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81-638: Kibera ( Kinubi : Forest or Jungle ) is a division and neighbourhood of Nairobi , Kenya , 6.6 kilometres (4.1 mi) from the city centre. Kibera is the largest slum in Nairobi, and the largest urban slum in Africa. The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census reports Kibera's population as 170,070, contrary to previous estimates of one or two million people. Other sources suggest the total Kibera population may be 500,000 to well over 1,000,000 depending on which slums are included in defining Kibera. In 2009,

162-404: A commodity whereas many Europeans colonists did. Ownership of land in the pre-colonial Americas varied from group to group, but many Native American societies had communal and individual land. Some European scholars were also skeptical of land ownership, such as Adam Smith and Henry George . Smith said about landlords, "As soon as the land of any country has all become private property ,

243-460: A CV, VC, V or CVC structure with VC only occurring in initial syllables. Final and initial CC occur only in a few specific examples such as skul which means "school" or sems which means "sun" . Stress can change the meaning of words for example saba means "seven" or "morning" depending on whether the stress is on the first or second syllables respectively. Vowels are often omitted in unstressed, final syllables and sometime even

324-472: A companion book called "Bill Bryson's African Diary", which includes a description of his visit to Kibera. Kibera is the backdrop for the short film Kibera Kid , which featured a cast entirely drawn from residents. It has played in film festivals worldwide including the Berlin Film Festival and won a Student Emmy from Hollywood . Recently, Hot Sun Foundation and Hot Sun Films started

405-455: A hotbed of gang warfare. Political tensions in the nation between the ethnic tribes escalated after the re-election of President Kibaki in 2007. The Nubian community has a Council of Elders who are also the Trustees of its Trust. This Trust now claims all of Kibera. It claims that the extent of their land is over 1,100 acres (4.5 km). It claims that owing to State sanctioned allotments

486-417: A landlord to obtain back the premises. If a landlord is selling a block and a qualifying tenant occupies more than 50%, the tenant should be given the right of first refusal at the asking price to buy the block. As in most jurisdictions the law on rigorous adherence to lease terms on unlawful subletting and assignment can be strictly enforced, resulting in financial and premises loss if broken. Failure to repay

567-649: A locking door. The most common disputes result from either the landlord's failure to provide services or the tenant's failure to pay rent—the former can also lead to the latter. The withholding of rent is justifiable cause for eviction, as often explained in the lease. City ordinances can also play a role in renting policy, such as the rise in source-of-income anti-discrimination ordinances. Tenants unions also affect housing policy when organized politically. In Canada , residential homeowner–tenant disputes are primarily governed by provincial law (not federal law ) regarding property and contracts . Provincial law sets

648-414: A million people. UN-Habitat had released several estimations ranging between 350,000 and 1 million people. These statistics mainly come out of analysis of aerial pictures of the area. IRIN estimated a population density of 2000 residents per hectare. In 2008 an independent team of researchers began a door-by-door survey named "Map Kibera Project" with the aim to map physical and socio-demographic features of

729-504: A new leasehold estate must be registered. These are governed by few of the above rules and are in longer examples deliberately more akin to full ownership than tenancies, in general. They seldom require a sizeable ground rent . The law has not regulated hefty break/resale charges nor does it prevent the sale of leasehold houses; in the 2010s certain of these proposals have been widely consulted upon and are being drafted. Broadly, legislation allows such lessees (tenants) to club together to gain

810-507: A number of forms of housing were made illegal by the government. The new ruling affected Kibera on the basis of land tenure, rendering it an unauthorised settlement. Despite this, people continued to live there, and by the early 1970s landlords were renting out their properties in Kibera to significantly greater numbers of tenants than were permitted by law. The tenants, who are highly impoverished , cannot afford to rent legal housing, finding

891-512: A registered third party (such as certain realty agents) may be permissible. A deposit is normally by law to be offset against arrears (rent deficits) and damage by or failures to clean/repair by the tenant. In the United Kingdom the owner and/or manager of a pub (public house) is usually called the "landlord/landlady" or " publican ", the latter properly the appellation of a Roman public contractor or tax farmer . In more formal situations,

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972-411: A relative attractive if low in many markets for a tenant, it is rarely debated in pre-tenancy term negotiations. In some jurisdictions either or both are banned in the original sense. Instead, a landlord's loss of rent/comprehensive damage insurance may be factored into the rent demanded and/or a special type of deposit, a regulated sum of money as a bond (protected security deposit) from the tenant held by

