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28-562: The path is made up of a "series of path alternatives" that pass through seasonally or directionally more or less difficult notches— the gaps were among only five places that could be crossed by animal power from east to west across the Appalachian Mountains west of New England . The Kittanny path (by other names) would also come to be used first by Dutch , then English and British colonial fur traders , as well as Amerindian emigrants moving westwards before and after

56-943: A draught or draft animals . Others may be used as pack animals , for animal-powered transport , the movement of people and goods. Together, these are sometimes called beasts of burden . Some animals are ridden by people on their backs and are known as mounts . Alternatively, one or more animals in harness may be used to pull vehicles. Riding animals are animals that people use as mounts in order to perform tasks such as traversing across long distances or over rugged terrain, hunting on horseback or with some other riding animal, patrolling around rural and/or wilderness areas, rounding up and/or herding livestock or even for recreational enjoyment. They mainly include equines such as horses , donkeys , and mules ; bovines such as cattle , water buffalo , and yak . In some places, elephants , llamas and camels are also used. Dromedary camels are in arid areas of Australia, North Africa and

84-464: A treadmill and have been used throughout history to power a winch to raise water from a well. Turnspit dogs were formerly used to power roasting jacks for roasting meat. Working as a form of biological treatment for the environment. Animals such as Asian carps were imported to the U.S. in 1970s to control algae, weed, and parasite growth in aquatic farms, weeds in canal systems, and as one form of sewage treatment . Animals can be used to detect

112-413: A "distinct legal persona with corresponding rights, duties, and liabilities of a living person" and humans are "loco parentis" while laying out the norms for animal welfare, veterinary treatment, fodder and shelter, e.g. animal drawn carriages must not have more than four humans, and load carrying animals must not be loaded beyond the specified limits and those limits must be halved when animals have to carry

140-748: A tributary of the Susquehanna that terminated on the Allegheny River due Northeast of Pittsburgh in what is now Armstrong County, Pennsylvania at the Native American Kittanning Village (at present-day Kittanning, Pennsylvania ). By the time of the French and Indian War , starting in 1754, Kittanning Village was believed by Europeans to be the largest Native American village in the Ohio Country west of

168-483: Is police dogs and military dogs , which are often afforded additional protections and the same memorial services as human officers and soldiers. India law have provision for the in loco parentis for implementing animal welfare laws. Under the Indian law the non-human entities such as animals, deities, trusts, charitable organizations, corporate, managing bodies, etc. and several other non-human entitles have been given

196-545: Is smell , hence such dogs are also commonly known as 'sniffer dogs'. For this task, dogs may sometimes be used remotely from the suspect item, for example via the Remote Air Sampling for Canine Olfaction (RASCO) system. The defensive and offensive capabilities of animals (such as fangs and claws) can be used to protect or to attack humans. In some jurisdictions, certain working animals are afforded greater legal rights than other animals. One such common example

224-507: Is an animal, usually domesticated , that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks instead of being slaughtered to harvest animal products . Some are used for their physical strength (e.g. oxen and draft horses ) or for transportation (e.g. riding horses and camels ), while others are service animals trained to execute certain specialized tasks (e.g. hunting and guide dogs , messenger pigeons , and fishing cormorants ). They may also be used for milking or herding . Some, at

252-807: Is as draft animals, harnessed singly or in teams , to pull sleds , wheeled vehicles or ploughs . Assorted wild animals have, on occasion, been tamed and trained to harness, including zebras and even moose . As some domesticated animals display extremely protective or territorial behavior, certain breeds and species have been utilized to guard people and/or property such as homes , public buildings , businesses , crops , livestock and even venues of criminal activity . Guard animals can either act as alarms to alert their owners of danger or they can be used to actively scare off and/or even attack encroaching intruders or dangerous animals. Well known examples of guard animals include dogs , geese and llamas . Working draught animals may power fixed machinery using

280-600: Is not to be confused with the Kittanning Road, which was built by American rebel forces in 1779 during the Sullivan Expedition . The Kittanning Road followed a more northerly course, running from Kittanning to the site of what is now Olean, New York . The trail has been surveyed by historians through Cambria County. An authentic section of the original trail is preserved near Eckenrode Mill east of Carrolltown. Animal power A working animal

308-641: The French and Indian War and in the post-1780 settlers migrations west of the Mountain as the American Revolution entered its final years. For centuries the Kittanning Path, like the similar Chief Nemacolin's Trail to the south, was the overland route through very tough country for Native American peoples. They included Iroquoian-speaking tribes, such as the Erie , Susquehannock , and

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336-548: The 1750s, this area had been the scene of a fierce raids by Native Americans against white settlement, and a major British retribution campaign. A section of the original path is preserved in northwestern Cambria County . It began southeast of Altoona at Frankstown on the Juniata River . It ran west, crossing the Allegheny Ridge approximately 5 mi (8 km) west of Altoona at Kittanning Gap , later

364-645: The Alleghenies. It was located in an area of Pennsylvania that had been closed to white settlement by the original treaty of William Penn with the Lenape. In an attempt to settle frontier borders and reduce conflict among Indian tribes, the English and Native Americans signed the Treaty of Fort Stanwix after the French and Indian War . It opened some of Pennsylvania west of the Alleghenies to white settlement. In

392-535: The English trader John Hart was granted a license by colonial authorities to trade with the Indians in western Pennsylvania lands, which were then closed to white settlement. Hart established a way station campsite, called Hart's Sleeping Place , near the continental divide in Cambria County. The way station appeared on colonial maps and was used in 1752 by Gov. James Hamilton , and in 1754 by John Harris ,

