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77-678: The Kree , briefly known as the Ruul , are an alien race appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . They are native to the planet Hala in the Large Magellanic Cloud , and have a scientifically and technologically advanced militaristic society. The Kree have appeared throughout the Marvel Cinematic Universe , in the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and the films Guardians of

154-402: A pejorative epithet . Ernst Mayr (1904–2005) wrote: It would be ahistorical to ridicule vitalists. When one reads the writings of one of the leading vitalists like Driesch one is forced to agree with him that many of the basic problems of biology simply cannot be solved by a philosophy as that of Descartes, in which the organism is simply considered a machine... The logic of the critique of

231-477: A "sensitive" woman; the fourth produced convulsions, but she calmly swallowed the mesmerized contents of a fifth, believing it to be plain water. The commissioners concluded that "the fluid without imagination is powerless, whereas imagination without the fluid can produce the effects of the fluid." Vitalism has a long history in medical philosophies: many traditional healing practices posited that disease results from some imbalance in vital forces. One example of

308-657: A beautiful garden, the Kree constructed the magnificent Blue City. The Skrulls returned to judge the accomplishments of the groups and return them all to Hala. Once back on their homeworld, the Kree leader Morag learned that the Skrulls had been impressed by the city, but the other Skrulls were more impressed by the Cotati's success. Enraged, the Kree wiped out the Cotati and then, when the Skrull protested, killed them as well and seized

385-418: A billion and there is yet to be any evidence that living organisms emit a unique field. Vitalistic thinking has been identified in the naive biological theories of children: "Recent experimental results show that a majority of preschoolers tend to choose vitalistic explanations as most plausible. Vitalism, together with other forms of intermediate causality, constitute unique causal devices for naive biology as

462-487: A chemical "breathing formula" or artificial life-support devices. The original Kree had blue-colored skin, but a second racial group with pink skin resembling that of human Caucasians emerged over the millennia. The blue-skinned "purebred" Kree have become a small, but powerful, minority. Pink Kree are much more durable than their blue racial brethren. Adult Kree range (typically) between 5 and 8 feet (1.5 and 2.4 m) tall. Some female Kree can physically influence men, and

539-494: A few can even drain the life force of others. Most are born with this ability, but are required to have it surgically 'corrected' upon adulthood. They must undergo this procedure when they are adults in order to avoid 'frying' their brains. It seems that this procedure is analogous to female genital mutilation and it is also called "psychological mutilation" as witnessed with Una-Rogg. Just like humans, some Kree also suffer from various diseases such as Blackgorge, Betath's Plague,

616-524: A field is sometimes explained as electromagnetic, though some advocates also make confused appeals to quantum physics. Joanne Stefanatos states that "The principles of energy medicine originate in quantum physics." Stenger offers several explanations as to why this line of reasoning may be misplaced. He explains that energy exists in discrete packets called quanta. Energy fields are composed of their component parts and so only exist when quanta are present. Therefore, energy fields are not holistic, but are rather

693-549: A galactic empire of their own, this one based on free trade, and they landed on Hala to help the barbaric natives advance to the point where they could join. Although Hala is the official planet of the Kree's origin, for a time, the planet Kree-Lar in the Turunal system served as the capital of the Kree Empire as well as the seat of the government. The Kree Empire is ruled as a militaristic dictatorship. The permanent ruler

770-536: A group of Cotati. Eventually, these Kree began worshipping the Cotati that they had kept sheltered. To further hide and keep them safe, the priests relocated the surviving Cotati throughout the universe. Years later, the Kree, aware that the Skrulls had once created the Cosmic Cube , designed a cybernetic/organic supercomputer called the Supreme Intelligence to help them in creating a Cube. When

847-435: A mechanical explanation violates this central experience". The work of Haldane was an influence on organicism . Haldane stated that a purely mechanist interpretation could not account for the characteristics of life. Haldane wrote a number of books in which he attempted to show the invalidity of both vitalism and mechanist approaches to science. Haldane explained: We must find a different theoretical basis of biology, based on

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924-407: A more general programme describing special reactions that only occur in living organisms. These are irreducibly vital phenomena." Rejecting the claims of Berzelius, Liebig , Traube and others that fermentation resulted from chemical agents or catalysts within cells, Pasteur concluded that fermentation was a "vital action". Hans Driesch (1867–1941) interpreted his experiments as showing that life