1053-429: A rent demand, unlike residential, can result in direct landlord's repossession ("peaceable re-entry") through a commercial landlord's right to the use of "self-help" evictions. The taking of a tenant's goods without a court-issued warrant (flowing from a court order or outstanding tax demand) ( distress ) has been banned. The concept of land ownership is not universal. Many Native American tribes did not view land as

1134-425: A single Atlanta zip code, up to 90% of the houses sold between January 2011 and June 2012 were purchased by instituitional investors. Corporate landlords are able to buy foreclosed houses and rent the house back to the original owner. Another form of corporate monopolization and housing are company towns , where one corporation owns the vast majority of housing and businesses. Since these corporations employ most of

1215-524: A survey conducted by the French Institute for Research in Africa found that the average Kibera slum resident lives in extreme poverty, earning less than US$ 2 per day. Unemployment rates are high. 12% of the population are living with HIV. Cases of assault and rape are common. There are few schools, and most people cannot afford education for their children. Clean water is scarce. Diseases caused by poor hygiene are prevalent. A great majority living in

1296-484: A unit the law does not regard it as a single household having more than three tenants, is subject to enhanced regulations including the Housing Act 2004 . A council-issued licence to be a landlord of such a unit is always required in some local authorities (in others, limited to the larger statutory examples). Tenancies above a couple of years are normally called leases and tend to be lengthy; if more than seven years

1377-735: Is almost unheard of), which is always included in the lease agreement (preferably for both sides in writing). It should be one of the primary factors a tenant considers before moving in. The incentive is to obtain a good rental yield (profit) and prospect of property price inflation. The disincentives are the locally varying rights of tenants and duties of landlords in repair/maintenance and administration — and keynote risks (tenant disputes, damage, neglect, loss of rent, insurance unavailability/disputes, economic slump, increased rate of interest on any mortgage, and negative equity or loss of investment). Net income (yield) and capital growth from letting (renting out) particularly in leveraged buy to let ,

1458-450: Is an adverb while baara means "the outside" and is a noun, and also where saara meaning "bewitch" is compared to sara meaning "herd, cattle". Despite this, there is a tendency for vowels in stressed syllables to be registered as long vowels. Each of the vowels has multiple allophones and the exact sound of the vowel depends on the surrounding consonants. Speakers may use Standard Arabic phonemes for words for which

1539-598: Is based on the book of the same name by John le Carré . It is mentioned in the music video " World on Fire " by Sarah McLachlan , which profiled the work of Carolina for Kibera , a grassroots organisation named a Hero of Global Health in 2005 by Time magazine. Robert Neuwirth devotes a chapter of his book Shadow Cities to Kibera and calls it a squatter community, predicting that places like Kibera, Sultanbeyli in Istanbul , Turkey, and Dharavi in Mumbai , India, are

1620-632: Is in southwest Nairobi , 6.6 kilometres (4.1 mi) from the city centre. Much of its southern border is bounded by the Nairobi river and the Nairobi Dam, an artificial lake that used to provide drinking water to the residents of the city, but now there are two main pipes going into Kibera. Kibera is divided into thirteen villages and two estates, including Kianda , Soweto East , Gatwekera , Kisumu Ndogo , Lindi , Laini Saba , Siranga , Makina , Salama, Ayany and Mashimoni . Kibera's morphology

1701-486: Is largely governed by many of the Landlord and Tenant Acts , in particular the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 which sets bare minimum standards in tenants' rights against their landlords. Another key statute is the Housing Act 2004 . Rents can be freely increased at the end of a usual six-month duration, on proper notice given to the tenant. A Possession Order under the most common type, the assured shorthold tenancy (AST)

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1782-539: Is located, was founded in 1899 when the Uganda Railway line was built, thereby creating a need for its headquarters and British colonial offices. The colonial administration intended to keep Nairobi as a home for Europeans and temporary migrant workers from Africa and Asia. The migrant workers were brought into Nairobi on short-term contracts, as indentured labour, to work in the service sector, as railway manual labour and to fill lower-level administrative posts in

1863-460: Is subject to idiosyncratic risk , which is considered objectively intensified for a highly leveraged investor limited to a small number of similar profile homes, of narrow rental market appeal in areas lacking economic resilience. A landlord or their agent can decide to collect a security deposit (and/or in some jurisdictions such as parts of the US, a move-in/administration fee). A barrier if high and

