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67-459: A kitchen is a room or part of a room used for cooking and food preparation in a dwelling or in a commercial establishment. A modern middle-class residential kitchen is typically equipped with a stove , a sink with hot and cold running water, a refrigerator , and worktops and kitchen cabinets arranged according to a modular design . Many households have a microwave oven , a dishwasher , and other electric appliances. The main functions of

134-631: A Kitchen God watches over the kitchen for the family and reports to the Jade Emperor annually about the family's behavior. On Chinese New Year's Eve, families would gather to pray for the kitchen god to give a good report to heaven and wish him to bring back good news on the fifth day of the New Year. The most common cooking equipment in Chinese family kitchens and restaurant kitchens are woks, steamer baskets and pots. The fuel or heating resource

201-418: A dining room for large banquets, or cleared of tables, provided with music, and turned into a ballroom . Off the side, or in a different part of the house, might be a drawing room , used as a room with greater privacy, for the owner's family and their friends to talk. A sitting room , living room, or parlour is a place for social visits and entertainment. One decorated to appeal to a man might be called

268-403: A man cave ; in an older style, the cabinet was used by men who wanted a separate room. Some large homes have special rooms for entertainment; these may include a library , a home theater , a billiard room , a game room , or a music room. A bedroom is the room where a bed is located, and whose primary purpose is sleeping. A master bedroom may have an en suite bathroom . A guest room

335-638: A Christian education for 2,000,000 children in our country." She made her field of labor especially in the West and South, and sought the aid of educated women throughout the United States. In 1837, Beecher retired from administrative work. After returning East she started the Ladies' Society for Promoting Education in the West. In 1847 she co-founded the Board of National Popular Education with William Slade ,

402-476: A bedroom might have a separate closet, for praying and seeking privacy; this architectural idea lives on in the storage closet. In the United Kingdom, many houses are built to contain a box-room (box room or boxroom) that is easily identifiable, being smaller than the others. The small size of these rooms limits their use, and they tend to be used as a small single bedroom, small child's bedroom, or as

469-505: A college textbook. She was constantly making experiments, and practicing them upon the girls, weighing all their food before they ate it, holding that Graham flour and the Graham diet were better for them than richer food. Ten of her pupils invited her to dine with them at a restaurant. She accepted the invitation, and the excellent dinner changed her views. Thereafter they were served with more palatable food. In 1829 and 1830, Beecher led

536-470: A former Congressman and then governor of Vermont. In 1852 she founded the American Women's Educational Association. Their goal was to recruit and train teachers for frontier schools and send women into the West to civilize the young. Their efforts became a model for future schools developed in the West. Woman's great mission is to train immature, weak, and ignorant creatures to obey the laws of God;

603-528: A great deal of electricity, but microwave ovens are gaining popularity in urban households and commercial enterprises. Indian kitchens are also supported by biogas and solar energy as fuel. World's largest solar energy kitchen is built in India. In association with government bodies, India is encouraging domestic biogas plants to support the kitchen system. [REDACTED] Media related to Kitchens at Wikimedia Commons Room (architecture) Historically,

670-554: A kitchen are to store, prepare and cook food (and to complete related tasks such as dishwashing ). The room or area may also be used for dining (or small meals such as breakfast), entertaining and laundry . The design and construction of kitchens is a huge market all over the world. Commercial kitchens are found in restaurants , cafeterias , hotels , hospitals , educational and workplace facilities, army barracks, and similar establishments. These kitchens are generally larger and equipped with bigger and more heavy-duty equipment than

737-417: A kitchen or bathroom. A sick room is a specialized room, sometimes just large enough to contain a bed, where a family member could be conveniently tended and kept separate from the rest of the household while recuperating from an illness. In smaller homes, most rooms were multi-purpose. In a bedsit , communal apartment , or studio apartment , a single main room may serve most functions, except usually

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804-481: A large tank of propane connected to burners so that campers can cook their meals. Military camps and similar temporary settlements of nomads may have dedicated kitchen tents, which have a vent to enable cooking smoke to escape. In schools where home economics, food technology (previously known as " domestic science "), or culinary arts are taught, there are typically a series of kitchens with multiple equipment (similar in some respects to laboratories ) solely for