1001-491: A pernicious metaphysical doctrine." For many scientists, "vitalist" theories were unsatisfactory "holding positions" on the pathway to mechanistic understanding. In 1967, Francis Crick , the co-discoverer of the structure of DNA , stated "And so to those of you who may be vitalists I would make this prophecy: what everyone believed yesterday, and you believe today, only cranks will believe tomorrow." While many vitalistic theories have in fact been falsified, notably Mesmerism,

1078-435: A pseudo-scientific status. On the other hand, new developments in physics, biology, psychology, and cross-disciplinary fields such as cognitive science, artificial life, and the study of non-linear dynamical systems have focused strongly on the high level 'collective behaviour' of complex systems, which is often said to be truly emergent, and the term is increasingly used to characterize such systems. A popular vitalist theory of

1155-431: A quack "answers" the question of "Why does opium cause sleep?" with "Because of its dormitive virtue (i.e., soporific power)." Thomas Henry Huxley compared vitalism to stating that water is the way it is because of its "aquosity". His grandson Julian Huxley in 1926 compared "vital force" or élan vital to explaining a railroad locomotive's operation by its élan locomotif ("locomotive force"). Another criticism

1232-495: A regulative force must exist within living matter to maintain its functions. Berzelius contended that compounds could be distinguished by whether they required any organisms in their synthesis ( organic compounds ) or whether they did not ( inorganic compounds ). Vitalist chemists predicted that organic materials could not be synthesized from inorganic components, but Friedrich Wöhler synthesised urea from inorganic components in 1828. However, contemporary accounts do not support

1309-830: A similar notion in Africa is the Yoruba concept of ase . In the European tradition founded by Hippocrates , these vital forces were associated with the four temperaments and humours . Multiple Asian traditions posited an imbalance or blocking of qi or prana . Amongst unterritorialized traditions such as religions and arts, forms of vitalism continue to exist as philosophical positions or as memorial tenets. Complementary and alternative medicine therapies include energy therapies , associated with vitalism, especially biofield therapies such as therapeutic touch , Reiki , external qi , chakra healing and SHEN therapy. In these therapies,

1386-717: A strategic beachhead became apparent when the Avengers became involved in the Kree-Skrull hostilities. In the meantime, the Kree were reestablishing cultural ties with the Inhumans. At this point, the Kree hero, Captain Marvel , revealed to the Avengers that the Kree were planning to 'erase' humanity. This scheme was foiled by Mar-Vell and the Avengers. As the war escalated and Earth's position became increasingly precarious,

1463-515: A substance known as Prima Materia, which served to evolve this population from their primitive form. The planet would eventually be visited by another race of beings who would also experiment on its population. A million years ago, a race called the Skrulls came upon Hala. At that time, the Skrulls were a largely peaceful space-faring race, and they set about educating the natives to the point where they could join their trading empire. However, Hala

1540-402: A system of discrete parts that must obey the laws of physics. This also means that energy fields are not instantaneous. These facts of quantum physics place limitations on the infinite, continuous field that is used by some theorists to describe so-called "human energy fields". Stenger continues, explaining that the effects of EM forces have been measured by physicists as accurately as one part in

1617-565: A thousand worlds in the northwestern lobe (Earth reference) of the Greater Magellanic Cloud with outposts in other galaxies. Kree names are usually short, being one or two syllables. Given names are separated from surnames by a hyphen. Examples include Mar-Vell, Yon-Rogg, Una-Rogg, and Zey-Rogg. Some Kree have been given comic book references as names, such as Mar-Vell ( Marvel Comics ), Att-Las ( Atlas Comics ), Dea-Sea ( DC Comics ), and Star-Lyn ( Jim Starlin ). Generally,

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1694-522: A thousand worlds in the northwestern lobe (Earth reference) of the Greater Magellanic Cloud. They are the only race in the galaxy to possess the Omni-Wave Projector technology, a device which can enable communication across hyperspace as well as be used in an offensive capacity as a weapon. They also possess cloaking technology , which they call the 'aura of negativity'. Kree technology includes advanced warp-drive starships, robotics (such as