1944-577: Is the vocational PCEA Emmanuel Technical Training Centre, offering self-employment skills to the residents and the Tunapanda Institute , offering free courses on technology, design and business skills. Several other local youth organisations, like the football (soccer) team the Kibera Black Stars, are also concerned and involved in educational projects. Kibera is one of the most studied slums in Africa, not only because it sits in

2025-407: Is used for landlords who do not initially intend to become a landlord but have a spare property (from inheriting it, moving in with a partner, or unable to sell when moving), and then choose to lease the property instead of selling it. Rental properties can be paid for by the tenant on whatever basis is agreed upon between the landlord and the tenant (more frequently than weekly or less than yearly

2106-419: Is usually obtainable after eight weeks/two months of unpaid rent, and at the court's discretion after serving the tenant with a Section 8 notice (under the Housing Act 1988 as amended) for a lesser period for all assured tenancies, and on other grounds which defer to the landlord's ownership of the property. If the tenancy is an AST then any possession order will not take effect until six months has passed into

2187-452: Is very dynamic. Between 2006 and 2014 a spatiotemporal change of single buildings and building blocks across the areas of Lindi , Mashimoni , Laina Saba and Soweto East was measured (77% rise in number of buildings, density increase by 10%). Yet, its organic structure and pattern (building blocks, pathways), generally remained unchanged. The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census reported Kibera's population as 170,070. The Kibera slum

2268-726: The British colonial administration . It was spoken by about 15,000 people in Uganda in 1991 (according to the census), and an estimated 10,000 in Kenya; another source estimates about 50,000 speakers as of 2001. 90% of the lexicon derives from Arabic , but the grammar has been simplified, as has the sound system. Nairobi has the greatest concentration of Nubi speakers. Nubi has the prefixing, suffixing and compounding processes also present in Arabic. Many Nubi speakers are Kakwa who came from

2349-464: The Right to Manage , and the right to buy the landlord's interest (to collectively enfranchise). It allows them individually to extend their leases for a new, smaller sum ("premium"), which if the tenants have enfranchised will not normally be demanded/recommended every 15–35 years. Notice requirements and forms tend to be strict. In smaller examples the tenant, depending on a simple mathematical division of

2430-477: The Roman Empire . In modern times, "landlord" describes an owner of a property who charges rent to a person. A rental agreement , or lease , is the contract defining such terms as the price paid, penalties for late payments, the length of the rental or lease, and the amount of notice required before either the homeowner or tenant cancels the agreement. In general, responsibilities are given as follows:

2511-425: The tribalism that pervades Kenyan politics, has led to Kibera hosting a number of small ethnic conflicts throughout its century-long history. The Kenyan government owns all the land upon which Kibera stands, though it continues to not officially acknowledge the settlement; no basic services, schools, clinics, running water or lavatories are publicly provided, and the services that do exist are privately owned. Kibera

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2592-576: The Arabic pronunciation has been learned. The retroflex version of the /r/ sound may also occur and some dialects use /l/ in its place. Geminates are very unusual in Nubi. These less common phonemes are shown in brackets. Ineke Wellens gives the following orthography for Nubi where it differs from the IPA symbols: / ʃ / = sh; /t ʃ / = ch; / dʒ / = j; / ɲ / = ny; /w/ = w or u; /j/ = y or i; / θ / = th; / ð / = dh; /x/ = kh; / ħ / = ḥ. Syllables typically have

2673-596: The KAR headquarters along Thika Road. The British colonial government allowed the settlement to grow informally. The Nubians had no claim on land in "Native Reserves" and over time, other tribes moved into the area to rent land from the Nubian landlords. With the increase in railway traffic, Nairobi's economy developed, and an increasing number of rural migrants moved to urban Nairobi in search of wage labour. Kibera and other slums developed throughout Nairobi. Proposals were made in

2754-557: The Kenyan High Court has stated that the government cannot begin demolition works until the case is heard in October but will be able to demolish the homes of people who leave voluntarily before then. The 80 plaintiffs are a mixture of middle-class landlords and Kibera residents, and they claim that the land in Kibera is theirs and hence the government has no right to demolish the shacks. The Nubian community, who have lived on

