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35-526: Kinnauri is the most widely used language in Kinnaur . The languages have seen different nomenclatures in written literature. Kinnauri was mentioned as Kunawaree (Gerard 1842, Cunninham 1844), Kanauri (Konow 1905), Kanawari (Bailey 1909) and Kunawari (Grierson 1909). It is the language of upper caste in lower Kinnaur. It is also spoken in Moorang tehsil and, Ropa and Giabong villages in upper Kinnaur. It

70-623: A semivowel , glide or semiconsonant is a sound that is phonetically similar to a vowel sound but functions as the syllable boundary, rather than as the nucleus of a syllable. Examples of semivowels in English are the consonants y and w in yes and west , respectively. Written / j w / in IPA , y and w are near to the vowels ee and oo in seen and moon, written / iː uː / in IPA . The term glide may alternatively refer to any type of transitional sound, not necessarily

105-510: A semivowel. In the International Phonetic Alphabet , the diacritic attached to non-syllabic vowel letters is an inverted breve placed below the symbol representing the vowel: U+ 032F ◌̯ COMBINING INVERTED BREVE BELOW . When there is no room for the inverted breve under a symbol, it may be written above, using U+ 0311 ◌̑ COMBINING INVERTED BREVE . Before 1989, non-syllabicity

140-413: A semivowel. Semivowels form a subclass of approximants . Although "semivowel" and "approximant" are sometimes treated as synonymous, most authors use the term "semivowel" for a more restricted set; there is no universally agreed-upon definition, and the exact details may vary from author to author. For example, Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) do not consider the labiodental approximant [ʋ] to be

175-468: A separate district on 1 May, 1960. Earlier Kinnaur was a north-eastern segment of the erstwhile Bushahr principality, which had its capital at Kamru . Later, the capital was shifted to Rampur Bushahr . After the fall of the Kannauj Empire , the rulers of Kamru annexed adjoining territories by force and laid the foundation of the state of Bushahr. Kinnaur belonged to it till the dissolution of

210-408: A single segment, and the approximant-vowel sequence is analyzed as two separate segments. In addition to phonological justifications for the distinction (such as the diphthong alternating with /e/ in singular-plural pairs), there are phonetic differences between the pair: Although a phonological parallel exists between /o̯a/ and /wa/ , the production and perception of phonetic contrasts between

245-430: A third category of "spirant approximant", contrasting both with semivowel approximants and with fricatives. Though the spirant approximant is more constricted (having a lower F2 amplitude), longer, and unspecified for rounding ( viuda [ˈb ju ða] 'widow' vs. ayuda [aˈ ʝʷu ða] 'help'), the distributional overlap is limited. The spirant approximant can only appear in the syllable onset (including word-initially, where

280-457: Is Shimla Airport that is connected with all the major cities. Kinnaur does not have any railway service commuting directly to the place. One can reach Shimla that is connected by a narrow-gauge railway line from Kalka. Connected by National Highway 05 Kinnaur can be easily reached via Shimla . Busses run by Himachal Road Transport Corporation ply from Shimla to different parts of Kinnaur. Glide consonant In phonetics and phonology ,

315-512: Is a Sino-Tibetan dialect cluster centered on the Kinnaur district of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh . Kaike , once thought to be Kinnauri, is closer to Tamangic . Bhoti Kinnauri and Tukpa (locally called Chhoyuli) are Bodish ( Lahauli–Spiti ). Kinnaur has nearly ten linguistic varieties, with Kinnauri being the major language. Ethnologue lists the following locations for Kinnauri proper and related languages. Kinnauri

350-489: Is also the main language in schools, colleges, government offices, market place, banks and more such domains. Younger generation is exposed to entertainment media like movies, music, mobile phone, newspapers etc., in Hindi. Kinnauri songs beings produced show heavy influence of Hindi. Young learners are encouraged to learn and speak Hindi in order to benefit in education and employment in future. Fluent speakers of Kinnauri are only

385-657: Is one of the smallest districts in India by population. It is known for the Kinnaur Kailash , a mountain sacred to Hindus , close to the Chinese border. According to the 2011 census , Kinnaur district has a population of 84,121. This gives it a ranking of 620th in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 13 inhabitants per square kilometre (34/sq mi). Its population growth rate over

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420-655: Is spoken in Morang tehsil , Kinnaur district , Himachal Pradesh (in Jangi, Lippa, and Asrang villages). These villages have a population of nearly 2600. Sumcho is spoken in Poo tehsil , Kinnaur district , Himachal Pradesh (in Kanam, Labrang, Spilo, Shyaso, Taling, and Rushkaling villages) by a population of 2500. Bhoti Kinnauri is spoken in Poo division of upper Kinnaur . The language shows slight phonemic variations in

455-582: Is spoken in Sunnam village of Poo division in upper Kinnaur . It has a population of about 700. Pahari Kinnauri is an Indo-Aryan language of Kinnaur spoken mainly by the Scheduled Caste community of Nichar, Kalpa, Sangla and Moorang tehsils in Kinnaur. It has a population of 9000. In absence of a detailed sociolinguistic survey on language use, the actual number of fluent speakers of KLs