1771-512: A vitalistic principle existing in all living creatures has roots going back at least to ancient Egypt . In Greek philosophy , the Milesian school proposed natural explanations deduced from materialism and mechanism . However, by the time of Lucretius , this account was supplemented, (for example, by the unpredictable clinamen of Epicurus ), and in Stoic physics , the pneuma assumed

1848-412: Is considered to be the father of epigenesis in embryology , that is, he marks the point when embryonic development began to be described in terms of the proliferation of cells rather than the incarnation of a preformed soul. However, this degree of empirical observation was not matched by a mechanistic philosophy: in his Theoria Generationis (1759), he tried to explain the emergence of the organism by

1925-409: Is not run by physicochemical laws. His main argument was that when one cuts up an embryo after its first division or two, each part grows into a complete adult. Driesch's reputation as an experimental biologist deteriorated as a result of his vitalistic theories, which scientists have seen since his time as pseudoscience. Vitalism is a superseded scientific hypothesis, and the term is sometimes used as

2002-447: Is one of the ideas that form the basis for many pseudoscientific health systems that claim that illnesses are caused by a disturbance or imbalance of the body's vital force." "Vitalists claim to be scientific, but in fact they reject the scientific method with its basic postulates of cause and effect and of provability. They often regard subjective experience to be more valid than objective material reality." Victor Stenger states that

2079-643: Is permanently altered by chemical transformations (such as cooking). As worded by Charles Birch and John B. Cobb , "the claims of the vitalists came to the fore again" in the 18th century: " Georg Ernst Stahl 's followers were active as were others, such as the physician genius Francis Xavier Bichat of the Hotel Dieu." However, "Bichat moved from the tendency typical of the French vitalistic tradition to progressively free himself from metaphysics in order to combine with hypotheses and theories which accorded to

2156-571: Is that vitalists have failed to rule out mechanistic explanations. This is rather obvious in retrospect for organic chemistry and developmental biology , but the criticism goes back at least a century. In 1912, Jacques Loeb published The Mechanistic Conception of Life , in which he described experiments on how a sea urchin could have a pin for its father, as Bertrand Russell put it ( Religion and Science ). He offered this challenge: Loeb addressed vitalism more explicitly: Bechtel states that vitalism "is often viewed as unfalsifiable , and therefore

2233-641: Is to keep member worlds under the empire's watchful eye. The Kree empire is later ruled by Black Bolt and the Inhuman Royal Family who gained power after Ronan the Accuser, ruler of the Kree after the Supreme Intelligence's demise, submitted to him. The Kree language exist in different versions, including at least ancient Imperial Kree and Kreevian. The Kree used as currency the kredits, or credits. The Kree Empire extends across

2310-571: The Sentries and the Destructoids), bionic and cybernetic (Cy-Mek) technology, advanced genetic engineering, psionic technology (Psyche-Magnitron), advanced energy weaponry (Uni-Beam), cosmic power generation, nuclear/antimatter weapons and even dimensional linking and siphoning devices. Across the myriad of realities further advancements of Prime Marvel Universe Kree Tech. has been made in strides. Some Kree inventions have been outlawed, such as

2387-401: The pseudoscientific retention of untested and untestable theories continues to this day. Alan Sokal published an analysis of the wide acceptance among professional nurses of "scientific theories" of spiritual healing. (Pseudoscience and Postmodernism: Antagonists or Fellow-Travelers?). Use of a technique called therapeutic touch was especially reviewed by Sokal, who concluded, "nearly all

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2464-461: The " subtle energy " field of a patient is manipulated by a practitioner. The subtle energy is held to exist beyond the electromagnetic energy produced by the heart and brain. Beverly Rubik describes the biofield as a "complex, dynamic, extremely weak EM field within and around the human body...." The founder of homeopathy , Samuel Hahnemann , promoted an immaterial, vitalistic view of disease: "...they are solely spirit-like (dynamic) derangements of

2541-406: The 18th century was " animal magnetism ", in the theories of Franz Mesmer (1734–1815). However, the use of the (conventional) English term animal magnetism to translate Mesmer's magnétisme animal can be misleading for three reasons: Mesmer's ideas became so influential that King Louis XVI of France appointed two commissions to investigate mesmerism ; one was led by Joseph-Ignace Guillotin ,