871-420: A model home from a woman's perspective. The kitchen was inspired by a cook's galley in a steamship. A movable partition on wheels provided flexibility and privacy in the small home, and also served as a wardrobe. Chapters of the book discussing ventilation and heating anticipated modern central heating. On May 12, 1878, Beecher died from apoplexy . In 1841 Beecher published A Treatise on Domestic Economy for

938-413: A private room, private washroom and access to a communal kitchen. The washroom generally includes an en-suite shower, a sink and a toilet. "En-suite" usually indicates a private space, especially if it is student accommodation. En-suite rooms for students are intended to provide study space and a peaceful environment. Catharine Beecher Catharine Esther Beecher (September 6, 1800 – May 12, 1878)

1005-598: A residential kitchen. For example, a large restaurant may have a huge walk-in refrigerator and a large commercial dishwasher machine. In some instances, commercial kitchen equipment such as commercial sinks is used in household settings as it offers ease of use for food preparation and high durability. In developed countries, commercial kitchens are generally subject to public health laws. They are inspected periodically by public-health officials, and forced to close if they do not meet hygienic requirements mandated by law. Early medieval European longhouses had an open fire under

1072-468: A social housing project in Frankfurt, in 1927. While this "work kitchen" and variants derived from it were a great success for tenement buildings, homeowners had different demands and did not want to be constrained by a 6.4-square-metre (69 sq ft) kitchen. Nevertheless, the kitchen design was mostly ad-hoc following the whims of the architect. In the U.S. , the "Small Homes Council", since 1993

1139-560: A storage room. Other box rooms may house a live-in domestic worker . Traditionally, and often seen in country houses and larger suburban houses up until the 1930s in Britain , the box room was for the storage of boxes , trunks , portmanteaux , and the like, rather than for bedroom use. In Ireland, a return room is a box room added between floors at the turn ("return") of a staircase. Return rooms may be added as extensions, and are sometimes used or converted for other functions such as

1206-807: A variety of room types, including some of the earliest examples of rooms for indoor bathing. The Anasazi civilization also had an early complex development of room structures, probably the oldest in North America, while the Maya of Central America had very advanced room configurations as early as several hundred AD. By at least the early Han dynasty in China (e.g. approximately 200 BC ) , comfort room complex multi-level building forms emerged, particularly for religious and public purposes; these designs featured many roomed structures and included vertical connections of rooms. Some rooms were specially designed to support

1273-611: A women's movement to protest the Indian Removal Bill of President Andrew Jackson . The protest was the first national campaign on the part of women in the United States. In the bill, Jackson requested that Congress approve the use of federal money to resettle southeastern American Indians, including the Cherokee , to land west of the Mississippi River. In response, Beecher published a "Circular Addressed to

1340-483: Is a bedroom used primarily by overnight guests. The nursery is a bedroom for babies or young children. It may be separate from the playroom , which is a room where the children's toys are kept. Bedrooms may be used for other purposes. A large house might have separate rooms for these other functions, such as a dressing room for changing clothes (also seen in clothing stores and businesses where people need to change clothes, but do not need to sleep). In Tudor times,

1407-418: Is of utmost importance while designing kitchens in India. Modern-day architects also follow the norms of vastushastra while designing Indian kitchens across the world. While many kitchens belonging to poor families continue to use clay stoves and the older forms of fuel, the urban middle and upper classes usually have gas stoves with cylinders or piped gas attached. Electric cooktops are rarer since they consume

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1474-479: Is reduced to a rehydration and heating module. Outdoor areas where food is prepared are generally not considered kitchens, even though an outdoor area set up for regular food preparation, for instance when camping , might be referred to as an "outdoor kitchen". An outdoor kitchen at a campsite might be placed near a well, water pump, or water tap, and it might provide tables for food preparation and cooking (using portable camp stoves). Some campsite kitchen areas have

1541-598: Is the place where food is prepared in a Japanese house . Until the Meiji era , a kitchen was also called kamado (かまど; lit. stove ) and there are many sayings in the Japanese language that involve kamado as it was considered the symbol of a house and the term could even be used to mean "family" or "household" (similar to the English word "hearth"). When separating a family, it was called Kamado wo wakeru , which means "divide

