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39-569: Klyuchevskaya appeared 7,000 years ago. Its first recorded eruption occurred in 1697, and it has been almost continuously active ever since, as have many of its neighboring volcanoes. It was first climbed in 1788 by Daniel Gauss and two other members of the Billings Expedition . No other ascents were recorded until 1931, when several climbers were killed by flying lava on the descent. As similar dangers still exist today, few ascents are made. Klyuchevskaya Sopka has erupted 110 times during

78-453: A fall at about 4,000 meters. Another four, including a guide, died on the mountainside afterwards. A rescue helicopter managed to land at 1,663 meters at the fourth attempt, bringing rescuers who faced a two-day climb to reach a volcanologists' hut at 3,300 meters where the three survivors were sheltering. Joseph Billings Joseph Billings ( c. 1758 – 1806) was an English navigator, hydrographer and explorer who spent

117-489: A hazard to navigation such as rocks, shoals , reefs and other features that obstruct ship passage. Bottom measurements also include collection of the nature of the bottom as it pertains to effective anchoring. Unlike oceanography, hydrography will include shore features, natural and manmade, that aid in navigation. Therefore, a hydrographic survey may include the accurate positions and representations of hills , mountains and even lights and towers that will aid in fixing

156-708: A major magma supply load off of Klyuchevskaya Sopka. On 25 January 2013, the volcano had a weak Strombolian eruption that stopped the following day. During January 2013, all volcanoes in the eastern part of Kamchatka—Bezymianny, Karymsky, Kizimen, Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Shiveluch, and Tolbachik—erupted, with the exception of Kamen . On 15 August 2013, the volcano had another weak Strombolian eruption with some slight lava flow that put on an excellent fireworks display before stopping on 21 August 2013, when Gorely Volcano woke up and started erupting again in relief of Klyuchevskaya Sopka. On 12 October, Klyuchevskaya Sopka had another three days of on-and-off eruptions with anomalies and

195-552: A news article, a warning to aircraft was issued for the area around the volcanoes. Video showed gas-and-steam activity, and satellite images detected a daily weak thermal anomaly. On 9 December, the Alert Level was lowered to Green when the eruptions abruptly stopped. On 2 January 2015, after a one-year period of inactivity, the volcano had a Strombolian eruption which stopped on 16 January 2015. Minor eruptions resumed on 10 March 2015 and stopped on 24 March 2015. On 27 August 2015,

234-421: A preference for multi-use surveys, so that the same data collected for nautical charting purposes can also be used for bathymetric portrayal. Even though, in places, hydrographic survey data may be collected in sufficient detail to portray bottom topography in some areas, hydrographic charts only show depth information relevant for safe navigation and should not be considered as a product that accurately portrays

273-621: A remit to gather and distribute charts to HM Ships. Within a year existing charts from the previous two centuries had been collated, and the first catalog published. The first chart produced under the direction of the Admiralty , was a chart of Quiberon Bay in Brittany , and it appeared in 1800. Under Captain Thomas Hurd the department received its first professional guidelines, and the first catalogs were published and made available to

312-640: A sectional flow rate of moving water through a section and or current. Uncrewed Surface Vessels (USVs) and are commonly used for hydrographic surveys - they are often equipped with some sort of sonar. Single-beam echosounders, multibeam echosounders , and side scan sonars are all frequently used in hydrographic applications. The knowledge gained from these surveys aid in disaster planning, port and harbor maintenance, and various other coastal planning activities. Hydrographic services in most countries are carried out by specialized hydrographic offices . The international coordination of hydrographic efforts lies with

351-488: A ship's position, as well as the physical aspects of the sea and seabed. Hydrography, mostly for reasons of safety, adopted a number of conventions that have affected its portrayal of the data on nautical charts. For example, hydrographic charts are designed to portray what is safe for navigation, and therefore will usually tend to maintain least depths and occasionally de-emphasize the actual submarine topography that would be portrayed on bathymetric charts . The former are

390-516: A short ash plume, possibly indicating Strombolian and weak Vulcanian activity. An explosion from a new cinder cone low on Kliuchevskoi's southwest flank occurred on 12 October. An ash plume rose to altitudes of 6–7 km (20,000–23,000 ft), and drifted eastward. The eruptions weakened and paused by 16 October 2013. On 19 November, a strong explosion occurred, and observers reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 10–12 km (33,000–39,000 ft) and drifted southeast. The Aviation Color Code

429-496: Is more commonly called hydrometry or hydrology . Hydrography of rivers and streams is also an integral part of water management. Most reservoirs in the United States use dedicated stream gauging and rating tables to determine inflows into the reservoir and outflows to irrigation districts, water municipalities and other users of captured water. River/stream hydrographers use handheld and bank mounted devices, to capture

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468-686: The Chukchi Peninsula in Eastern Siberia , the west coast of Alaska , and the Aleutian Islands . Members of the expedition landed on Kodiak Island and made an examination of the islands and mainlands of Prince William Sound . Additionally, the expedition compiled a census of the native population of the Aleutian Islands and reported to the crown stories of abuse by the Russian fur traders ( promyshlenniki ). After

