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32-655: The bridge has a very hilly approach on the north side and crosses over a small island in the creek. It forms a dramatic backdrop to the Rondout-West Strand Historic District in Kingston, to the east. Construction began in 1916, with the intent to replacing the Rondout Creek chain ferry named Skillypot , known for sporadic service. The Skillypot was named after a derivative of a Dutch word for tortoise, schildpad . The bridge

64-608: A glacier transported the stones, then it must have been the Irish Sea Glacier . In support of the glacial erratic theory, researchers reporting in 2015 found no firm evidence of quarrying at Rhosyfelin in the Preselis. However, in such event, one might expect to find other bluestone boulders or slabs near the Stonehenge site, but no such bluestones (apart from fragments) have been found. The archaeological find of

96-794: A number of significant bluestone buildings exist, including the Old Melbourne Gaol , Pentridge Prison , St Patrick's Cathedral , Victoria Barracks , Melbourne Grammar School , Deaf Children Australia and Victorian College for the Deaf , Vision Australia , the Goldsbrough Mort warehouses ( Bourke Street ) and the Timeball Tower at Williamstown , as well as St Mary's Basilica in Geelong . Some examples of other major structures that use bluestone include Princes Bridge ,

128-586: Is located on the shore of Rondout Creek along the southern boundary of the city of Kingston , New York , United States. Formerly Rondout, New York , it is bounded by the creek, Broadway, Hone, Ravine and McEntee streets, an area of 570 acres (2.3 km ) containing 259 buildings, most dating to the 19th century. US 9W and the John T. Loughran Bridge are immediately to the east; the Kingston-Port Ewen Suspension Bridge crosses

160-476: Is a cultural or commercial name for a number of natural dimension or building stone varieties, including: It is unrelated to human-made blue brick . The term "bluestone" in Britain is used in a loose sense to cover all of the "foreign," not intrinsic, stones and rock debris at Stonehenge . It is a "convenience" label rather than a geological term, since at least 46 different rock types are represented. One of

192-648: Is also widely used, and is the main construction material (often with facing of Oamaru stone , a local compact limestone) in many of the notable historic buildings in the southern South Island, most of which were constructed during the financial boom following the Otago gold rush . Prominent structures to use this combination include Otago University Registry Building , Dunedin Law Courts , and Dunedin Railway Station . Similar construction using Timaru bluestone

224-488: Is given attractively coloured surfaces by ferric oxide and other minerals deposited in joints and bedding planes. The slate is laid in masonry with the mineralised surfaces exposed. Bluestone was most popular from about the 1850s to the 1920s, quarried in the Adelaide Hills at Dry Creek , O'Halloran Hill (formerly Tapley's Hill) and Glen Osmond , as well as a number of other places in rural areas. In Tasmania,

256-499: Is known as bluestone is a basalt or olivine basalt. It was one of the favoured building materials during the Victorian Gold Rush period of the 1850s. In Melbourne , it was extracted from quarries throughout the inner northern suburbs, such as Clifton Hill , Brunswick and Coburg , where the quarry used to source the stone for Pentridge Prison is now Coburg Lake. Bluestone was also sourced in many other regions of

288-557: Is of particular value to the economy of Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania . The Starrucca Viaduct , finished in 1848, is an example of Pennsylvania bluestone as a building material. Bluestone is quarried in western New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and eastern New York. It is also quarried in the Canadian Appalachians near Deer Lake in Western Newfoundland. The Pennsylvania Bluestone Association has 105 members,

320-459: Is used extensively in Victoria as railway ballast , as road base , and in making concrete. Combined with bitumen , it is used as a road surfacing material. In South Australia , the name bluestone is given to a form of slate which is much less durable than Victorian bluestone, but was valued for its decorative appearance. The interior of the stone is usually pale grey or beige in colour, but

352-666: The Boscombe Bowmen has been cited in support of the human transport theory. Preseli Bluestone dolerite axe heads have been found around the Preseli Hills as well, indicating that there was a population who knew how to work with the stones, In 2015, researchers claimed that some of the stones at Stonehenge came from Neolithic quarries at Carn Goedog and Craig Rhos-y-felin in the Preseli Hills. The quarrying hypothesis has been hotly disputed by Brian John, Dyfed Elis-Gruffydd and John Downes, whose own detailed research led to