2618-454: The Avengers began to understand the scale of the war. They discovered a Skrull fleet wanting to destroy Earth and a Kree fleet wanting to stop them. All sides were determined to either invade or decimate the Earth in order to prevent it falling into the 'wrong' hands. Led by Thor , Iron Man , and The Vision , the Avengers launched an attack on the Skrull flagship, somehow managing to turn back

2695-610: The Galaxy , Captain Marvel and The Marvels . The first on-panel appearance of the Kree was in Fantastic Four #65 (August 1967), and they were created by Jack Kirby and Stan Lee . In their first appearance, the Supreme Intelligence sent Ronan to Earth to investigate what happened to a Kree Sentry, who was destroyed by the Fantastic Four in the previous issue. The Kree made their first major appearances in

2772-480: The Kree have included the Supreme Intelligence, Clumsy Foulup, Nenora, Zarek, Ael-Dan and Dar-Ben, Phae-Dor, Tus-Katt, Morag, Ronan the Accuser , and—most recently— Black Bolt of the Inhumans . The Kree began their empire over a million years ago, within a hundred years of the acquisition of interstellar technology from the Skrulls (at that time, a benevolent people). The Skrulls at the time were attempting to start

2849-586: The Kree. As it turns out, the Kree are in fact of Universal Inhuman stock, the very first of the first of their kind. Unlike a great many races throughout the universe, the Kree were alternated by two races of cosmological abstracts in the likes of the Celestials and the Progenitors, which evolved them from primitives to empire builders. While the Celestials went on to spawn the Kree born Eternals , it

2926-637: The Kree. Through a series of events discussed below during Operation: Galactic Storm and the Destiny War , it arranged for a large number of its people to be irradiated with a Nega-Bomb (killing 90% of the Kree), and then artificially sped up their evolution by means of an artifact called the Forever Crystal . This new brand of evolved Kree, called Ruul , have a grayish skin tone and many shoulder-length tentacles atop their heads. Individuals possess

3003-450: The Skrulls' starship. They then set about deciphering the technology of the starship. When acquiring the technology from the Skrulls, the Kree began to spread throughout the Greater Magellanic Cloud. The Kree launched an attack upon the Skrull empire and the peaceful Skrulls were again forced to become war-like. At the same time, the Cotati on Hala were almost driven to extinction. However, a small handful of pacifist Kree, hid and kept safe

3080-602: The Supreme Intelligence. The conflict between the Kree and Skrull Empire continued in the pages of the third Silver Surfer volume. They returned in the Avengers storyline Operation Galactic Storm , a thematic sequel to Kree–Skrull War, the Kree Empire was at war with the Shi'ar Empire, who were introduced in the Uncanny X-Men . The event introduced the Starforce team. True Kree resemble humans almost exactly, with

3157-544: The Wasting and cancer which they call Blackend. The Kree were an evolutionarily stagnant race. This was due to a single member of the Kree race attempting to gain control of The Crystal of Ultimate Vision. This unnamed Kree found the crystal, but attempted to use it to become akin to a god, with powers as of those of the Phoenix Force . As punishment, the crystal "genetically froze their evolution in place" allowing

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3234-405: The ability to consciously 'will' adaptation of physical form to different environments, affording them controlled metamorphosis, spontaneously developing the ability to breathe underwater, fly, change form or whatever their circumstances require. The females had also lost their ability, since the males now had that ability. The Inhumans later brought to light a long-held secret about the creation of

3311-465: The actions of a vis essentialis (an organizing, formative force). Carl Reichenbach (1788–1869) later developed the theory of Odic force , a form of life-energy that permeates living things. In the 17th century, modern science responded to Newton 's action at a distance and the mechanism of Cartesian dualism with vitalist theories: that whereas the chemical transformations undergone by non-living substances are reversible, so-called "organic" matter

3388-569: The circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, nervous, and sensory systems in a wide variety of animals but explains that the presence of a soul makes each organism an indivisible whole. He claimed that the behaviour of light and sound waves showed that living organisms possessed a life-energy for which physical laws could never fully account. Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) after his famous rebuttal of spontaneous generation , performed several experiments that he felt supported vitalism. According to Bechtel, Pasteur "fitted fermentation into

