from time to time. As of 2014,

2596-412: The platforms like Google or Meta profit from the distribution of fake news. Part of the reason behind the broad circulation of fake news online is that fake news websites can be profitable by monetizing them through online advertising . Researchers at Pew Research Center discovered that over 60% of Americans access news through social media compared to traditional newspaper and magazines. With

2655-658: The popularity of social media, individuals can easily access fake news and disinformation. The rapid spread of false stories on social media during the 2012 elections in Italy has been documented, as has diffusion of false stories on Facebook during the 2016 US election campaign. Fake news has the tendency to become viral among the public. With the presence of social media platforms like Twitter , it becomes easier for false information to diffuse quickly. Research has found that false political information tends to spread three times faster than other false news. On Twitter, false tweets have

2714-606: The potential to undermine trust in serious media coverage generally. The term has also been used to cast doubt upon credible mainstream media. In January 2017, the United Kingdom House of Commons commenced a parliamentary inquiry into the "growing phenomenon of fake news". In 2016, PolitiFact selected fake news as their Lie of the Year. No single lie stood out, so the generic term was chosen. Also in 2016, Oxford Dictionaries selected post-truth as its word of

2773-674: The production of information that is "click-worthy" and independent of its accuracy. The nature of trust depends on the assumptions that non-institutional forms of communication are freer from power and more able to report information that mainstream media are perceived as unable or unwilling to reveal. Declines in confidence in much traditional media and expert knowledge have created fertile grounds for alternative, and often obscure sources of information to appear as authoritative and credible. This ultimately leaves users confused about basic facts. Fake news has become popular with various media outlets and platforms. Journalists have identified that

2832-442: The purpose is to confuse and generate clicks. Furthermore, modeling techniques such as n-gram encodings and bag of words have served as other linguistic techniques to determine the legitimacy of a news source. On top of that, researchers have determined that visual-based cues also play a factor in categorizing an article, specifically some features can be designed to assess if a picture was legitimate and provides more clarity on

2891-699: The term by using it to describe any negative press coverage of himself. It has been increasingly criticized, due in part to Trump's misuse, with the British government deciding to avoid the term, as it is "poorly-defined" and "conflates a variety of false information, from genuine error through to foreign interference". Multiple strategies for fighting fake news are actively researched, for various types of fake news. Politicians in certain autocratic and democratic countries have demanded effective self-regulation and legally-enforced regulation in varying forms, of social media and web search engines. On an individual scale,

2950-577: The term does not have a fixed definition and has been applied broadly to any type of false information presented as news. It has also been used by high-profile people to apply to any news unfavorable to them. Further, disinformation involves spreading false information with harmful intent and is sometimes generated and propagated by hostile foreign actors, particularly during elections . In some definitions, fake news includes satirical articles misinterpreted as genuine, and articles that employ sensationalist or clickbait headlines that are not supported in

3009-520: The term hasn't been around long, its meaning already is lost." By late 2018, the term "fake news" had become verboten and U.S. journalists, including the Poynter Institute were asking for apologies and for product retirements from companies using the term. In October 2018, the British government decided that the term fake news will no longer be used in official documents because it is "a poorly-defined and misleading term that conflates

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3068-645: The text. Because of this diversity of types of false news, researchers are beginning to favour information disorder as a more neutral and informative term. The prevalence of fake news has increased with the recent rise of social media , especially the Facebook News Feed , and this misinformation is gradually seeping into the mainstream media. Several factors have been implicated in the spread of fake news, such as political polarization , post-truth politics , motivated reasoning , confirmation bias , and social media algorithms . Fake news can reduce

3127-758: The time of Moyer's death, three newspapers existed in the city of Berlin: the Berlin Daily Telegraph , the Berlin Daily Record and Moyer's Daily News . Due to financial pressures, by 1897 the latter two had merged to become the Berlin News Record , run by William (Ben) Uttley, publisher of the Berlin Daily Record and local historian. Retiring in October 1919, Uttley sold the newspaper to W.J. Motz and William Daum Euler , who renamed it The Kitchener Daily Record . In 1922,

3186-399: The veracity of the information. Of particular concern regarding viral spread of fake news is the role of super-spreaders. Brian Stelter , the anchor of Reliable Sources at CNN , has documented the systematic long-term two-way feedback that developed between President Donald Trump and Fox News presenters. The resultant conditioning of outrage in their large audience against government and

3245-679: The websites and email newsletters of a number of support organisations. Particularly notable are the First Draft Archive, the Information Futures Lab, School of Public Health, Brown University and the Nieman Foundation for Journalism (Harvard University). Journalist Bernard Keane, in his book on misinformation in Australia, classifies strategies for dealing with fake news into three categories: (1)

3304-719: The year and defined it as the state of affairs when "objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief." The term fake news gained importance with the electoral context in Western Europe and North America. It is determined by fraudulent content in news format and its velocity. According to Bounegru, Gray, Venturini and Mauri, a lie becomes fake news when it "is picked up by dozens of other blogs , retransmitted by hundreds of websites, cross-posted over thousands of social media accounts and read by hundreds of thousands". The evolving nature of online business models encourages

3363-609: Was demolished in September 2005. On March 11, 2008, the name was changed to the Waterloo Region Record , returning the community name to the nameplate . In early 2018, the company announced that it would set up a paywall on its website. Consumers who do not pay the fee to subscribe will be allowed to read only seven articles per month. An article published by CBC News indicated that this strategy has not been successful for some newspapers. The New York Times has

3422-693: Was introduced to the Internet, this made it difficult for some people to find truthful information. The impact of fake news has become a worldwide phenomenon. Fake news is often spread through the use of fake news websites , which, in order to gain credibility, specialize in creating attention-grabbing news, which often impersonate well-known news sources. Jestin Coler, who said he does it for "fun", has indicated that he earned US$ 10,000 per month from advertising on his fake news websites. Research has shown that fake news hurts social media and online based outlets far worse than traditional print and TV outlets. After

3481-426: Was optimistic and disagreed, saying that authorities on the Internet would index and check facts and reputations in a much more sophisticated way than in print. But it was Pratchett who more accurately predicted how the Internet would propagate and legitimize fake news. When the Internet first became accessible for public use in the 1990s, its main purpose was for the seeking and accessing of information. As fake news

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