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27-437: When historian Leonid Makhnovets published a modern Ukrainian translation of the entire Hypatian Codex in 1989, he remarked: 'The history of the creation of this early-14th-century chronicle [compilation] is a very complex problem. Equally complex is the question of when and how each part of the chronicle appeared. There is a vast literature on this subject, different views are expressed, and discussions are ongoing'. Among

54-472: A closely related copy may have been present or known in the city of Kiev in the early 1620s, because marginalia in chapter four of Palinodia (1621), which may or may not have been added by author Zacharias Kopystensky himself, mentions a "chronicle of Nestor". Although the word нестера ("of Nestor"?) in the opening lines of the Khlebnikov Codex is known to be a later interpolation because it

81-781: A copy of the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle (GVC), for which it is considered a more reliable source text than the textual witness found in the Hypatian Codex . While the 1843, 1908 and 1962 editions of the GVC published in the Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles (PSRL) and the 1871 Archaeographical Commission edition were still primarily based on the Hypatian text and only included Khlebnikov for variant readings, A. Klevanov's 1871 Russian paraphrase

108-422: A later reader of his work was familiar with. Several pages from the original Khlebnikov Codex were lost in the 17th century, and a couple of other pages were inserted out of order. To make up for the lost pages, new pages were copied from a different Hypatian -type text, namely folios 130, 131, 182, 224, 225, 332, and 333 (with a filigree dating to 1641–1646); the new folio 182 was unnecessarily copied, because

135-730: A much higher information density than the Primary Chronicle , which describes as many as 258 years in only 283 (actually 286) columns. Nevertheless, at the time, the Kievan Chronicle had received far less attention from scholars than the Primary Chronicle . The text of the Kievan Chronicle shows strong similarities with that of the Suzdal'–Vladimirian Chronicle found in the Laurentian Codex and elsewhere, but also some remarkable differences. Based on

162-461: A people which had been subdued by Yaroslav the Wise , and paid tributed to Kievan Rus' until at least the early 12th century, the Kievan Chronicle narrates about a 1132 campaign in which a Rus' army burnt down Lithuanian settlements, only to be ambushed by Lithuanians on the way back and taking heavy losses. The Kievan Chronicle contains references to the fall of Jerusalem in 1187 and the death of

189-955: A researcher at the Institute of archaeology ( National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ). He researched history of literature and culture of Ukraine, including the period of Kievan Rus . Makhnovets translated and commented The Tale of Igor's Campaign (1970) and the Chronicle Ruthenian after Hypatian Codex (1990), created several detailed indices. Makhnovets is an author and coauthor of 400 works, compiler and editor of publications of Shevchenko Institute of Literature. Makhnovets died on January 19, 1993, in Kyiv , Ukraine . Khlebnikov Codex The Khlebnikov Codex ( Ukrainian : Хлєбниковський список , romanized :  Khljebnykovsʹkyj spysok ; Russian : Хлебниковский список , romanized :  Khlebnikovskiy spisok )

216-500: Is a codex of Rus' chronicles compiled in the 1560s. The Khlebnikov Codex was unexpectedly discovered in the summer of 1809. It is named after one of its previous owners, Pyotr Khlebnikov  [ ru ] ( Russian : Пётр Хлебников ), a merchant from Kolomna , Russia. The codex is currently preserved in the National Library of Russia with registration number "F.IV.230". Boris Kloss (2007) concluded that

243-585: Is not found in any of the other five main textual versions of the Primary Chronicle (PVL), and therefore is not evidence of Nestorian authorship , the Khlebnikov Codex is the oldest-known extant manuscript to claim that a person named "Nestor" wrote it. Therefore, it is possible that the note in Palinodia refers to the Khlebnikov PVL copy or a closely related copy that Kopystensky or

270-544: Is the last information about Roman in the Kievan Chronicle, of which it is an integral part (or more specifically "abrupt-ending" - to which the chronicler perhaps planned to return or possibly even returned, but that fragment never reached us).' Leonid Makhnovets Leonid Yefremovych Makhnovets ( Ukrainian : Леоні́д Єфре́мович Махнове́ць ; 31 May 1919 – 19 January 1993) was a Ukrainian literary critic, historian, archaeologist, interpreter, bibliographer. He

297-531: The Hypatian Codex ' s beginning. Unlike Hypatian ' s second place for Oleg the Wise , however, Khlebnikov appears to assert Olga of Kiev succeeded them, and preceded her own husband Igor of Kiev . The first part of the codex contains the Khlebnikov manuscript (also spelt Xlebnikov , abbreviated Xle , X , Х , or Kh ) which is one of the six main manuscripts preserving

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324-792: The Khlebnikov Codex , the text of the Kievan Chronicle ends in the year 6704 (1196). There is some disagreement amongst scholars whether the entry of the year 6709 (1201), which is not found in the Khlebnikov Codex or the Pogodin text, should be considered the final sentence of the Kievan Chronicle (Perfecky 1973, Heinrich 1977), or the first sentence of the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle (earlier scholars such as Bestuzev-Rjumin, A. Galakhov 1863, and A. Shakhmatov 1908). Perfecky stated: 'I believe that [the entry of 6709] and not Roman's quarrel with his father-in-law Prince Rjurik of Kiev under 1195–96 (Hruševs'kyj, Istorija , p. 2)

351-540: The Primary Chronicle (PVL) which scholars study for the purpose of textual criticism . The Khlebnikov text of the PVL is closely related to the older Hypatian Codex ( c. 1425), with whom it shares a common ancestor. But during the process of transmission, Khlebnikov has been "contaminated" by a Radziwiłł / Academic -type copy. Gippius (2014) considered the Hypatian/Khlebnikov copies to represent