507-760: The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug was named after him. Billings Glacier on Passage Peak in Alaska was named after him in 1908. Hydrography Hydrography is the branch of applied sciences which deals with the measurement and description of the physical features of oceans , seas , coastal areas , lakes and rivers , as well as with the prediction of their change over time, for the primary purpose of safety of navigation and in support of all other marine activities, including economic development, security and defense, scientific research, and environmental protection. The origins of hydrography lay in

546-599: The Holocene Epoch. Beginning in early January 2007, Klyuchevskaya Sopka began another eruption cycle. Students from the University of Alaska Fairbanks and scientists of the Alaska Volcano Observatory traveled to Kamchatka in the spring to monitor the eruption. On 28 June 2007, the volcano began to experience the largest explosions so far recorded in this eruption cycle. An ash plume from

585-630: The International Hydrographic Organization . The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office is one of the oldest, supplying a wide range of charts covering the globe to other countries, allied military organizations and the public. In the United States, the hydrographic charting function has been carried out since 1807 by the Office of Coast Survey of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration within

624-422: The mariner 's tools to avoid accident. The latter are best representations of the actual seabed, as in a topographic map, for scientific and other purposes. Trends in hydrographic practice since c. 2003–2005 have led to a narrowing of this difference, with many more hydrographic offices maintaining "best observed" databases, and then making navigationally "safe" products as required. This has been coupled with

663-611: The West Indies without him. With Banks’ help, he was released from prison on 14 January 1783. In 1783 he applied through the Russian ambassador Ivan Matveevich Simolin to enter the Russian navy. In 1785, the Russian government of Catherine the Great commissioned a new expedition in search for the Northeast Passage , led by Joseph Billings, the Russian officer Gavril Sarychev as his deputy and Carl Heinrich Merck as

702-458: The actual shape of the bottom. The soundings selected from the raw source depth data for placement on the nautical chart are selected for safe navigation and are biased to show predominantly the shallowest depths that relate to safe navigation. For instance, if there is a deep area that can not be reached because it is surrounded by shallow water, the deep area may not be shown. The color filled areas that show different ranges of shallow water are not

741-428: The area. A significant eruptive event occurred as part of ongoing activity on 1 November 2023, sending ash as high as 13 km (8.1 mi) above sea level and causing flight delays as far away as Vancouver, BC, on 4–5 November 2023. In September 2022, nine people died while climbing Kluchevskaya Sopka. They were part of a 12-strong group of Russian nationals, which included two guides. Five climbers were killed after

780-578: The ash cloud was reported to have reached an elevation of 6,000 m (19,685 ft). As well, significant thermal anomalies have been reported, and gas-steam plumes extended roughly 50 km (31 mi) to the north-east from the volcano beginning on March 3rd. On 15 October 2012, the volcano had a weak eruption that stopped the following day. A weak thermal eruption occurred on 29 November 2012, then stopped again, as all of its neighboring volcanoes Bezymianny , Karymsky , Kizimen , Shiveluch , and Tolbachik erupted more actively and continuously, taking

819-536: The best data available and will caveat its nature in a caution note or in the legend of the chart. A hydrographic survey is quite different from a bathymetric survey in some important respects, particularly in a bias toward least depths due to the safety requirements of the former and geomorphologic descriptive requirements of the latter. Historically, this could include echosoundings being conducted under settings biased toward least depths, but in modern practice hydrographic surveys typically attempt to best measure

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858-507: The data are interchangeable, but marine hydrographic data will be particularly directed toward marine navigation and safety of that navigation. Marine resource exploration and exploitation is a significant application of hydrography, principally focused on the search for hydrocarbons . Hydrographical measurements include the tidal , current and wave information of physical oceanography. They include bottom measurements, with particular emphasis on those marine geographical features that pose

897-403: The depths observed, with the adjustments for navigational safety being applied after the fact. Hydrography of streams will include information on the stream bed, flows , water quality and surrounding land. Basin or interior hydrography pays special attention to rivers and potable water although if collected data is not for ship navigational uses, and is intended for scientific usage, it

936-581: The entire world, and produced over 130,000 charts annually, of which about half were sold. The word hydrography comes from the Ancient Greek ὕδωρ ( hydor ), "water" and γράφω ( graphō ), "to write". Large-scale hydrography is usually undertaken by national or international organizations which sponsor data collection through precise surveys and publish charts and descriptive material for navigational purposes. The science of oceanography is, in part, an outgrowth of classical hydrography. In many respects

975-495: The equivalent of contours on a topographic map since they are often drawn seaward of the actual shallowest depth portrayed. A bathymetric chart does show marine topology accurately. Details covering the above limitations can be found in Part ;1 of Bowditch's American Practical Navigator . Another concept that affects safe navigation is the sparsity of detailed depth data from high resolution sonar systems. In more remote areas,