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384-798: The Paleozoic Era , approximately 370 to 345 million years ago. The Catskill Delta was created from runoff from the Acadian Mountains ("Ancestral Appalachians"). This delta ran in a narrow band from southwest to northeast and today provides the bluestone quarried from the Catskill Mountains and Northeastern Pennsylvania . The term "bluestone" is derived from a deep-blue-colored sandstone first found in Ulster County, New York . It can, however, appear in many other hues, mostly shades of grays and browns. Bluestone quarrying

416-472: The Victorian volcanic plains, and used in towns and cities in the state's central and western regions, including Ballarat , Geelong , Kyneton , Port Fairy and Portland . It is still quarried at a number of places around the state. Bluestone is a very hard material and therefore difficult to work, so it was predominantly used for warehouses, miscellaneous walls, and the foundations of buildings. However,

448-699: The adjacent Federation Wharf, and Hawthorn Bridge . Because of its distinctive qualities, post-modern Melbourne buildings have also made use of bluestone for nostalgic reasons. They include the Southgate complex and the promenade in Southbank, Victoria . Bluestone was used extensively as cobblestone , and for kerbs and gutters, many examples of which still exist in Melbourne's smaller city lanes, and 19th-century inner-suburban streets and lanes. Crushed bluestone aggregate , known as "blue metal" (or "bluemetal"),

480-724: The city has recognized it in its ordinances as well. Today, the area is still an active waterfront , although it primarily sees recreational traffic. Many small boutiques and restaurants have opened in the old buildings along the streets; it has become a popular destination for visitors both by land and water. It is located adjacent to the West Strand Historic District , listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. [REDACTED] Media related to Rondout–West Strand Historic District at Wikimedia Commons Bluestone Bluestone

512-464: The conclusion that the so-called quarrying features were all natural, created over a long period of glacial and periglacial landscape change. Further, no independent evidence has ever been found to support the thesis of long overland or sea transport of Preseli bluestones from Wales to Salisbury Plain. There are three distinct building materials called "bluestone" in Australia. In Victoria , what

544-541: The creek from the Hudson River , the area, originally known as Kingston Landing, had always been an ideal location for a harbor. But it was not until the establishment of the Delaware and Hudson Canal in 1828 made it a key junction for coal being shipped from Northeast Pennsylvania and bluestone being quarried from the nearby Catskill Mountains that it was able to fully take advantage of that situation. Rondout

576-577: The creek to the west. The neighborhood is often referred to locally by either of the two names. The name of the Rondout Creek comes from the fort, or redoubt, that was erected near its mouth The Dutch equivalent of the English word redoubt (meaning a fort or stronghold), is reduyt. In the Dutch records of Wildwyck , however, the spelling used to designate this same fort is invariably Ronduyt during

608-553: The earliest period, with the present form rondout (often capitalized) appearing as early as November 22, 1666. Because the spelling of the word was unusual and implied a proper name, the translators, Oppenheim and Versteeg, preserved the original form in their translations instead of giving the English equivalent, as O´Callaghan and Fernow had done. The Dutch word ronduyt is an adjective meaning "frankly" or "positively." The word could also be broken down into its components and translated, literally, "round-out." However, it seems unlikely that

640-584: The inhabitants of Esopus had any special meaning in mind when they corrupted the Dutch word reduyt into ronduyt and rondout. Most likely, this corrupting process merely represented the simplification of a word (reduyt). The Strand (original pronunciation, in Dutch: "strunt"). Strand means, in Dutch, a shore or beach. The street running along the north shore of the Rondout Creek near its mouth has always been called "The Strand," or, more recently, "Strand Street" (East and West). A short, easily navigable distance up

672-431: The major aspects of the Stonehenge "bluestone conundrum" was published in 2008. In 2018 a book devoted specifically to the problem of bluestone provenance and transport concluded that the Stonehenge bluestones are essentially an ill-sorted assemblage of glacial erratics. Much further research into the origin of the bluestones has been published between 2012 and 2022 particularly by geologists Richard Bevins and Rob Ixer. If