2835-578: The Kenyan government, which claims ownership of the land on which Kibera stands, began a long-term movement scheme which will rehouse the people who live in slums in Nairobi. The clearance of Kibera was expected to take between two and five years to complete. The entire project was planned to take nine years and to rehouse all the slum residents in the city. The project had the backing of the United Nations and former Prime Minister Raila Odinga , who

2916-570: The Nubian region, first into Equatoria , and from there southwards into Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . They rose to prominence under Ugandan President Idi Amin , who was Kakwa. Jonathan Owens argues that Nubi constitutes a major counterexample to Derek Bickerton 's theories of creole language formation, showing "no more than a chance resemblance to Bickerton's universal creole features" despite fulfilling perfectly

2997-558: The West of Kenya being the primary sources of internal emigration. By 1995 Kibera had become a predominantly Luo slum and Mathare Valley nearby the predominantly Kikuyu slum area. The coincident rise of multi party politics in Kenya has caused the Luo leader and MP for much of Kibera, the parliamentary seat of Langata, Raila Odinga to be known for his ability to bring out a formidable demonstration force instantly. Meanwhile, Mathare Valley has become

3078-450: The actual conditions in which they live. They were: The Economist published an article in 2012 suggesting that Kibera "may be the most entrepreneurial place on the planet" and that "to equate slums with idleness and misery is to misunderstand them". The 2014 novel Bingo's Run by James A. Levine features a 15-year-old from Kibera. The 2015 Netflix series Sense8 features a character named Capheus Onyango, based in Kibera, showing

3159-449: The building, may be able to enfranchise individually. Statute of 1925 implies into nearly all leases (tenancies at low rent and at a premium (fine, initial large sum)) of property that they can be sold (by the lessee, assigned); reducing any restriction to one whereby the landlord may apply standard that is "reasonable" vetting, without causing major delay. This is often known as the "statutory qualified covenant on assignment/alienation". In

3240-447: The centre of the modern city, but also because UN-HABITAT , the United Nations' agency for human settlements, is headquartered close by. Ban Ki-moon visited the settlement within a month of his selection as UN secretary-general. Kibera, as one of the most pronounced slums within Kenya, is undergoing an intensive slum upgrading process. The government, UN-HABITAT and a contingent of NGOs, notably Maji na Ufanisi, are making inroads into

3321-438: The centre of the neighbourhood, providing passengers aboard the train a firsthand view of the slum. Kibera has a railway station, but most residents use buses and matatus to reach the city centre; carjacking , irresponsible driving, and poor traffic law enforcement are chronic issues. Kibera is heavily polluted by human refuse, garbage, soot, dust, and other wastes. The slum is contaminated with human and animal faeces, due to

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3402-579: The children of landlords and others in the catering industry. There are significant associations of landlords in various countries. These associations/societies provide support for their members in facing a range of issues by providing a means of mutual support, and also lobby relevant authorities and parliament with regard to the details and implementation of residential and some commercial tenancy legislation. Numerous landlord associations exist in Australia . These associations should be distinguished from

3483-415: The collapse of nearby poorly constructed ones. The third complicating factor is the unyielding topography and cramped sprawl of the area. Few houses have vehicle access, and many are at the bottoms of steep inclines (which heightens the flooding risk). This means that any construction efforts are made more difficult and costly by the fact that all materials must be brought in by hand. On 16 September 2009

3564-494: The colonial government. Between 1900 and 1940, the colonial government passed a number of laws – such as the 1922 Vagrancy Act – to segregate people, evict, arrest, expel and limit the movement of the natives and indentured workers. Within Nairobi, Africans could live in segregated "native reserves" at the edge of the city. Permits to live in Nairobi were necessary, and these permits separated living areas of non-Europeans by ethnic group. One such group were African soldiers who served

3645-629: The corruption that occurs even at the lowest levels of Kenyan society. Furthermore, Kibera is portrayed in the Austrian 2007 documentary Über Wasser: Menschen und gelbe Kanister . In 2011, the BBC aired a reality show documentary TV program called Rich, Famous and in the Slums about Kibera. The program showed four famous and rich people, after working at the worst jobs available in the slums, moving in with four local impoverished families and getting to meet

3726-497: The expiration of the tenancy, though at the end of the lease term the rental relationship can generally be terminated without giving any reason. Some cities, counties, and states have laws establishing the maximum rent a landlord can charge, known as rent control, or rent regulation , and related eviction . There is also an implied warranty of habitability , whereby a landlord must maintain safe, decent and habitable housing, meeting minimum safety requirements such as smoke detectors and

