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26-507: Kinematograph Weekly , popularly known as Kine Weekly , was a trade paper catering to the British film industry between 1889 and 1971. The word Kinematograph was derived from the Greek ' Kinumai ', (to move, to be in motion, to go); and, from ' Grapho ', (to write, to inscribe); in the sense of meaning of ' writing ' in light and in motion. Kinematograph Weekly was founded in 1889 as

52-448: A profit for the publication and sales for the advertisers while also providing sales engineering –type advice to the readers, that may inform purchasing and investment decisions. Trade magazines typically contain advertising content centered on the industry in question with little, if any, general-audience advertising. They may also contain industry-specific job notices. For printed publications, some trade magazines operate on

78-412: A subscription business model known as controlled circulation , in which the subscription is free but is restricted only to subscribers determined to be qualified leads . Subscription business model Rather than selling products individually, a subscription offers periodic (daily, weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, semi-annual, yearly/annual, or seasonal) use or access to a product or service , or, in

104-649: A paid subscription model is being favoured by more publishers who see it as a comparatively stable income stream. In the field of academic publishing , the subscription business model means that articles of a specific journal or conference proceedings are only available to subscribers. Subscriptions are typically sold to universities and other higher education institutions and research institutes , though some academic publishers also sell individual subscriptions or access to individual articles. In contrast with other media such as newspapers , subscription fees to academic publishers generally do not go towards supporting

130-440: A perpetual licensing model to a subscription model, known as " software as a service ". This move has significant implications for sales and customer support organizations. Over time, the need to close large deals decreases, resulting in lower sales costs. However, the size of the customer support organization increases so that the paying customers stay happy. Consumers may find subscriptions convenient if they believe they will buy

156-422: A predictable and constant revenue stream from subscribed individuals for the duration of the subscriber's agreement. Not only does this greatly reduce uncertainty and the riskiness of the enterprise, but it often provides payment in advance (as with magazines, and concert tickets), while allowing customers to become greatly attached to using the service and, therefore, more likely to extend by signing an agreement for

182-404: A product regularly and might save money. The customer saves time for repeated delivery of the product or service. Subscriptions which exist to support clubs and organizations call their subscribers "members" and they are given access to a group with similar interests. Subscription pricing can make it easier to pay for expensive items since they can often be paid for over time and thus can make

208-576: A psychological phenomenon may occur when a customer renews a subscription, that may not occur during a one-time transaction: if the buyer is not satisfied with the service, he/she can leave the subscription to expire and find another seller. Because customers may only need or want some of the items received, this can lead to waste and an adverse effect on the environment, depending on the products. Greater volumes of production, greater energy and natural resource consumption , and subsequently greater disposal costs are incurred. Subscription models also create

234-428: A single purchase. In addition, subscription models increase the possibility of vendor lock-in , which can have fatally business-critical implications for a customer if its business depends on the availability of software: For example, without an online connection to a licensing server to verify the licensing status every once in a while, a software under a subscription-model would typically stop functioning or fall back to

260-433: Is important to have full access even to old files for decades). Also, consumers may find repeated payments to be onerous. Subscription models often require or allow the business to gather substantial amounts of information from the customer (such as magazine mailing lists), and this raises issues of privacy . A subscription model may benefit the software buyer if it forces the supplier to improve its product. Accordingly,

286-425: Is limited to paying subscribers. In addition to the freemium model, other subscription pricing variations are gaining traction. For instance, the tiered pricing model is frequently used in software as a service (SaaS) platforms, offering customers different access levels and features based on their subscription tier. This model is particularly effective for tailoring services to customer requirements. Another approach

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312-601: Is the trade press . In 1928, Popular Aviation became the largest aviation trade magazine with a circulation of 100,000. As digital journalism grew in importance, trade magazines started to build their presence on the internet. To retain readership and attract new subscribers, trade magazines usually impose paywall on their websites. Trade publications keep industry members abreast of new developments. In this role, it functions similarly to how academic journals or scientific journals serve their audiences. Trade publications include targeted advertising , which earns

338-494: Is the usage-based pricing model, which calculates charges based on the extent of service or product utilization by the customer. This model is becoming increasingly prevalent, especially in services where customer usage varies significantly. There are different categories of subscriptions: In publishing, the subscription model typically involves a paywall , paysite , or other "toll-access" system (named in opposition to open access ). As revenues from digital advertising diminish,

364-672: The British Cinema History Research Project, based at the University of East Anglia . It is also available at the British Newspaper Archive . Trade paper A trade magazine , also called a trade journal or trade paper (colloquially or disparagingly a trade rag ), is a magazine or newspaper whose target audience is people who work in a particular trade or industry. The collective term for this area of publishing