3465-410: The common belief that vitalism died when Wöhler made urea. This Wöhler Myth , as historian Peter Ramberg called it, originated from a popular history of chemistry published in 1931, which, "ignoring all pretense of historical accuracy, turned Wöhler into a crusader who made attempt after attempt to synthesize a natural product that would refute vitalism and lift the veil of ignorance, until 'one afternoon

3542-536: The computer became functional, it determined that a Cosmic Cube would be too dangerous to construct and refused the Science Council's request. At the beginning of the War, the Kree established a station on Uranus . Through their work, they discovered that sentient life on Earth had genetic potential invested in it by the Celestials . Intrigued, the Kree began to experiment on Earth's homo sapiens . Their goal

3619-443: The constituents. This may be because the properties of the constituents are not fully understood, or because the interactions between the individual constituents are important for the behavior of the system. Whether emergence should be grouped with traditional vitalist concepts is a matter of semantic controversy. According to Emmeche et al. (1997): On the one hand, many scientists and philosophers regard emergence as having only

3696-516: The exception of blue skin, different visual system and "duplicate" of several internal organs. Kree have a higher strength level than that of a human, and require more nitrogen to breathe comfortably. Kree bodies are adapted to environmental characteristics on Hala that are unlike Earth. Hala has higher gravity and a higher concentration of nitrogen in the atmosphere than Earth. Under Earth's lesser gravity, their strength and speed increase. However, they cannot breathe in Earth's atmosphere without using

3773-499: The experiments and summon the Accuser Corps to cleanse the experiments. In its haste, however, the Supreme Intelligence failed to download the full data packet, and five worlds that were seeded escaped the slaughter: Badoon , Centaurians, Dire Wraiths , Kymellians and early humans. The humans test subjects, eventually dubbed the Inhumans , went on to form a society of their own. Later a surveillance robot, Sentry 459 , that

3850-440: The first ongoing series of the Inhumans, in which it is established that ancient Kree experimented on ancient humans which resulted in a superpowered offshoot of humanity. The Kree ultimately abandoned their test subjects, and the Inhumans went on to create their own kingdom far away from humanity. The Kree appear in #18–19 of the first Ms. Marvel run. It was also originally planned that Danvers would be artificially impregnated by

3927-533: The first volume of Captain Marvel , who was introduced as a Kree warrior who is sent to Earth to spy on its inhabitants in Marvel Super-Heroes #12. The following issue would also see the debut of the Yon-Rogg and Carol Danvers a Human/Kree hybrid, who is the seventh and current Captain Marvel . Including Supreme Intelligence, Ronan the Accuser and Doctor Minerva , all of them would feature in

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4004-506: The fleet after a desperate battle. List of fictional extraterrestrials This is a list of lists of fictional extraterrestrial species . A , B , C , D , E , F , G , H , I , J , K , L , M , N , O , P , Q , R , S , T , U , V , W , X , Y , Z Vitalism Vitalism has a long history in medical philosophies: many traditional healing practices posited that disease results from some imbalance in vital forces. The notion that bodily functions are due to

4081-412: The miracle happened'". Between 1833 and 1844, Johannes Peter Müller wrote a book on physiology called Handbuch der Physiologie , which became the leading textbook in the field for much of the nineteenth century. The book showed Müller's commitments to vitalism; he questioned why organic matter differs from inorganic, then proceeded to chemical analyses of the blood and lymph. He describes in detail

4158-403: The observation that all the phenomena concerned tend towards being so coordinated that they express what is normal for an adult organism. By 1931, biologists had "almost unanimously abandoned vitalism as an acknowledged belief." Contemporary science and engineering sometimes describe emergent processes , in which the properties of a system cannot be fully described in terms of the properties of

4235-542: The offspring of officers of the Kree Imperial Militia are immediately conscripted. The Kree population was in excess of 30 billion prior to the nega-bomb detonation. The Kree lost an alleged 98% of their population after the nega-bomb detonated. Although the pink-skinned Kree are in the majority, it is the blue-skinned Kree, such as Ronan, who dominate their society. High population and technological development allow for highly urbanized planets. Most of