3807-485: The first film school in the slum, the Kibera Film School . The school teaches the youth from the slum how to make films and tell their stories. In 2009 through 2010, the Kibera Film School and Hot Sun Foundation collaborated on the feature follow-up to Kibera Kid , which is titled Togetherness Supreme . In his documentary Living with Corruption , Sorious Samura stayed with a family in Kibera to film

3888-677: The hardships of a fictional matatu driver there. 1°19′S 36°47′E  /  1.317°S 36.783°E  / -1.317; 36.783 Kinubi language The Nubi language (also called Ki-Nubi , Arabic : كي-نوبي , romanized :  kī-nūbī ) is a Sudanese Arabic -based creole language spoken in Uganda around Bombo , and in Kenya around Kibera , by the Ugandan Nubians , many of whom are descendants of Emin Pasha 's Sudanese soldiers who were settled there by

3969-473: The high medieval period, holding their fief via subinfeudation , but in some cases the land may also be directly subject to a member of higher nobility, as in the royal domain directly owned by a king, or in the Holy Roman Empire imperial villages directly subject to the emperor. The medieval system ultimately continues the system of villas and latifundia (peasant-worked broad farmsteads) of

4050-586: The historical conditions expected to lead to such features. Scholars (Sebit, 2023) have suggested that the Nubi Language was the main factors of unity among the Nubi community in east Africa, to survive the hardship they got from different community components. There are five vowels in Nubi. Vowels are not distinguished by length except in at least two exceptions from Kenyan Nubi (which are not present in Ugandan dialects) where bara means "outside" and

4131-481: The homeowner is responsible for making repairs and performing property maintenance, and the tenant is responsible for keeping the property clean and safe. Many owners hire a property management company to take care of all the details of renting their property out to a tenant. This usually includes advertising the property and showing it to prospective tenants, negotiating and preparing the written leases or license agreements, and then, once rented, collecting rent from

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4212-516: The initial tenancy. A tenancy of someone who has been in occupation since before 15 January 1989 usually, if not a shorthold from the outset following their inception from 1980 onwards, may be a " regulated tenancy " with many more rights, especially under the Rent Act 1977 and Protection from Eviction Act 1977 , introduced by the Third Wilson ministry . Each house in multiple occupation ,

4293-615: The land area is now reduced to 780 acres (3.2 km). The Government does not accept their claims but its rehousing program envisions a land extent around 300 acres (1.2 km) for the claimed Nubian settlement. Neither side has left any room for negotiation from this position. Presently, Kibera's residents represent all the major Kenyan ethnic backgrounds, with some areas being specifically dominated by peoples of one ethno-linguistic group. Many new residents come from rural areas with chronic underdevelopment and overpopulation issues. The multi-ethnic nature of Kibera's population, combined with

4374-431: The land for nearly 100 years, are also disappointed with the scheme, and one elder has said that the present housing should be improved instead. The project has also come under fire from urban planners who say that it risks repeating the mistakes of previous schemes, when poor families either shared two-room apartments with one or two other families to pay the rent, or sublet them to middle-class families and moved back into

4455-481: The landlords—like all other men—love to reap where they never sowed, and demand a rent even for their land’s natural product." George believed land belonged to everyone and supported a public tax on economic rent , which he believed would be so profitable that all other taxes would be abolished. Another common criticism of landlords is the tendency for monopolization . Without regulation, corporations are able to use their purchasing power to buy up housing stock. In

4536-705: The late 1920s to demolish and relocate Kibera, as it was within the zone of European residential holdings; however, the residents objected to these proposals. The colonial government considered proposals to reorganise Kibera, and the Kenya Land Commission heard a number of cases which referred to the "Kibera problem". By then, Kibera was not the only slum. A 1931 Colonial Report noted the segregated nature of housing in Nairobi and other Kenyan towns, with housing for Europeans reported as good, and widespread prevalence of slum property for Africans and other non-European migrants. After Kenya became independent in 1963,

4617-630: The leading government schools in the country. Other government (public) schools in Kibera include Kibera Primary School (also called Old Kibera), Ayany Primary School and Toi Primary School. Facing the Future School (FaFu), as well as several church-owned and privately owned schools are also in the area. Notable Secondary schools include PCEA Silanga High School , owned by the Presbyterian Church of East Africa , Raila Educational centre, and Olympic Secondary School, among others. There