490-840: Is spoken in the villages from Badhal Rampur Bushahr to Sangla and north along Satluj river to Morang. Mainly the Kinnauri-speaking area is located in lower parts of Kinnaur district in Himachal Pradesh . The estimated population of Kinnauri speaking people is 45,000. Chitkuli Kinnauri is spoken by a thousand people in the Baspa river area of the Sangla valley in Nichar subdivision, Kinnaur district , Himachal Pradesh (in Chitkul and Rakchham villages). Jangshung

525-527: Is uncommon, though rounded [ẅ] (or [w̟] ), equivalent to [ʉ] , is found in Swedish and Norwegian . Semivowels, by definition, contrast with vowels by being non-syllabic. In addition, they are usually shorter than vowels. In languages such as Amharic , Yoruba , and Zuni , semivowels are produced with a narrower constriction in the vocal tract than their corresponding vowels. Nevertheless, semivowels may be phonemically equivalent with vowels. For example,

560-671: Is unknown. The actual number of speakers is much lower than the total population. Census data include native as well as the non native and the migratory workers in the survey. This description is of the Pangi dialect of Kinnauri. Note on palatals : /dʒ/ , /tʃ/ , /tʃʰ/ , and /ʃ/ are post-alveolar. /ɲ/ is alveolo-palatal . Kinnauri has six pairs of long/short vowels: /h/ , aspirated obstruents (i.e. /pʰ/ , /tʰ/ , /ʈʰ/ , /kʰ/ , /t͡sʰ/ , /t͡ʃʰ/ ), and glides (i.e. /w/ , /j/ ) do not occur in syllable codas . All consonants may occur in onsets and word-medially. Kinnauri has

595-588: Is very low, domains are shifting, Hindi is replacing Kinnauri in most domains, there is lack of literary traditions, government support towards the protection and promotion of Kinnaur language or culture is absent, very little is known about the linguistic structure of the languages in the region. Like other tribal languages, Kinnauri too may lose much of its linguistic characteristics due to lack of proper documentation and government support and community apathy as well. Among urgent measures, Kinnauri languages need community collaborative efforts to document and discuss among

630-567: The Himalaya , where vegetation is sparse and consists primarily of hardy grasses. Alpine species such as juniper , pine , fir , cypress , and rhododendron can be found at elevations between 3,500 and 5,000 metres, primarily in Middle Kinnaur. At lower altitudes, temperate-climate trees are found, including oak , chestnut , maple , birch , alder , magnolia , apple , and apricot . Yaks and dzos are reared by local farmers in

665-512: The 2011 census, 72% of the population in the district spoke or knew native languages of Kinnaur, 16.65% Hindi and 7.03% Nepali as their first language. Although, Hindi is fast emerging as the language of choice in most domains, especially the young speakers, due to the demands of modernity which has threatened the native languages. Most of Kinnaur enjoys a temperate climate due to its high elevation, with long winters from October to May, and short summers from June to September. The lower parts of

700-406: The English word fly can be considered either as an open syllable ending in a diphthong [flaɪ̯] or as a closed syllable ending in a consonant [flaj] . It is unusual for a language to contrast a semivowel and a diphthong containing an equivalent vowel, but Romanian contrasts the diphthong /e̯a/ with /ja/ , a perceptually similar approximant-vowel sequence. The diphthong is analyzed as

735-679: The Sutlej Valley and the Baspa Valley receive monsoon rains. The Baspa valley receives highest rainfall in July month. The upper areas of the valleys fall mainly in the rain-shadow area. These areas are considered to be arid regions, similar to the climate of Tibet and Central Asian countries. A study by the IIT Delhi in 2016 established that Kinnaur district has the cleanest air in the country Portions of Kinnaur are situated high in

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770-543: The decade 2001-2011 was 7.61%. Kinnaur has a sex ratio of 819 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 80%. The entire population was rural. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 17.53% and 57.95% of the population respectively. Languages of Kinnaur district (2011) Kannaura people speak about eight language varieties, seven from Sino-Tibetan language family; Kinnauri, Chitkuli, Sumcho, Jangrami, Poo Kinnauri, Sunam, Nesang and one from an Indo-Aryan language family, called Pahari Kinnauri. Also see At

805-407: The elders or the mid aged people who have little exposure to the outer world or are still unaffected by the modernity. But whether the next generation will inherit the cultural knowledge or the legacy of ancestors is doubted. From UNESCO factors study, all languages in Kinnaur region are definitely endangered, inter-generational transmission is unsafe, number of speakers using Kinnauri as first language

840-490: The following types of syllables : Word order in Kinnari is SOV , it is a postpositional language, it shows agreement in person number features, adjective precedes head in the noun phrase, modifiers precede the head noun, causative occurs after main verb, marker of comparison follows the standard of comparison, negatives are pre-verbal, auxiliary follows the main verb, anaphor follows the antecedent and main clause precedes

