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34-585: The Kreuzer goes back to a Groschen coin minted in Merano in South Tyrol in 1271 (the so-called etscher Kreuzer ). Because of the double cross (German: Kreuz ) on the face of the coin, it was soon given the name Kreuzer . It spread in the 15th and 16th centuries throughout the south of the German-speaking area. The Imperial Coinage Act of 1551 made them the unit for small silver coins. In 1559

68-616: A Thaler or Taler . This began in 1821 in Prussia , where the coin was called the Silbergroschen (Sgr) and was worth 12 pfennigs. Saxony followed in 1840 with the Neugroschen (ngr), also 1 ⁄ 30 of a thaler, but subdivided in 10 (new) pfennigs. Silesia and Bohemia introduced the white groschen ( Weissgroschen ) in 1821 at the same time as Prussia. Frederick William III of Prussia could not yet decide on

102-461: A 1 ⁄ 10 part both of the (West German) Deutsche Mark and the East German mark . The word has lost popularity with the introduction of the euro , although it can still be heard on occasion, especially from older people. The Ukrainian and Belarusian common word for money, hroshi , derives from the word "grosh". In Bulgaria , the grosh ( Cyrillic : грош ) was used as

136-632: A Conventionsthaler , thus valuing the Gulden at 5 ⁄ 12 of a Conventionsthaler . In fact, the southern German states issued coins denominated in Kreuzer Landmünze up to 6 Kreuzer Landmünze (equal to 5 Conventionskreuzer ), but in Conventionskreuzer for higher denominations. The South German Currency Union of 1837 used a system of 60 Kreuzer = 1 Gulden and 1 + 3 ⁄ 4 Gulden = 1 Thaler, with

170-675: A grosso including the grosso of Venice and the Kraków grosz in Poland . Marco Polo referred to the groat in recounts of his travels to East Asia when describing the currencies of the Yuan Empire . His descriptions were based on the conversion of 1 bezant = 20 groats = 133 + 1 ⁄ 3 tornesel . It was after the French silver coin had circulated in England that an English groat

204-418: A colonial issue of 1888. These last coins had the weight further reduced to about 27 grains (1.9 grams ) and were the same diameter as the silver threepenny pieces of the day although thicker. They also had Britannia on the reverse, while all other silver fourpenny pieces since the reign of William and Mary have had a crowned numeral "4" as the reverse, including the silver fourpenny Maundy money coins of

238-475: A currency until the lev was introduced in the 19th century. In Palestine during the British Mandate, a grush was a coin with a hole in it, valued at 1 ⁄ 100 part of a pound (ten mils ). It was named after an Ottoman coin. When the pound was replaced by the lira after Israeli statehood in 1948, the name was transferred to a coin (no longer with a hole) worth 1 ⁄ 100 of

272-418: A dozen denarii . In the German-speaking world, the groschen was usually worth 12 pfennigs; many regional (small) groschen e.g. Neugroschen , Groten (plural: Grote) in northern Germany, English: groat, Mariengroschen , Grösch(e)l were worth between 2½ and 10 pfennigs. The later Kreuzer , a coin worth 4 pfennigs arose from the linguistic abbreviation of the small Kreuzgroschen . The groschen

306-438: A lira (ten perutot, later one agora). The name persisted for a while after the lira was replaced by the shekel in 1980 (one new agora, worth ten old agorot), but it gradually lost its standing as the name of a certain coin. Now it is slang for a very small value. Austria introduced the groschen in 1924 as the subdivision of the schilling . It was restored, along with the schilling , in 1945 and continued in use until

340-638: A record in terms of the devaluation of the Meissen groschen. When this groschen was introduced in March 1393, its value was 23 2 ⁄ 5 of a Rhenish guilder . In 1406, the devaluation of these coins reached its peak: 53 groschen were now equal to 1 Rhenish guilder. The groschen was minted during the Middle Ages in the following areas: Later the tradition of Groschen was dropped in most states while others continued to mint only coins smaller than

374-612: A value of 60 Kreuzer to 1 Gulden had been adopted throughout the southern states of the Holy Roman Empire , but the northern German states declined to join, and used the Groschen instead of the Kreuzer. The Kreuzer in turn was worth about 4.2 Pfennige (pennies). Thus one (golden) gulden was worth 60 Kreuzer or 252 Pfennige. Later currencies adopted a standard relationship of 240 Pfennige = 60 Kreuzer = 1 Gulden. Following

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408-704: Is marked with ME IN AR DVS (for "Meinhard") and a Double Cross ( obverse ), and with DUX TIROL and the Eagle of Tyrol (reverse). In 1328 Emperor Louis IV, the Bavarian , authorised Count Adolf VI of Berg to mint torneses in Wipperfürth . The oldest groschen in the area that is now modern Germany were minted there until 1346. Following the example of the Tours Grossus , the Prague groschen or groš

442-550: Is the (sometimes colloquial) name for various coins , especially a silver coin used in parts of Europe including France , some of the Italian states , England , and various states of the Holy Roman Empire . The word is borrowed from the late Latin description of a tornose , a grossus denarius Turnosus , in English the "thick denarius of Tours ". Groschen was frequently abbreviated in old documents to gl , in which

