32-784: Coel ( Old Welsh : Coil ), also called Coel Hen ( Coel the Old ) and King Cole , is a figure prominent in Welsh literature and legend since the Middle Ages . Early Welsh tradition knew of a Coel Hen, a c. 4th-century leader in Roman or Sub-Roman Britain and the progenitor of several kingly lines in Yr Hen Ogledd (the Old North), a region of the Brittonic -speaking area of what
64-611: A copy of a text from the 6th or 7th centuries. Words in bold are Latin , not Old Welsh. surexit tutbulc filius liuit ha gener tutri dierchi tir telih haioid ilau elcu filius gelhig haluidt iuguret amgucant pel amtanndi ho diued diprotant gener tutri o guir imguodant ir degion guragon tagc rodesit elcu guetig equs tres uache, tres uache nouidligi namin ir ni be cas igridu dimedichat guetig hit did braut grefiat guetig nis minn tutbulc hai cenetl in ois oisau Tudfwlch son of Llywyd and son-in-law of Tudri arose to claim
96-514: A legendary, or even a mythological, founder" of the dynasties that bear his name rather than a historical figure. It may be the same as the Coel is often named as "Coel Hen", Hen being an epithet meaning "old" (i.e., "Coel the Old"). The genealogies give him an additional epithet or patronym, Godebog (Old Welsh: Guotepauc ), meaning "Protector" or "Shelterer". His name is thus sometimes given as "Coel Godebog" or "Coel Hen Godebog". However, some of
128-680: A lost hagiography of Helena; Antonia Harbus suggests it came instead from oral tradition. Geoffrey's largely legendary Historia Regum Britanniae expands upon Henry's brief mention, listing Coel as a King of the Britons following the reign of King Asclepiodotus . In the Historia , Coel grows upset with Asclepiodotus's handling of the Diocletianic Persecution and begins a rebellion in his duchy of Caer Colun (Colchester). He meets Asclepiodotus in battle and kills him, thus taking
160-472: A mound there before being removed to the church at Coylton. The year was about AD 420. After his death, tradition says that Coel's Northern kingdom was divided between two of his sons, Ceneu and Gorbanian. Old Welsh Old Welsh ( Welsh : Hen Gymraeg ) is the stage of the Welsh language from about 800 AD until the early 12th century when it developed into Middle Welsh . The preceding period, from
192-504: A post he held until his death. In 1952 Morris founded the historical journal Past & Present , which he edited until 1960, and remained chairman of the editorial board until 1972. He was one of the writers, along with A. H. M. Jones and J. R. Martindale , of The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire , a biographical dictionary of the years 284–641, the first volume of which was published in 1971. He also instigated
224-841: A son who becomes the Emperor Constantine the Great, giving a British pedigree to the Roman imperial line. Local tradition came to suggest that Coel was responsible for some of the ancient buildings in Colchester; a public conduit in the High Street was named "King Coel's Pump", the Balkerne Gate in the Roman town walls was known as "King Coel's Castle" and the remains of the Temple of Claudius over which Colchester Castle
256-468: Is now northern England and southern Scotland . Later medieval legend told of a Coel, apparently derived from Coel Hen. He was said to be the father of Saint Helena and through her the grandfather of Roman Emperor Constantine the Great . Other similarly named characters may be confused or conflated with the Welsh Coel. The legendary "King Coel" is sometimes supposed to be the historical basis for
288-865: The Army during the Second World War . After the war, he held a Leon Fellowship at the University of London and a Junior Fellowship at the Warburg Institute . In 1948 he was appointed Lecturer in Ancient History at University College, London . He worked in India in 1968 and 1969 as a lecturer for the Indian University Grants Commission, before returning to UCL to become Senior Lecturer in Ancient History,
320-509: The Battle of Coilsfield . According to Welsh tradition the region of Kyle was named for Coel, and a mound at Coylton in Ayrshire was regarded as his tomb. Projections back from dated individuals suggest that Coel Hen would have lived around AD 350–420, during the time of the Roman departure from Britain . In his book The Age of Arthur , historian John Morris suggested Coel may have been
352-496: The Harleian genealogies list Godebog as Coel's father's name. Geoffrey of Monmouth rendered the name as both Coel and Coillus in his Historia Regum Britanniae . Some modern authors render it as "Cole". The historian Ben Guy has commented that "Coel Hen's role in medieval texts is solely legendary; there is no merit whatsoever in any attempt to assign him some historically significant role in late Roman Britain, as many over