1608-537: The Hartford Female Seminary in Hartford, Connecticut , where she taught until 1832. The private girls' school had many well-known alumnae. Comprehending the deficiencies of existing textbooks, she prepared, primarily for use in her own school, some elementary books in arithmetic, a work on theology, and one on mental and moral philosophy. The last was never published, although printed and used as

1675-424: The parlor and keeping room or dining room . One early record of a kitchen is found in the 1648 inventory of the estate of a John Porter of Windsor, Connecticut . The inventory lists goods in the house "over the kittchin" and "in the kittchin". The items listed in the kitchen were: silver spoons , pewter , brass , iron, arms, ammunition, hemp , flax and "other implements about the room". A stepping stone to

1742-457: The toilet and bathroom , which may be combined or which may be in separate rooms. The public equivalent is the restroom , which usually features a toilet and handwashing facilities, but not usually a shower or a bathtub. Showers are only available in athletic or aquatic facilities which feature a changing room . In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, among those who could afford it, these facilities were kept in separate areas. The kitchen

1809-584: The "Building Research Council", of the School of Architecture of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign was founded in 1944 with the goal to improve the state of the art in home building, originally with an emphasis on standardization for cost reduction. It was there that the notion of the kitchen work triangle was formalized: the three main functions in a kitchen are storage, preparation, and cooking (which Catharine Beecher had already recognized), and

1876-519: The 1950s, steel kitchens were used by architects, but this material was displaced by the cheaper particle board panels sometimes decorated with a steel surface. Domestic (or residential) kitchen design is a relatively recent discipline. The first ideas to optimize the work in the kitchen go back to Catharine Beecher 's A Treatise on Domestic Economy (1843, revised and republished together with her sister Harriet Beecher Stowe as The American Woman's Home in 1869). Beecher's "model kitchen" propagated for

1943-468: The Benevolent Ladies of the U. States", dated December 25, 1829, calling on women to send petitions to Congress protesting the removal. In the circular, she wrote, "It has become almost a certainty that these people are to have their lands torn from them, and to be driven into western wilds and to final annihilation, unless the feelings of a humane and Christian nation shall be aroused to prevent

2010-553: The Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School , a book that discussed the underestimated importance of women's roles in society. The book was edited and re-released the following year in its final form. Catharine Beecher was a strong advocate of the inclusion of daily physical education in women's schooling, and developed a program of calisthenics performed to music. In 1831, Catharine Beecher suggested that teachers read aloud to students from passages by writers with elegant styles, "to accustom

2077-420: The arrangement of the kitchen cabinets and sink, stove, and refrigerator: In the 1980s, there was a backlash against industrial kitchen planning and cabinets with people installing a mix of work surfaces and free standing furniture, led by kitchen designer Johnny Grey and his concept of the "unfitted kitchen". Modern kitchens often have enough informal space to allow for people to eat in it without having to use

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2144-536: The daughter of minister and religious leader Lyman Beecher and Roxana (Foote) Beecher. Among her siblings were writer and abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe , along with clergymen Henry Ward Beecher and Charles Beecher . Beecher was educated at home until she was ten years old, when she was sent to Litchfield Female Academy in Litchfield, Connecticut . She taught herself subjects not commonly offered to women, including math, Latin, and philosophy. She took over

2211-441: The development of an extended plan for the physical, social, intellectual, and moral education of women, to be promoted through a national board. For nearly 40 years, she labored perseveringly in this work, organizing societies for training teachers, establishing plans for supplying the territories with good educators, writing, pleading, and traveling. Her object, as she described it, was "to unite American women in an effort to provide

2278-587: The domestic duties of her household at the age of 16, following her mother's death. In 1821, Beecher founded a school for women in New Haven, Connecticut . Catharine was engaged to marry Alexander M. Fisher, head of the Mathematics Department at Yale College , but he died at sea before the wedding took place. She never married. To provide educational opportunities for others, in 1823 Beecher and her sister, Mary Foote Beecher Perkins, co-founded