4312-544: The only widespread religion being worship of the Supreme Intelligence. A small minority, like the Priests of Pama, practice a pacifist Cotati religion, but this is forbidden (early Captain Marvel stories mentioned an 'idol' called Tam-Borr and a 'fabricated' god named Zo, whom Mar-Vell served between issues 11 and 15). Some are members of the Universal Church of Truth . The Kree Empire extends throughout nearly

4389-684: The organic-destroying robots Null-Trons, corpse revitalizing Mim Units, and the genetic-enhance Psyche-Magnitron. In ultimate comics, they make use of nanomolecular shapeshifting battle armor with advanced genetic tailoring capabilities which can harness thermonuclear to cosmological force as both weaponry and power source. The multiversal traveler Marvel Boy makes use of similar metamorphic technology powered by whats called Kirby Engineering, mechanical works powered through belief and mental interfacing along with shifting liquid metal or self-replicating nanotech. Eons ago, beings of massive power known as Progenitors arrived on Hala, and employed on its population

4466-511: The original Avengers were recalled to active service after a Skrull scouting party managed to abduct Mar-Vell, Quicksilver , and Scarlet Witch and also attempted to destroy the Inhumans' Great Refuge, but failed when the Avengers intervened. During the conflict, the Super-Skrull took his prisoners back to the Skrull home-world, leaving the remaining Avengers to pick up the pieces and reform their tattered forces. The conflict worsened when

4543-549: The original run of Captain Marvel . The Kree were one of the major factions involved in the 1971's Kree–Skrull War storyline, the event ran in the first volume of the Avengers . The storyline established the war between the Kree and Skrulls , it involves other groups like Avengers, the Inhumans , and the Fantastic Four . It included several plotlines interwoven around the return of Mar-Vell. They also featured in

4620-488: The other, led by Benjamin Franklin , included Bailly and Lavoisier . The commissioners learned about Mesmeric theory, and saw its patients fall into fits and trances . In Franklin's garden, a patient was led to each of five trees, one of which had been "mesmerized"; he hugged each in turn to receive the "vital fluid," but fainted at the foot of a 'wrong' one. At Lavoisier's house, four normal cups of water were held before

4697-440: The presence of a "formative drive" ( Bildungstrieb ) in living matter. But he pointed out that this name, like names applied to every other kind of vital power, of itself, explains nothing: it serves merely to designate a peculiar power formed by the combination of the mechanical principle with that which is susceptible of modification. Jöns Jakob Berzelius , one of the early 19th century founders of modern chemistry , argued that

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4774-571: The pseudoscientific systems to be examined in this essay are based philosophically on vitalism" and added that "Mainstream science has rejected vitalism since at least the 1930s, for a plethora of good reasons that have only become stronger with time." Joseph C. Keating, Jr. discusses vitalism's past and present roles in chiropractic and calls vitalism "a form of bio-theology ." He further explains that: Keating views vitalism as incompatible with scientific thinking: Keating also mentions Skinner's viewpoint: According to Williams, "[t]oday, vitalism

4851-595: The rest of creation to pass them by. In an attempt to further their development, some Kree bred with other species, producing the 'pink-skinned' Kree, who are similar in appearance to Caucasian humans . These pinks (also called 'whites') eventually outnumbered the blue-skin Kree, but were far from accepted amongst their brethren; many pink kree were exiled from the homeworld and put into forced labor camps on barren moons by their blue skinned cousins due to prejudice and racism. The Kree value what they consider to be their genetic purity, to such an extent that reproduction outside of

4928-458: The role of logos . Galen believed the lungs draw pneuma from the air, which the blood communicates throughout the body. In Europe, medieval physics was influenced by the idea of pneuma , helping to shape later aether theories . Vitalists included English anatomist Francis Glisson (1597–1677) and the Italian doctor Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694). Caspar Friedrich Wolff (1733–1794)

5005-414: The scientific criteria of physics and chemistry." John Hunter recognised "a 'living principle' in addition to mechanics." Johann Friedrich Blumenbach was influential in establishing epigenesis in the life sciences in 1781 with his publication of Über den Bildungstrieb und das Zeugungsgeschäfte . Blumenbach cut up freshwater Hydra and established that the removed parts would regenerate. He inferred