4698-445: The meaning of "good and substantial repair". Implied principles include "non-derogation from grant" and "quiet enjoyment". All businesses which are tenants (lessees) must decide whether to contract in or outside of Part II of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 which gives them "business security of tenure". If not, it generally applies by default. This "security of tenure" is expressly subject to common reasons and associated mechanisms for

4779-541: The military interests of the British colonial army, and their assigned area developed into a slum, now known as Kibera. Kibera originated as a settlement in the forests at the outskirts of Nairobi, when Nubian soldiers returning from service with the King's African Rifles (KAR) were allocated plots of land there in return for their efforts in 1904. Kibera was situated on the KAR military exercise grounds in close proximity to

4860-502: The open sewage system and the frequent use of " flying toilets ". The lack of sanitation combined with poor nutrition among residents accounts for many illnesses and diseases. The Umande Trust, a local NGO, is building communal toilets that generate methane gas ( biogas ) for local residents. A community radio station, Pamoja FM , advocates not only upgrading Kibera slum but also all the slums in Nairobi. Kibera Journal has existed since November 2006. The paper covers issues affecting

4941-404: The overall diminishing domain of social housing , exceptionally, lessees widely acquire over time the Right to Buy for a fixed discount on the market price of the home. In commercial property much of the law, especially as to disputes and basic responsibilities, is based on freedom of contract of the common law including the implied terms of precedent decisions of wide-ranging case law such as

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5022-451: The people of Kibera, and it has played an important role in training the youth in basic journalism skills that they use to cover issues in their communities. Most education centres in Kibera are classified as informal, but various initiatives have been underway to add schools. Some start as babycare centres, which later develop into schools. Most are not regulated by the government. Some of the notable schools are Olympic Primary School, one of

5103-455: The possessed, with a particle ta placed in between. In the case of inalienable possession the particle is omitted. Landlord The concept of a landlord may be traced back to the feudal system of manoralism ( seignorialism ), where a landed estate is owned by a Lord of the Manor ( mesne lords ), usually members of the lower nobility which came to form the rank of knights in

5184-443: The property. The terms "slumlord", "slum landlord", or "ghetto landlord" is used to describe landlords of large numbers of such properties, often holding a virtual local monopoly. Public improvement or major private investment can improve such areas. In extreme situations, government compulsory purchase powers in many countries enable slum clearance to replace or renovate the worst of neighbourhoods. The term 'accidental landlord'

5265-409: The prototypes of the cities of tomorrow. Among other things, Neuwirth points out that such cities should be reconsidered and not viewed merely as slums, because many locals were drawn to them while escaping far worse conditions in rural areas. Michael Holman's 2005 novel Last Orders at Harrods is based on a fictional version of the slum, called Kireba . Bill Bryson visited Africa for CARE and wrote

5346-529: The rates offered in Kibera to be comparatively affordable. The number of residents in Kibera has increased accordingly despite its unauthorised nature. By 1974, members of the Kikuyu tribe predominated the population of Kibera, and had gained control over administrative positions, which were kept through political patronage. A shift in Kenyan demographics has taken place since then, with the Luo and Luhya tribes from

5427-462: The remnants of their homes until repairs can be made, to protect the raw materials from would-be thieves. The second is the lack of building foundations. The ground in much of Kibera is literally composed of refuse and rubbish. Dwellings are often constructed atop this unstable ground, and therefore many structures collapse whenever the slum experiences flooding, which it does regularly. This means that even well-constructed buildings are often damaged by

5508-465: The requirements for eviction of a tenant. Generally, there are a limited number of reasons for which a landlord can evict a tenant. Some provinces have laws establishing the maximum rent a landlord can charge, known as rent control, or rent regulation , and related eviction . There is also an implied warranty of habitability , whereby a landlord must maintain safe, decent and habitable housing, meeting minimum safety requirements. Private sector renting

5589-442: The residents of the town, they are able to raise rent and lower wages during a recession . Renters (tenants or other licensees) at the lowest end of the payment scale may be in social or economic difficulty and suffer significant social stigma as a consequence. Due to lack of alternative options, such renters are often the victims of unscrupulous owners of unsafe and decrepit properties who neglect their responsibility to maintain

5670-428: The settlements in an attempt to facelift the housing and sanitary conditions. There are three significant complicating factors to construction or upgrade within Kibera. The first is the rate of petty and serious crime. Building materials cannot be left unattended for long at any time because there is a very high chance of them being stolen. It is not uncommon for owners of storm-damaged dwellings to have to camp on top of