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#1732772928867384-695: The Juvencus Manuscript and in De raris fabulis . Some examples of medieval Welsh poems and prose additionally originate from this period, but are found in later manuscripts; Y Gododdin , for example, is preserved in Middle Welsh . A text in Latin and Old Welsh in the Lichfield Gospels called the "Surrexit Memorandum" is thought to have been written in the early 8th century but may be
416-580: The British were triumphant, while the Scots and Picts starved. Desperate for some relief, however, the enemy advanced an all-or-nothing attack on Coel's stronghold. Coel and his men were taken by surprise, overrun and scattered to the winds. It is said that Coel wandered the unknown countryside until he eventually got caught in a bog at Coilsfield (in Tarbolton , Ayrshire) and drowned. Coel was first buried in
448-575: The Picts and the Scots were not taken in. Coel merely succeeded in pushing the two even closer together, and they began to attack the Brittonic Kingdom of Strathclyde . Coel declared all out war and moved north to expel the invaders. The Picts and Scots fled to the hills ahead of Coel's army, who eventually set up camp at what became Coylton alongside the Water of Coyle (Ayrshire). For a long time,
480-661: The brothers Gwrgi and Peredur ; and Clydno Eiddin , king of Eidyn or Edinburgh . The poem Y Gododdin mentions some enmity between the "Sons of Godebog", possibly a reference to the Coiling, and the heroes who fought for the Gododdin at the Battle of Catraeth . As an ancestor figure, he compares to Dyfnwal Hen , who is likewise attributed with founding kingly lines in the Hen Ogledd. Hector Boece and Ayrshire folklore both state that Coel and his entire army perished in
512-559: The city was actually known as Colneceaster until the n was dropped in around the 10th century; its name likely comes from the local River Colne . Around the same time, a further development of this legend that King Coel of Colchester was the father of Empress Saint Helena, and therefore the grandfather of Constantine the Great, appeared in Henry of Huntingdon 's Historia Anglorum and Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia Regum Britanniae . The passages are clearly related, even using some of
544-542: The kingship of Britain upon himself. Rome, apparently, is pleased that Britain has a new king, and sends senator Constantius Chlorus to negotiate with him. Afraid of the Romans, Coel meets Constantius and agrees to pay tribute and submit to Roman laws as long as he is allowed to retain the kingship. Constantius agrees to these terms, but Coel dies one month later. Constantius marries Coel's daughter, Helena, and crowns himself as Coel's successor. Helena subsequently gives birth to
576-527: The land of Telych, which was in the hand of Elgu son of Gelli and the tribe of Idwared. They disputed long about it; in the end they disjudge Tudri's son-in-law by law. The goodmen said to each other 'Let us make peace'. Elgu gave afterwards a horse, three cows, three cows newly calved, in order that there might not be hatred between them from the ruling afterwards till the Day of Judgement. Tudfwlch and his kin will not want it for ever and ever. Page 141 (on which
608-610: The last of the Roman Duces Brittanniarum (Dukes of the Britons) who commanded the Roman army in northern Britain, and split his lands among his heirs after his death. However, Morris's book has been widely criticized. It has been suggested that Coel was appointed governor of northern Britain, ruling from Eburacum (York), by Magnus Maximus . In the twelfth century, a story arose claiming that Colchester in Essex
640-482: The other pages in the Lichfield Gospels . This language-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Wales -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to the history of Wales is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . John Morris (historian) John Robert Morris (8 June 1913 – 1 June 1977)
672-429: The period 350–650, when King Arthur (whom Morris accepts as an authentic historical personage) was supposed to have lived. The book is not, however, exclusively about Arthur, but rather about the history of Celtic Britain during that era. The book also includes detailed chapters on Brittany on the grounds that its Celtic population which came from migrations from "Greater Britain" meant that "Little Britain" (Brittany)
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#1732772928867704-761: The popular nursery rhyme " Old King Cole ", but this has been said to be unlikely. Coel's name was rendered "Coil" in Old Welsh . Rare or unique as a Welsh name, its origin has long been seen as uncertain. John T. Koch has argued that it is simply the common noun which in Modern Welsh has the form coel , meaning "belief, credence; confidence, reliance, trust, faith" (and the secondary meaning "omen"), derived from Proto-Celtic * kaylo- "omen" and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *keh 2 ilo- "whole, healthy; blessed with good omen". In Koch's view, "these semantic and etymological aspects allow that Coil could be