1014-449: The eruption reached a height of 10 km (33,000 ft) before drifting eastward, disrupting air traffic between the United States and Asia and causing ashfalls on Alaska's Unimak Island . As early as 27 February 2010, gas plumes had erupted from Klyuchevskaya Sopka, reaching elevations of 7,000 m (22,966 ft). During the first week of March 2010, both explosive ash eruptions and effusive lava eruptions occurred until March 9th;

1053-494: The establishment of the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office , Royal Navy captains were responsible for the provision of their own charts. In practice this meant that ships often sailed with inadequate information for safe navigation, and that when new areas were surveyed, the data rarely reached all those who needed it. The Admiralty appointed Alexander Dalrymple as Hydrographer in 1795, with

1092-456: The expedition's naturalist. Martin Sauer served as secretary and translator. Captains Robert Hall  [ ru ] , Gavril Sarychev , and Christian Bering had leading roles. The expedition operated until 1794. Though considered a failure by some scholars because the expenditures outweighed the results, it nevertheless had a substantial record of achievement. Accurate maps were made of

1131-709: The expedition, Joseph Billings remained with the Imperial Russian Navy . He was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet at his request. From 1797 to 1798, he conducted a hydrographical survey of the Black Sea . He subsequently published an atlas of this work. In November 1799, he retired and settled in Moscow . Billings died in Moscow on 18 June 1806, possibly at the age of 48 years. Cape Billings in

1170-402: The making of charts to aid navigation, by individual mariners as they navigated into new waters. These were usually the private property, even closely held secrets, of individuals who used them for commercial or military advantage. As transoceanic trade and exploration increased, hydrographic surveys started to be carried out as an exercise in their own right, and the commissioning of surveys

1209-527: The most of his career in Russian service. From 1790 to 1794 he commanded a marine expedition that searched for a Northeast Passage and explored the coasts of Alaska and Siberia. Between 1797 and 1798 he conducted a hydrographic survey of the Black Sea. Sources provide conflicting details regarding the early life of Joseph Billing. British records show he was born in 1758 at Turnham Green, Middlesex. Parish church registers confirm his birth on 6 September 1758,

Klyuchevskaya Sopka - Misplaced Pages Continue

1248-502: The only available depth information has been collected with lead lines. This collection method drops a weighted line to the bottom at intervals and records the depth, often from a rowboat or sail boat. There is no data between soundings or between sounding lines to guarantee that there is not a hazard such as a wreck or a coral head waiting there to ruin a sailor's day. Often, the navigation of the collecting boat does not match today's GPS navigational accuracies. The hydrographic chart will use

1287-467: The public and to other nations as well. In 1829, Rear-Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort , as Hydrographer, developed the eponymous Scale , and introduced the first official tide tables in 1833 and the first " Notices to Mariners " in 1834. The Hydrographic Office underwent steady expansion throughout the 19th century; by 1855, the Chart Catalogue listed 1,981 charts giving a definitive coverage over

1326-518: The son of Thomas and Mary Billing. However, according to Russian sources, Billings told associates he was born in Yarmouth , the son of a fisherman of the same name. He worked on coal ships from an early age and later was apprenticed to a watchmaker. His Russian service record, signed by him, indicates he was born in 1761. In 1776, Billings enlisted in the Royal Navy as an able seaman and joined

1365-707: The third and final voyage of James Cook . Billings became an astronomer's assistant, initially aboard HMS  Discovery , and then transferring to HMS  Resolution in September 1779. The expedition explored the North Pacific, visiting Nootka Sound , Alaska, the Bering Sea, and the Kamchatka Peninsula on the east coast of Russia. When they returned to England in October 1780, Billings

1404-477: The volcano had another Strombolian eruption which ended 16 hours later. Kluchevskaya Sopka saw renewed eruption activity beginning in 2019. On 25 October 2019, the volcano had another weak Strombolian eruption which ended some 30 hours later. A volcanic eruption occurred on 9 December 2020. A volcanic eruption started on 20 November 2022. A volcanic eruption started on 22 June 2023. The June eruption follows nearby eruptions on 11 April 2023 in other volcanoes in

1443-451: Was increasingly done by governments and special hydrographic offices. National organizations, particularly navies , realized that the collection, systematization and distribution of this knowledge gave it great organizational and military advantages. Thus were born dedicated national hydrographic organizations for the collection, organization, publication and distribution of hydrography incorporated into charts and sailing directions. Prior to

1482-715: Was promoted to warrant officer. Following his return, Billings served aboard the Conquestador and the Crocodile . In July 1782 he became master's mate on the Resistance , serving Captain James King , who had also served on Cook's last voyage. Billings frequently accompanied King on visits to Joseph Banks , president of the Royal Society. He was imprisoned in 1782 for a debt and the Resistance sailed to

1521-493: Was raised to Red. Later that day, the altitudes of the ash plumes were lower and the eruptions weakened and stopped again. On 7 December, activity at Kliuchevskoi significantly increased, having continued during 29 November – 7 December, prompting KVERT to raise the Alert Level to Red. Ash plumes rose to altitudes of 5.5–6 km (18,000–20,000 ft) above sea level and drifted more than 212 km (132 mi) northeast and over 1,000 km (621 mi) east. According to

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