420-724: The Five Nations of the Iroquois confederacy, as well as the Algonquian-speaking Lenape , Miami , and Siouan Shawnee . Early European explorers and settlers also learned to use the Indian paths to cross the Allegheny Mountains barrier ridge . The path made use of one of the few so-called gaps of the Allegheny that accompanied the feedwater streams draining into the Juniata River ,

448-626: The Middle East; the less common Bactrian camel inhabits central and East Asia; both are used as working animals. On occasion, reindeer , though usually driven, may be ridden. Certain wild animals have been tamed and used for riding, usually for novelty purposes, including the zebra and the ostrich . Some mythical creatures are believed to act as divine mounts, such as garuda in Hinduism (See vahana for divine mounts in Hinduism) and

476-765: The accolade among British colonials as "the Hero of Kittanning" for the raid. He later served as a Major General for the United States in the American Revolutionary War and was elected to the Second Continental Congress . The path was also traveled by early German pioneer Conrad Weiser , who was accompanied by William Franklin , the son of Benjamin Franklin . Weiser recorded the journey in his journal. The Kittanning Path

504-454: The end of their working lives, may also be used for meat or leather . The history of working animals may predate agriculture as dogs were used by hunter-gatherer ancestors; around the world, millions of animals work in relationship with their owners. Domesticated species are often bred for different uses and conditions, especially horses and working dogs . Working animals are usually raised on farms , though some are still captured from

532-444: The founder of Harrisburg . The last Native American encampment was recorded at the site in 1781. In the 1750s the path became the raiding route taken by Lenape. Unhappy with a treaty that took away much of their land rights in western Pennsylvania, they raided white settlements in central Pennsylvania. In 1755, the Lenape chief Shingas used the trail to attack British settlements along the Juniata River , returning with captives to

560-435: The headwaters of Two Lick Creek , roughly past Uniontown, Pennsylvania (not the current Uniontown ), Cookport , and Diamondville to U.S. Highway 422 . It followed the approximate present course of the highway west and NNW through Indiana to Shelocta . It crossed into Armstrong County near Elderton and ended at the village of Kittanning on the east bank of the Allegheny. The path was in use as early as 1721. In 1744

588-596: The load up a slope. A court while deciding the Animal Welfare Board of India vs Nagaraja case in 2014 mandated that animals are also entitled to the fundamental right to freedom enshrined in the Article 21 of Constitution of India i.e. right to life, personal liberty and the right to die with dignity ( passive euthanasia ). In another case, a court in Uttarakhand state mandated that animals have

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616-531: The location of the Horseshoe Curve railroad site. The path ran northwest through Cambria County, passing east of Carrolltown . It entered Indiana County approximately 1 mi (1.6 km) south of Cherry Tree at "Canoe Place", the uppermost Native American canoe portage on the West Branch of the Susquehanna . It followed a southwest course, through Yellow Creek State Park , then along

644-697: The presence of pathogens and patients carrying infectious diseases. Dogs and pigs, with a better sense of smell than humans, can assist with gathering by finding valuable products, such as truffles (a very expensive subterranean fungus). The French typically use truffle hogs , while Italians mainly use dogs. Monkeys are trained to pick coconuts from palm trees, a job many human workers consider as too dangerous. Detection dogs , commonly employed by law enforcement authorities, are trained to use their senses to detect illegal drugs , explosives , currency, and contraband electronics such as illicit mobile phones, among other things. The sense most used by detection dogs

672-550: The status of the " legal person " with legal rights and duties, such as to sue and be sued, to own and transfer the property, to pay taxes, etc. In court cases regarding animals, the animals have the status of "legal person" and humans have the legal duty to act as "loco parentis" towards animals welfare like a parent has towards the minor children. In a case of cow-smuggling , the Punjab and Haryana High Court mandated that "entire animal kingdom including avian and aquatic" species has

700-694: The trustworthiness and mild temper of true domesticated working animals. Conversely, not all domesticated animals are working animals. For example, while cats may catch mice, it is an instinctive behavior, not one that can be trained by human intervention. Other domesticated animals, such as sheep or rabbits, may have agricultural uses for meat, hides and wool , but are not suitable for work. Finally, small domestic pets, such as most small birds (other than certain types of pigeon ) are generally incapable of performing work other than providing companionship. Some animals are used due to sheer physical strength in tasks such as ploughing or logging. Such animals are grouped as

728-506: The village of Kittanning. In early August 1756, the Lenape used the path for a raid to burn Fort Granville near present-day Lewistown , when they also took prisoners. After the fort was burned, the British dispatched Lt. Colonel John Armstrong for retaliation. He pursued the Lenape along the path and camped at Canoe Place in early September; he continued to the village of Kittanning , which he destroyed on 8 September . Armstrong earned

756-804: The wild, such as dolphins and some Asian elephants . People have found uses for a wide variety of abilities in animals, and even industrialized societies use many animals for work. People use the strength of horses, elephants, and oxen to pull carts and move loads. Police forces use dogs for finding illegal substances and assisting in apprehending wanted persons, others use dogs to find game or search for missing or trapped people. People use various animals— camels , donkeys , horses, dogs, etc.—for transport, either for riding or to pull wagons and sleds. Other animals, including dogs and monkeys , help disabled people. On rare occasions, wild animals are not only tamed, but trained to perform work—though often solely for novelty or entertainment, as such animals tend to lack

784-641: The winged horse Pegasus in Greek mythology . Pack animals may be of the same species as mounts or harness animals, though animals such as horses , mules , donkeys , reindeer and both types of camel may have individual bloodlines or breeds that have been selectively bred for packing. Additional species are only used to carry loads, including llamas in the Andes . Domesticated cattle and yaks are also used as pack animals. Other species used to carry cargo include dogs and pack goats . An intermediate use

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