2345-551: The ear to the measurement of the sentences and the peculiar turns of expression". She went on to have the students imitate the piece just read using similar words, style, and turns of phrase in order to develop "a ready command of the language and easy modes of expression". In 1846, Beecher pronounced that women, not men, should educate children, and established schools for training teachers in Western cities. She advocated that young ladies find godly work as Christian teachers away from

2412-520: The early history of railways, this required flawless organization of processes; in modern times, the microwave oven and prepared meals have made this task much easier. Kitchens aboard ships , aircraft and sometimes railcars are often referred to as galleys . On yachts , galleys are often cramped, with one or two burners fueled by an LP gas bottle. Kitchens on cruise ships or large warships , by contrast, are comparable in every respect with restaurants or canteen kitchens. On passenger airliners ,

2479-538: The establishment of women's colleges in Burlington, Iowa ; Quincy, Illinois ; and Milwaukee, Wisconsin . Beecher strongly supported allowing children to simply be children and not prematurely forcing adulthood onto them. She believed that children lacked the experience needed to make important life decisions and that in order for them to become healthy self-sufficient adults, they needed to be allowed to express themselves freely in an environment suited to children. It

2546-444: The first time a systematic design based on early ergonomics . The design included regular shelves on the walls, ample workspace, and dedicated storage areas for various food items. Beecher even separated the functions of preparing food and cooking it altogether by moving the stove into a compartment adjacent to the kitchen. Christine Frederick published from 1913 a series of articles on "New Household Management" in which she analyzed

2613-524: The formal dining room . Such areas are called "breakfast areas", "breakfast nooks" or "breakfast bars" if space is integrated into a kitchen counter. Kitchens with enough space to eat in are sometimes called "eat-in kitchens". During the 2000s, flat pack kitchens were popular for people doing DIY renovating on a budget. The flat pack kitchens industry makes it easy to put together and mix and matching doors, bench tops and cabinets. In flat pack systems, many components can be interchanged. In larger homes, where

2680-491: The groundwork for a lot of future Family and Consumer Science Education. Many of her books like the Domestic Receipt Book helped people to learn how to manage their household budgets with ease. Beecher recognized public schools' responsibility to influence the moral, physical, and intellectual development of children. She promoted the expansion and development of teacher training programs, holding that teaching

2747-441: The heat more quickly and more finely than electrical stoves. Some special appliances are typical for professional kitchens, such as large installed deep fryers , steamers , or a bain-marie . The fast food and convenience food trends have changed the manner in which restaurant kitchens operate. Some of these type restaurants may only "finish" convenience food that is delivered to them or just reheat completely prepared meals. At

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2814-651: The highest point of the building. The "kitchen area" was between the entrance and the fireplace. In wealthy homes, there was typically more than one kitchen. In some homes, there were upwards of three kitchens. The kitchens were divided based on the types of food prepared in them. The kitchen might be separate from the great hall due to the smoke from cooking fires and the chance the fires may get out of control. Few medieval kitchens survive as they were "notoriously ephemeral structures". In Connecticut , as in other colonies of New England during Colonial America , kitchens were often built as separate rooms and were located behind

2881-636: The kitchen following Taylorist principles of efficiency, presented detailed time-motion studies, and derived a kitchen design from them. Her ideas were taken up in the 1920s by architects in Germany and Austria , most notably Bruno Taut , Erna Meyer, Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky and Benita Otte , who designed the first fitted kitchen for the Haus am Horn , which was completed in 1923. Similar design principles were employed by Schütte-Lihotzky for her famous Frankfurt kitchen , designed for Ernst May 's Römerstadt ,

2948-496: The kitchen is reduced to a pantry . The crew's role is to heat and serve in-flight meals delivered by a catering company. An extreme form of the kitchen occurs in space, e.g. , aboard a Space Shuttle (where it is also called the "galley") or the International Space Station . The astronauts ' food is generally completely prepared, dehydrated , and sealed in plastic pouches before the flight. The kitchen

3015-617: The larger Eastern cities. The Board of National Popular Education, which was her idea, trained teachers in four-week sessions in Connecticut and then sent them out West. She believed that women had a higher calling to shape children and society. Along with a Treatise on Domestic Economy for the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School, Beecher also published The Duty of American Women to Their Country in 1845 and The Domestic Receipt Book in 1846. Beecher's views on education and women's work were also somewhat contradictory. She believed in