875-483: The high point 3038 meters, along the boundaries of Shimla and Kinnaur to Srikhand Dhar via  Gushu Pishu Peak, up to Kokshane Peak. The flora includes kharsu, oak, weeping fig , alpine, chir pine , Himalayan temperate forest, coniferous and dry broad leaved coniferous. The fauna of Rupi Bhaba Wildlife Sanctuary includes snow leopard , brown bear , Himalayan tahr , blue sheep , Indian fox, and musk deer . No direct flight commute to Kinnaur. The nearest airport

910-670: The higher areas. Scattered populations of the Himalayan black bear and small ponies may also be found. Rupi Bhaba Wildlife Sanctuary is spread over an expanse of 503 sq.km. of Rupi Bhaba, Kinnaur. In 1982, a 239 sq. km. portion of the Bushahr state forests was declared the Rupi Bhaba Wildlife Sanctuary. To the north, it covers main Srikhand Dhar, starting from Kokshane Peak. To the east, it covers

945-526: The locals, scholars, linguists and researchers. Kinnaur Around 235 km (146 mi) from the state capital, Shimla, Kinnaur is located in the northeast corner of Himachal Pradesh, bordering Tibet to the east. It has three high mountain ranges, namely Zanskar and the Himalayas , that enclose the valleys of Baspa , Satluj , Bhaba and Spiti , as well as their tributaries. The slopes are covered with thick wood, orchards, fields and hamlets. At

980-523: The peak of Kinnaur Kailash mountain is a natural rock Shivling (Shiva lingam ). The district was opened to outsiders in 1989. The old Hindustan-Tibet Road passes through the Kinnaur valley along the bank of river Sutlej and finally enters Tibet at Shipki La pass. Kinnaur is the second richest district in terms of per capita income after Solan in Himachal Pradesh. Kinnaur was a part of erstwhile Chini Tehsil of Mahasu district. It became

1015-475: The ridge line from high points 5567 meters, on the main Srikhand mountain range, heading south, diving first Nichar from Murang Tehsil then Kalpa Tehsil till the point on the ridge line of Mukim Dhar up to peak 5496 meters. To the south, it meanders through Listrang Gad, Khosyan, Angyar Ghat, Wanger Khad, Soling Dhar, Saknatpa PF, Kandarn Khad, Shorang Khad, and Bara Kamba etc.   To the west, starting from

1050-488: The semivowel never appears). The two overlap in distribution after /l/ and /n/ : enyesar [ẽɲ ɟʝ eˈsaɾ] ('to plaster') aniego [ãˈn j eɣo] ('flood') and although there is dialectal and idiolectal variation, speakers may also exhibit other near-minimal pairs like ab ye cto ('abject') vs. ab ie rto ('opened'). One potential minimal pair (depending on dialect) is ya visto [ (ɟ)ʝa ˈβisto] ('already seen') vs. y ha visto [ ja ˈβisto] ('and he has seen'). Again, it

1085-555: The state after independence of India. In the absence of authentic historical records the early history of the Kinnaur region is obscure and the reference of the Kinnaur or Kannaura and their land is by and large confined to legends and mythological accounts. Kinnaur also has historical cultural links with Ngari Prefecture of the Tibetan Autonomous Region . With a mountainous area, ranging in altitude from 2,320 to 6,816 metres (7,612 to 22,362 ft), Kinnaur

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1120-515: The subordinate clause. It exhibits some exceptions in SOV language features. SOV language should have preposed genitives and adjective should follow noun. But Kinnauri has postpositional genitive and the adjective precedes the noun. The language does not have a script. It is an oral language Kinnaura people are bilinguals who speak Hindi along with their mother tongue. Hindi is the main lingua franca for people from different language groups in Kinnaur. It

1155-476: The two is much weaker, likely because of lower lexical load for /wa/ , which is limited largely to loanwords from French , and speakers' difficulty in maintaining contrasts between two back rounded semivowels in comparison to front ones. According to the standard definitions, semivowels (such as [j] ) contrast with fricatives (such as [ʝ] ) in that fricatives produce turbulence, but semivowels do not. In discussing Spanish , Martínez Celdrán suggests setting up

1190-564: The valley. Main varieties are spoken in Poo Hangrang and Nako villages. It is a generic Tibetan language spoken by nearly 7000 people. Chhoyuli is a Tibetic language spoken in Nesang and Kunnu Charan villages of Poo division in upper Kinnaur . It has a population of around 700. The language is considered a variety of Bhoti Kinnauri but is shows enough characteristics to stand as an independent language. Sunnami language

1225-481: Was represented by U+ 0306 ◌̆ COMBINING BREVE , which now stands for extra-shortness . Additionally, there are dedicated symbols for four semivowels that correspond to the four close cardinal vowel sounds: In addition, some authors consider the rhotic approximants [ ɹ ] , [ ɻ ] to be semivowels corresponding to R-colored vowels such as [ ɚ ] . An unrounded central semivowel, [j̈] (or [j˗] ), equivalent to [ɨ] ,

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