5082-480: The species is a strict taboo. In the Kree empire, it is a crime for a male non-Kree to impregnate any Kree. The Kree race has produced individual super-humanoid beings, either through natural mutation, genetic engineering, or cyborg technology, including Captain Mar-Vell , Ronan the Accuser , Ultimus , Shatterax , Korath , and others. The Supreme Intelligence attempted to jumpstart the evolutionary process of

5159-509: The spirit-like power (the vital principle) that animates the human body." The view of disease as a dynamic disturbance of the immaterial and dynamic vital force is taught in many homeopathic colleges and constitutes a fundamental principle for many contemporary practising homeopaths. Vitalism has sometimes been criticized as begging the question by inventing a name. Molière had famously parodied this fallacy in Le Malade imaginaire , where

5236-420: The surface of Hala, the origin planet of the civilization, is covered by futuristic city-states, and the second capital planet, Kree-lar, is described as "the most heavily populated world of all". Under the Supreme Intelligence, the Kree Empire was a military dictatorship. Under Clumsy Foulup, the Kree were temporarily a monarchy, and while under Ael-Dan and Dar-Benn they were a military dictatorship. Leaders of

5313-411: The term "bioenergetics" "is applied in biochemistry to refer to the readily measurable exchanges of energy within organisms, and between organisms and the environment, which occur by normal physical and chemical processes. This is not, however, what the new vitalists have in mind. They imagine the bioenergetic field as a holistic living force that goes beyond reductionist physics and chemistry." Such

5390-448: The vitalists was impeccable. Vitalism has become so disreputable a belief in the last fifty years that no biologist alive today would want to be classified as a vitalist. Still, the remnants of vitalist thinking can be found in the work of Alistair Hardy , Sewall Wright , and Charles Birch , who seem to believe in some sort of nonmaterial principle in organisms. Other vitalists included Johannes Reinke and Oscar Hertwig . Reinke used

5467-416: The word neovitalism to describe his work, claiming that it would eventually be verified through experimentation, and that it was an improvement over the other vitalistic theories. The work of Reinke influenced Carl Jung . John Scott Haldane adopted an anti-mechanist approach to biology and an idealist philosophy early on in his career. Haldane saw his work as a vindication of his belief that teleology

5544-413: Was an essential concept in biology. His views became widely known with his first book Mechanism, life and personality in 1913. Haldane borrowed arguments from the vitalists to use against mechanism; however, he was not a vitalist. Haldane treated the organism as fundamental to biology: "we perceive the organism as a self-regulating entity", "every effort to analyze it into components that can be reduced to

5621-517: Was home to two equally intelligent races, the Kree and the Cotati . The Skrulls proposed a test which involved taking members of each race to distant planetoids, with supplies for one year, and then returning at the end to judge what each group had created. The Skrulls took the Cotati to a barren moon and then brought the Kree to Earth's moon where they created the Blue Area . While the Cotati created

5698-432: Was stationed on South Pacific island was eventually awakened by the Fantastic Four and alerted the Kree. This caused Ronan the Accuser to punish those who "murdered" the guard, but the Fantastic Four defeated him. As the war dragged on, the Supreme Intelligence accrued more political power and responsibility until finally it was elected as absolute ruler of the Kree and came to be worshipped. The Earth's importance as

5775-509: Was the Progenitors, a race of universal gardeners and cosmic scientists that made their home at the far end of the cosmos within the heart of a lone star, who through the introduction of the Prima Materia which the Progenitors mine and process on their World Farm called The Primagen, were able to force evolve the cro-magnon Kree race into the cosmic conquerors that they are today. The Kree are an imperialistic and militaristic society with

5852-496: Was the organic computer-construct called the Supremor (or Supreme Intelligence), an immense computer system to which the preserved brains of the greatest intellects of the Kree race have been linked. Aiding the Supreme Intelligence were a number of imperial administrators on Kree-Lar, who are also governors of each of the member worlds, and a vast standing space militia. They also employ powerful automatons called Sentries whose job it

5929-474: Was twofold – to investigate possible ways of circumventing their own evolutionary stagnation, and to create powerful soldiers to use against the Skrulls. However, the Kree abandoned their experiments because the Supreme Intelligence foresaw the experiments leading to the destruction of the Kree. In order to disprove that prophecy, the Intelligence ordered Accuser Huran to murder the scientists responsible for

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