3082-536: The modern fitted kitchen was the Frankfurt Kitchen , designed by Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky for social housing projects in 1926. This kitchen measured 1.9 by 3.4 metres (6 ft 3 in by 11 ft 2 in), and was built to optimize kitchen efficiency and lower building costs. The design was the result of detailed time-motion studies and interviews with future tenants to identify what they needed from their kitchens. Schütte-Lihotzky's fitted kitchen

3149-430: The most they may grill a hamburger or a steak . But in the early 21st century, c-stores (convenience stores) are attracting greater market share by performing more food preparation on-site and better customer service than some fast food outlets. The kitchens in railway dining cars have presented special challenges: space is limited, and, personnel must be able to serve a great number of meals quickly. Especially in

3216-739: The owners might have meals prepared by a household staff member, the home may have a chef's kitchen . This typically differs from a normal domestic kitchen by having multiple ovens (possibly of different kinds for different kinds of cooking), multiple sinks, and warming drawers to keep food heated between cooking and service. Restaurant and canteen kitchens found in hotels , hospitals , educational and workplace facilities, army barracks, and similar institutions are generally (in developed countries) subject to public health laws. They are inspected periodically by public health officials and forced to close if they do not meet hygienic requirements mandated by law. Canteen kitchens (and castle kitchens) were often

3283-402: The physical, the intellectual, the social, and the moral. It was claimed that hundreds of the best teachers the West received were sent under the patronage of this system. To a certain extent the plans succeeded, and were found beneficial, but the careers of the teachers were mostly short, for they soon married. In The American Woman's Home , published in 1869, Beecher and her sister presented

3350-427: The places for these functions should be arranged in the kitchen in such a way that work at one place does not interfere with work at another place, the distance between these places is not unnecessarily large, and no obstacles are in the way. A natural arrangement is a triangle , with the refrigerator, the sink, and the stove at a vertex each. This observation led to a few common kitchen forms, commonly characterized by

3417-655: The places where new technology was used first. For instance, Benjamin Thompson 's "energy saving stove", an early 19th-century fully closed iron stove using one fire to heat several pots, was designed for large kitchens; another thirty years passed before they were adapted for domestic use. As of 2017, restaurant kitchens usually have tiled walls and floors and use stainless steel for other surfaces (workbench, but also door and drawer fronts) because these materials are durable and easy to clean. Professional kitchens are often equipped with gas stoves, as these allow cooks to regulate

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3484-401: The preparedness of female teachers to aid in their teaching of children from unfortunate homes. At the same time, she worked to teach mothers how to care for their families. The education of females to be teachers of troubled children and also homemakers who care for and teach their families are at a counterbalance. Beecher did a lot of work as a writer to educate the general public. Beecher laid

3551-407: The purpose of teaching. These consist of multiple workstations, each with its own oven , sink , and kitchen utensils, where the teacher can show students how to prepare food and cook it. Kitchens in China are called chúfáng(厨房) . More than 3000 years ago, the ancient Chinese used the ding for cooking food. The ding was developed into the wok and pot used today. In Chinese spiritual tradition,

3618-496: The region. For example, in the north and central India, cooking used to be carried out in clay ovens called "chulha" (also chullha or chullah ), fired by wood, coal or dried cow dung. In households where members observed vegetarianism, separate kitchens were maintained to cook and store vegetarian and non-vegetarian food. Religious families often treat the kitchen as a sacred space. Indian kitchens are built on an Indian architectural science called vastushastra. The Indian kitchen vastu

3685-533: The stove". Kamado wo yaburu (lit. "break the stove") means that the family was bankrupt. In India, a kitchen is called a "Rasoi" (in Hindi\Sanskrit) or a "Swayampak ghar" in Marathi, and there exist many other names for it in the various regional languages. Many different methods of cooking exist across the country, and the structure and the materials used in constructing kitchens have varied depending on

3752-537: The study of important authors helped students acquire writing skills. Beecher founded The American Woman's Educational Association in 1852, an organization focused on furthering educational opportunities for women. She also founded the Western Female Institute in Cincinnati (along with her father Lyman) and The Ladies Society for Promoting Education in the West . She was also instrumental in