5751-527: The slum lack access to basic services, including electricity, running water, and medical care. The government initiated a clearance programme to replace the slum with a residential district of high-rise apartments, and to relocate the residents to these new buildings upon completion. The neighbourhood is divided into a number of villages, including Kianda , Soweto East , Gatwekera , Kisumu Ndogo , Lindi , Laini Saba , Silanga , Makina , Salama , Ayany , and Mashimoni . The city of Nairobi, where Kibera

5832-530: The slum. A trained team of locals, after having developed an ad-hoc surveying methodology, has so far gathered census data of over 15,000 people and completed the mapping of 5000 structures, services (public toilets, schools), and infrastructures (drainage system, water and electricity supply) in the village of Kianda . On the basis of data collected in Kianda, the Map Kibera Project team estimated that

5913-492: The slums. Workers earning a minimum wage in Kenya make less than US$ 2 per day. There is also controversy over the timing of the project, with the first phase, rehousing 7,500 people, being delayed by five years and one government official stating that if the project continues at the current pace it will take 1,178 years to complete. Kibera is featured in Fernando Meirelles 's film The Constant Gardener , which

5994-477: The stressed final "u" in the passive form may be deleted after "m", "n", "l", "f" or "b". This can cause syllables to be realigned even across words. Nouns are inflected by number only (taking a singular or plural form) although for most nouns this does not represent a morphological change. Jonathan Owens gives 5 broad inflectional categories of nouns: The table below shows examples of each type of pluralisation. The apostrophe has been placed before

6075-400: The stressed syllable: Pluralisation Nuswan may be supplemented by a suffix as if it were type 3, thus, nuswana could also mean "women". Adjectives follow the noun and some adjectives have singular and plural forms which must agree with the noun. Adjectives may also take the prefixes al , ali , ab or abu which mark them as habitual . Possessor nouns follow

6156-490: The tenant and performing repairs as needed. In the United States , residential homeowner–tenant disputes are primarily governed by state law (not federal law ) regarding property and contracts . State law and, in some places, city law or county law, sets the requirements for eviction of a tenant. Generally, there are a limited number of reasons for which a landlord or landlady can evict his or her tenant before

6237-786: The term used is licensed victualler or simply "licensee". The Licensed Trade Charity , formed in 2004 from the merger of the Society of Licensed Victuallers and Licensed Victualler's National Homes, exists to serve the retirement needs of Britain's pub landlords. The charity also runs three private schools in Ascot and Reading in Berkshire and Sayers Common in Sussex . As well as having normal full fee paying students, Licensed Victuallers' School in Ascot provides discounted education prices for

6318-561: The whole Kibera slum could be inhabited by a total population ranging from 235,000 to a maximum of 270,000 people, dramatically scaling down all previous figures. The breakdown of ethnic groups inhabiting Kibera and their gender-specific representation is Luo : 34.9% (male), 35.4% (female); Luyia : 26.5% (male), 32.5% (female); Nubian : 11.6% (male), 9.1% (female); Kikuyu : 7.9% (male), 6.4% (female); Kamba : 7.5% (male), 10.3% (female); Kisii : 6.4% (male), 2.2% (female); Other: 5.2% (male), 4.1% (female) The Uganda Railway Line passes through

6399-502: Was previously thought to be one of the biggest informal urban settlements in the world. Several actors had provided and published over the years growing estimations of the size of its population, most of them stating that it was the largest slum in Africa with the number of people there reaching over 1 million. According to Mike Davis, a well known expert on urban slums, Kibera had a population of about 800,000 people. The International Housing Coalition (IHC) made an estimate of more than half

6480-452: Was the area MP, and was expected to cost $ 1.2 billion. The new communities were planned to include schools, markets, playgrounds and other facilities. The first batch of around 1,500 people to leave the slum were taken away by truck on 16 September 2009 from 6:30 am local time and were rehoused in 300 newly constructed apartments with a monthly rent of around $ 10. The project start was postponed several times when Prime Minister Odinga

6561-403: Was unavailable to oversee the first day. He was joined on the first day by Housing Minister Soita Shitanda and his assistant Margaret Wanjiru , with all three helping residents to load their belongings onto the trucks. Also present were several dozen armed police officers to oversee the arrangements and to deter any resistance. The process has been legally challenged by more than 80 people, and

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