390-460: The analyst knows who is an active customer and who recently churned. Additional benefits include a higher average customer lifetime value (ACLV) than that of nonrecurring business models, greater customer inertia and a more committed customer base as it transitions from purchase to opt-out decisions, and more potential for upselling and cross-selling other products or services. Some software companies such as Adobe and Autodesk have moved from

416-893: The case of performance-oriented organizations such as opera companies , tickets to the entire run of some set number of (e.g., five to fifteen) scheduled performances for a whole season. Thus, a one-time sale of a product can become a recurring sale and build brand loyalty . Industries that use this model include mail order book sales clubs and music sales clubs, private web mail providers, cable television , satellite television providers with pay television channels, providers with digital catalogs with downloadable music or eBooks, audiobooks, satellite radio , telephone companies , mobile network operators , internet providers, software publishers , websites (e.g., blogging websites), business solutions providers, financial firms, health clubs , lawn mowing and snowplowing services, pharmaceuticals , renting an apartment, property taxes, as well as

442-492: The creation of the content: the scientific articles are written by scientists and reviewed by other scientists as part of their work duties. The publisher does not pay the paper authors and reviewers. In this light, the subscription model has been called undesirable by proponents of the open access movement. Academic publications that use the subscription model are called "closed-access" in opposition to their open-access counterparts. Businesses benefit because they are assured

468-476: The development of the British film and television industries, and are widely studied by researchers. In particular, its published annual polls provide the most complete British box-office records available. A partial online index of issues – covering the period 1955 to the end of the publication in 1971, plus material from the late 1890s, early 1915, 1943 to mid-1945, and January to June 1954 – has been produced by

494-613: The film industry, the Kinematograph Yearbook, Program Diary and Directory . Kinematograph Weekly was owned by the periodical publisher Odhams . Towards the latter part of its run it was published by Odhams' subsidiary Longacre Press . This was the name Odhams had given to Hultons—publisher of Picture Post (the magazine which pioneered photojournalism in the UK) and of the famous Eagle comic among other titles—when it took over that company in 1960. In 1970, Odhams itself

520-426: The functionality of a freemium version, thereby making it impossible (to continue) to use the software in remote places or particularly secure environments without internet access, after the vendor has stopped supporting the version or software, or even has gone out of business leaving the customer without a chance to renew the subscription and access his data or designs maintained with the software (in some businesses it

546-647: The monthly publication Optical Magic Lantern and Photographic Enlarger . In 1907 it was renamed Kinematograph Weekly , containing trade news, advertisements, reviews, exhibition advice, and reports of regional and national meetings of trade organisations such as the Cinematograph Exhibitors' Association and the Kinema Renters' Society. It was first published by pioneering film enthusiast, industrialist and printing entrepreneur E. T. Heron . In 1914 it published its first annual publication for

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572-544: The next period close to when the current agreement expires. In an integrated software solution, for example, the subscription pricing structure is designed so that the revenue stream from the recurring subscriptions is considerably more significant than the revenue from simple one-time purchases. Some subscription schemes (like magazines) also increase sales by not allowing subscribers to accept or reject any specific issue. This reduces customer acquisition costs and allows personalized marketing or database marketing . However,

598-425: The product seem more affordable. On the other hand, most newspaper and magazine-type subscriptions are paid upfront, which may prevent some customers from subscribing. Fixed prices may be an advantage for consumers who frequently use those services. However, it could disadvantage a customer who plans to use the service frequently but later does not. The commitment to paying for a package may have been more expensive than

624-413: The system requires that the business have an accurate, reliable, and timely way to manage and track subscriptions. From a marketing-analyst perspective, the vendor has the added benefit of knowing the number of currently active members since a subscription typically involves a contractual agreement. This so-called 'contractual' setting facilitates customer relationship management to a large extent because

650-482: The traditional newspapers, magazines, and academic journals . Renewal of a subscription may be periodic and activated automatically so that the cost of a new period is automatically paid for by a pre-authorized charge to a credit card or a checking account. A common variation of the model in online games and on websites is the freemium model, in which the first tier of content is free. Still, access to premium features (for example, game power-ups or article archives)

676-469: Was taken over by IPC Specialist and Professional Press Ltd. The title was sold to British and American Film Holdings Ltd in September 1971, which merged it with rival film-trade paper Today's Cinema ; this, in turn, was relaunched in September 1975 as Screen International , which is now owned and published by Media Business Insight. The issues of Kinematograph Weekly provide an invaluable record of

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