3819-422: The toilet and bath. Types of multi-purpose rooms include the great room , which removes most walls and doors between the kitchen, dining and living rooms, to create one larger, open area. In some places, a lady's boudoir was a combination sleeping room and place to entertain small numbers of friends. In others, the boudoir was an anteroom before her bedroom. An en-suite room is a type of room which includes

3886-513: The unhallowed sacrifice." Congress nevertheless passed the bill, and the Indian Removal Act became law on May 28, 1830. In 1832, Beecher moved with her father to Walnut Hills, Cincinnati , where he became head of the new Lane Seminary , to campaign for more schools and teachers in the frontier. There she opened a female seminary, which, on account of her failing health, was discontinued after two years. She then devoted herself to

3953-715: The use of rooms dates at least to early Minoan cultures about 2200 BC, where excavations at Akrotiri on Santorini reveal clearly defined rooms within certain structures. In early structures, the different room types could be identified to include bedrooms , kitchens , bathing rooms , closets , reception rooms, and other specialized uses. The aforementioned Akrotiri excavations reveal rooms sometimes built above other rooms connected by staircases , bathrooms with alabaster appliances such as washbasins, bathing tubs, and toilets, all connected to an elaborate twin plumbing systems of ceramic pipes for cold and hot water separately. Ancient Rome manifested very complex building forms with

4020-476: The work of the household, such as kitchens, pantries , and root cellars , all of which were intended for the preparation and storage of food. A home office or study may be used for household paperwork or external business purposes. Some work rooms are designated by the intended activity: for example, a sewing room is used for sewing , and the laundry room is used for washing and ironing laundry. Other rooms are meant to promote comfort and cleanliness, such as

4087-452: Was also an important technique to practice the cooking skills. Traditionally Chinese were using wood or straw as the fuel to cook food. A Chinese chef had to master flaming and heat radiation to reliably prepare traditional recipes. Chinese cooking will use a pot or wok for pan-frying, stir-frying, deep frying or boiling. Kitchens in Japan are called Daidokoro (台所; lit. "kitchen"). Daidokoro

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4154-489: Was an American educator known for her forthright opinions on female education as well as her vehement support of the many benefits of the incorporation of kindergarten into children's education. She published the advice manual The American Woman's Home with her sister Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1869. Some sources spell her first name as "Catherine". Beecher was born September 6, 1800, in East Hampton, New York ,

4221-524: Was built in some 10,000 apartments in housing projects erected in Frankfurt in the 1930s. The Frankfurt Kitchen of 1926 was made of several materials depending on the application. The modern built-in kitchens of today use particle boards or MDF, decorated with a variety of materials and finishes including wood veneers, lacquer, glass, melamine, laminate, ceramic and eco gloss. Very few manufacturers produce home built-in kitchens from stainless steel. Until

4288-412: Was detached from the main part of the house, or later put in the basement, to reduce the risk of fire and keep the heat and smell of cooking away from the main house during the warm months. The toilet, often a simple pit latrine , was put in an outhouse or privy, to keep the smell and insects away from the main house. A variety of room types have been distinguished over time, the main purpose of which

4355-405: Was more important to society than lawyers or doctors. Beecher was a strong advocate of the inclusion of daily physical education, and developed a program of calisthenics that was performed to music. She also firmly believed in the benefits of reading aloud. Catherine Beecher believed that tight corsets and bad eating habits ruined the young women's health. She believed the primary purpose of education

4422-424: Was socializing with other people. In previous centuries, very large homes often featured a great hall . This room was so named because it was very large, regardless of any excellence in it. It was originally a public room and most likely seen in the main home of a noble estate. In this room, people who had business with the local landowner or his household could meet. As the largest room, it could also be used as

4489-641: Was to develop a young child's basis for their conscience and morals. Beecher believed that women have inherent qualities that make them the preferred gender as teachers. As men left teaching to pursue business and industry, she saw the untapped potential of educated women and encouraged education of women to fill the increasing need for teachers. She considered women natural teachers, with teaching as an extension of their domestic role. In 1862, John Brinsley recommended that students analyze and imitate classical Greek and Latin models, while Beecher recommended English writers. They both believed that frequent practice and

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