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704-542: The most common rocks in the assemblage is known as Preseli Spotted Dolerite—a chemically altered igneous rock containing spots or clusters of secondary minerals replacing plagioclase feldspar . It is a medium grained dark and heavy rock, harder than granite. Preseli bluestone tools, such as axes, have been discovered elsewhere within the British Isles. Many of them appear to have been made in or near Stonehenge, since there are petrographic similarities with some of

736-549: The name bluestone is given to dolerite (diabase), which is a dominant stone variety in the landscape, and used in a variety of building roles. Timaru bluestone (also known as Port Chalmers bluestone) is an attractive building material, used both historically and to the present. It is a grey basalt similar to Victorian bluestone, quarried near Timaru in the South Island. Bluestone from near Kokonga in Central Otago

768-684: The spotted dolerites there. The bluestones at Stonehenge were first used there during the third phase of construction at Stonehenge around 2300 BC. It is assumed that there were about 80 monoliths originally, but this has never been proven since only 43 remain. The stones are estimated to weigh between 2 and 4 tons each. The majority of them are believed to have come from the Preseli Hills , about 250   km (150 miles) away in Wales , either through glaciation ( glacial erratic theory) or through humans organizing their transportation. A summary of

800-555: The trades was opposed by men in the 1920's. Ten thousand people attended the bridge's dedication on November 2, 1921. The bridge was closed on September 25, 2020, for a three-year reconstruction project estimated to cost $ 44.6 million. The final cost of the project was $ 60 million according to Governor Hochul's office. The construction was completed and the bridge was reopened in July 2024. Rondout-West Strand Historic District The Rondout–West Strand Historic District

832-547: The vast majority of them quarriers. The other, lesser known, type of American "bluestone" is a blue-tinted limestone abundant in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia . It is a limestone formed during the Ordovician Period approximately 450 to 500 million years ago, at the bottom of a relatively shallow ocean that covered what is today Rockingham County, Virginia . The limestone that accumulated there

864-437: Was among the engineering staff, acting as Assistant Engineer. Terry & Tench was the contracting company assigned to build the bridge; remaining completion took about a year. Noteworthy was the work of Danish-American master welder Catherine Nelson, employed by Weehawken Welding Company, who welded together the cable splices that made up the longest length of the cable span. While commonplace during World War II, women working in

896-447: Was darker in color than most other limestone deposits because it was in deeper waters exposed to less light. The darker blue color resulted in limestone from this region being dubbed "bluestone" and with two sequences measuring about 10,000 feet (3,000 m) thick, it gives the area one of the largest limestone deposits in the world. The stone eventually fades from a deep blue to a light grey after prolonged exposure to sun and rain. Given

928-471: Was designed by the firms of Holton D. Robinson and John A. Roebling's Sons Company , with Holton D. Robinson, Daniel E. Moran, William Yates listed as chief engineers Construction was hampered by local political and financial difficulties, as well as material shortages caused by entry by the United States into World War I , and was suspended until 1920. When construction resumed, David B. Steinman

960-509: Was such that the neighborhood remained prosperous long after the closing of the canal. But by the 1960s it had, like similar areas in many other American cities, fallen into decay , and it was only when urban renewal and the construction of the bridge led to the demolition of part of the neighborhood that efforts to preserve the remainder were seriously undertaken. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979;

992-669: Was the eastern terminus of the Rondout and Oswego Railroad (later absorbed into the Ulster and Delaware Railroad ), built in the latter 1860s, which took rail cars straight to Rondout Creek. It grew so rapidly that it incorporated as the Village of Rondout in 1849. By 1872 it grew so much more it merged with the then-Town of Kingston to form today's city. By the time the canal closed in 1899, it had acquired buildings in all 19th-century architectural styles. The industrial base established

Kingston–Port Ewen Suspension Bridge - Misplaced Pages Continue

1024-579: Was used for Christchurch Arts Centre . There are two distinct building materials called "bluestone" in the United States, one of which is also found in Canada. Bluestone from Pennsylvania and New York is a sandstone defined as feldspathic greywacke . The sand-sized grains from which bluestone is constituted were deposited in the Catskill Delta during the Middle to Upper Devonian Period of

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