378-513: The "southern, Kievan branch" of the PVL, as opposed to the other four ( Laurentian , Trinity , Radziwiłł , Academic ) being of the " Vladimir-Suzdal branch". The second part of the Khlebnikov Codex contains a copy of the Kievan Chronicle , ending with an entry for the year 6704 (1196), unlike in the Hypatian Codex (Ipatiev), which ends its narrative in the year 6706 (1198). The Khlebnikov Codex ' third part contains

405-547: The 1661 Paterik of the Kievan Caves Monastery, 17th-century writers started to assert that Nestor wrote many of the surviving chronicles of Kievan Rus', including the Primary Chronicle , the Kievan Chronicle and the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle , even though many of the events described therein were situated in the entire 12th and 13th century (long after Nestor's death c. 1114). From

432-470: The 1830s to around 1900, there was fierce academic debate about Nestor's authorship, but the question remained unresolved, and belief in Nestorian authorship had persisted. Lisa Lynn Heinrich (1977) divided the Kievan Chronicle into the following chapters: The Kievan Chronicle is a direction continuation of the text of the Primary Chronicle . The original text of the Kievan Chronicle has been lost;

459-600: The Emperor Frederick Barbarossa on the Third Crusade in 1190, considering the former—and the failure of the crusade—divine punishment for sin and the latter a martyrdom. The (pen)ultimate entry of the Kievan Chronicle is the year 1200 (erroneously named "1199" in the text), which contains a long panegyric praising Rurik Rostislavich (intermittently Grand Prince of Kiev between 1173 and 1210, died 2015), ending with " Amen ". However, in

486-764: The Shevchenko Institute of Literature ( National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ) graduating in 1950. In 1950–1955 he was a researcher at the Shevchenko State Museum, in 1955–72 Makhnovets worked in the Shevchenko Institute of Literature ( National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ) from where he was groundlessly fired. Only an invitation to work at the Harvard University forced the Soviet government of Ukraine allowed him to return to scientific research. In 1975-85 Makhnovets worked as

513-492: The binding paper has a 1756 filigree of the coat of arms of Yaroslavl , the inserted pages carry the watermark of the Mosolov paper factory from the 1750s, and there are 'many notes in black ink concerning the year 1756, partly cut off near the binding. Therefore the binding must have been done soon after the year 1756.' The first two pages of the Khlebnikov Codex contain a regnal list of grand princes of Kiev : 'Herein are

540-427: The entire text was copied by the same scribes. He identified the filigree – variants of a wild boar – with the no. 3661 type dated to 1560 by Edmund Laucevičius  [ lt ] (1967), leading Kloss to the conclusion that 'the main part of the manuscript was written in the 1560s'. Aleksey Shakhmatov (1908) identified the text's language as "southern Rus', with very typical local features". Several notes on

567-790: The final folio's verso confirm the southwestern provenance; one note mentions a certain " logothete Vitolt Maroc of the Moldavian land". This "Vitolt Maroc" ( Romanian : Vitold Mărățeanul ) was identified as the codex' owner, but the next note says Vitold the logothete "stole" this book from "father governor of Ustia" in the town of "Krosnyk". Oleksiy Tolochko (2007) reported that Vitold Maroc served under Constantin Movilă , hospodar (prince) of Moldavia ( r.  1607–1611 ), his brother Jeremiah, Jeremiah's widow in 1615, and Constantin's widow Domna, who lived in Ustia. The Khlebnikov Codex or

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594-536: The first names of the Kievan great princes ruling the Kievan great princes ruling in Kiev up until its conquest by Batyja 's people living in heathenism. In Kiev, the first to begin reigning together were Dinar and Askold, after them came Olga, after Olga Igor, after Igor Sviatoslav, (...)'. There is no mention of a " Rurik "; instead, the list starts with "Dinar and Askold", better known as Askold and Dir , very similar to

621-406: The main players. It contains a historiographical account of the events celebrated in the epic Tale of Igor's Campaign , in which the basic sequence of events is the same. It also contains a passion narrative of the martyrdom of the prince Igor Olgovich in 1147. Jaroslaw Pelenski (1987) pointed out that the Kievan Chronicle has a length of 431 columns , describing a period of about 80 years;

648-479: The original was not lost, but reinserted in the wrong place as folio 186. Shakhmatov discovered that corrections in vermilion ink in the first few pages of the Khlebnikov Codex were based on one of the Tver Compilation copies; Kloss analysed that these corrections could not have been made earlier than the 1640s. Kloss further observed that the bookbinding must have taken place in the late 1750s, as

675-411: The sources used by the anonymous chronicler of the Kievan Chronicle were: There is evidence that a redactor added material from the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle in the 13th century. Because its sources, save for the monastic chronicle, are secular and were probably not written by monks, the Kievan Chronicle is a politico-military narrative of the disintegration of Kievan Rus', in which princes are

702-486: The versions preserved in the Hypatian Codex and Khlebnikov Codex are not copied from each other, but share a common ancestor that has (so far) not been found. The Kievan Chronicle contains 72 announcements of princely deaths, 60 of which are about men who died as princes (84%), and 12 of them are about women who died as princesses (16%). Unlike the Primary Chronicle , in which the Lithuanians were portrayed as

729-594: Was a Doctor of Philological Sciences (1966) and a recipient of the Shevchenko National Prize (1990) for preparation and publishing "Chronicle Ruthenian" (based on Hypatian Codex ). Makhnovets was born on May 31, 1919, in village Ozera , Kiev Governorate , Ukrainian People's Republic (today Bucha Raion , Kyiv Oblast ). After the fourth year at philology faculty of Kyiv University , Makhnovets went to war ( World War II ) therefore he graduated it in 1947. After that Makhnovets entered doctorate at

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