736-681: The publication of a new edition of the Domesday Book , and edited the Arthurian Period Sources series. His last book was Londinium : London in the Roman Empire , published posthumously in 1982. Morris was a socialist and anti-war campaigner. He stood unsuccessfully for Parliament in 1935 as a Labour Party candidate, and was for a time secretary to the Labour MP George Strauss . He
768-499: The same words, but it is not clear which version was first. Henry appears to have written the relevant part of the Historia Anglorum before he knew about Geoffrey's work, leading J. S. P. Tatlock and other scholars to conclude that Geoffrey borrowed the passage from Henry, rather than the other way around. The source of the claim is unknown, but may have predated both Henry and Geoffrey. Diana Greenway proposes it came from
800-513: The text is written) also has a Latin memorandum above the Old Welsh text. It appears to hold more text written below the main text, and a mysterious section where text appears to have been erased, both of which are partially overwritten with Old English text. No translations or transcripts have yet been offered for this section. It is unknown why that particular page was used for the glosses, as little or no text appears to have been added to any of
832-592: The time Welsh became distinct from Common Brittonic around 550, has been called "Primitive" or "Archaic Welsh". The phonology of Old Welsh is as follows. The oldest surviving text entirely in Old Welsh is understood to be that on a gravestone now in Tywyn – the Cadfan Stone – thought to date from the 7th century, although more recent scholarship dates it in the 9th century. A key body of Old Welsh text also survives in glosses and marginalia from around 900 in
864-681: The years [...] have fruitlessly attempted to do". Coel Hen appears in the Harleian genealogies and the later pedigrees known as the Bonedd Gwŷr y Gogledd ( The Descent of the Men of the North ) at the progenitor of several post-Roman royal families of the Hen Ogledd . His line, collectively called the Coeling , included such noted figures as Urien , king of Rheged ; Gwallog , perhaps king of Elmet ;
896-639: Was a founder-member of the Committee of 100 , an anti-war group founded by Bertrand Russell in 1960, and was later involved in the Institute for Workers' Control . In 1975 Morris wrote the script "Domesday Republished" for the Look, Stranger BBC-TV series. Morris died on 1 June 1977 in London. The Age of Arthur (1973) was the first attempt by a professional historian to build a picture of Britain during
928-610: Was an English historian who specialised in the study of the institutions of the Roman Empire and the history of Sub-Roman Britain . He is best known for his book The Age of Arthur (1973), which attempted to reconstruct the history of Britain and Ireland during the so-called " Dark Ages " (350–650 AD) following the Roman withdrawal, based on scattered archaeological and historical records. Much of his other work focused on Britain during this time. Morris read modern history at Jesus College, Oxford , from 1932 to 1935, and served in
960-598: Was as much heir to Roman Britannia as were England, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland. Although popular with the public, the book was heavily criticised in professional historical circles, severely damaging Morris's academic reputation in the eyes of many of his peers. David Dumville launched a famously scathing attack on Morris's methodology; and while one of the most influential reviews of the book, by D. P. Kirby and J. E. Caerwyn Williams , described it as "an outwardly impressive piece of scholarship", it went on to argue that this apparent scholarship "crumbles upon inspection into
992-621: Was built were called "King Coel's Palace". There is an old story told in the North about Coel's last campaign. What is now Scotland was originally inhabited by both Brythonic and Pictish tribes. It was during Coel's time that the Scotti tribe began to settle the Western coast around Argyle . Coel, fearing that these Northern peoples would unite against his domain south of Hadrian's Wall , sent raiding parties across his northern border to stir up discord between them. The plan, however, backfired for
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1024-435: Was named after a man called Coel, who was the father of Saint Helena , and therefore the grandfather of Constantine the Great . Though not initially associated with Coel Hen, the two Coels began to be conflated in Welsh scholarship from the fifteenth century. The legend originated from a folk etymology indicating that Colchester was named for Coel (supposedly from "Coel" and " castrum ", producing "fortress of Coel"). However,
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