476-614: The Bohemian groschen from Kuttenberg . The new coin soon inspired other 'mint lords' ( Münzherren ) and was given, not least for reasons of economic necessity, a higher face value in the Early Renaissance period. Upper Italian coins of multiple pfennig value in the High Middle Ages were similarly called Grossini (cf. also Schilling ). The 1286 Tyrolean example (above right) weighs 1.45 grams (22.4 grains), it

510-474: The decimal system in 1955. Groats are still issued in sets of Maundy coinage . In the 1600s and 1700s, chaplains were employed in English Navy ships of war by the captain, and paid out of a groat per month deducted from the wages of the seamen. The Navy's wages did not rise between 1653 and 1797 (see Spithead and Nore mutinies ), during which time the ordinary seaman was paid 19 shillings , as

544-565: The pound sterling or 240 pence was based from the 12th century on a Tower Pound or 5,400 grains (350 g) of sterling or 0.925 fine silver, the English groat or fourpence therefore contained 90 grains (5.8 g) of sterling silver. Later issues became progressively lighter: 72 grains (4.7 g) in 1351 under Edward III , 60 grains (3.9 g) in 1412 under Henry IV , and 48 grains (3.1 g) in 1464 under Edward IV . From 1544 to 1560 (the weight being reduced to 32 grains (2.1 g) in 1559)

578-471: The silver contained in 320 groschen was equal to the weight of a Cologne Mark (233.856 grammes). An exception in relation to the value of thaler coins is the series of 'butterfly coins' ( Schmetterlingsmünzen ) in the Electorate of Saxony . All these coins only show their value in groschen; the usual abbreviation for groschen used in the everyday correspondence being used for the denomination on

612-575: The 13th century, which was the first of this general size to circulate in the Holy Roman Empire and other parts of Europe. The immediate ancestor to the groat was the French gros tournois or groat of Tours , which was known as the groot (Dutch for "great" or "large") in the Netherlands . The name also refers to a range of other European coins such as those of the Italian peninsula known as

646-426: The 24 groschen Hosenbandtaler were also coins of account, which is sometimes not recognized. Following German unification and decimalisation , with 100 pfennigs to the mark , the groschen was replaced by the 10 pfennig coin and groschen remained a nickname for the 10 pfennig coin until the introduction of the euro . For the same reason, the name Sechser (sixer) remained in use regionally for

680-1010: The Kreuzer equal to the old Kreuzer Landmünze . These Kreuzer continued in circulation until decimalization following the unification of Germany in 1871. Austria-Hungary decimalized in 1857, adopting a system of 100 Kreuzer = 1 Austro-Hungarian Florin . 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 florins = 1 Vereinsthaler . The kreuzer was known as krajczár in Hungarian ( krajcár in modern orthography), krejcar in Czech , grajciar in Slovak , krajcar in Slovene and Serbocroatian , creițar or crăițar in Romanian , grajcar in Polish . Groschen Groschen ( German: [ˈɡʁɔʃn̩] ; from Latin : grossus "thick", via Old Czech groš )

714-539: The adoption of the Conventionsthaler in 1754, two distinct Kreuzer came into being. The first, sometimes referred to as the Conventionskreuzer , was worth 1 ⁄ 120 of a Conventionsthaler , valuing the Gulden at half a Conventionsthaler . This was used in Austria-Hungary . However, the states of southern Germany adopted a smaller Kreuzer Landmünze worth 1 ⁄ 144 of

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748-786: The coins. Likewise, the abbreviation for groschen used in the written word was stamped on the Electoral Saxon golden Reichsgulden zu 21 Groschen of 1584. In this case, it was probably intended to express the fact that it is a coin of account ( Rechnungsmünze ). Another special case is the Kipperthaler , on which the value in groschen (or Kreuzer ) is also stamped to circumvent the Imperial Minting Ordinance ( Reichsmünzordnung ). Also interesting are thalers, which were minted in denominations of 28 and 24 groschen without differences in design and size. For example,

782-458: The common name for a 12 pfennig coin. In the 18th century it was used predominantly in the northern states as a coin worth 1 ⁄ 24 of a Reichsthaler (equal to 1 ⁄ 32 of a Conventionsthaler ). In the 19th century, a new currency system was introduced in which the Groschen , often under a new name to distinguish it from the old, was worth 1 ⁄ 30 of

816-583: The consistent introduction of the decimal system. In order to be able to distinguish his new pfennig' from the old ones, they were called Pfenninge . The last German Kurantgroschen (regarding the simple face value) were issued in the Kingdom of Saxony in 1827 and 1828, and in the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1837 based on a monetary standard , the Konventionsfuß , of the state, according to which

850-522: The half- groschen coin, 5 Pfennig s. There is a Beethoven rondo for piano, opus 129 (1795) entitled " Die Wut über den verlorenen Groschen " (literally "The Rage Over the Lost Groschen", but known as " Rage Over a Lost Penny "). In recent times, the name was used by three currencies in circulation: Likewise, in Germany groschen remained a slang term for the 10 pfennig coin, thus

884-508: The introduction of the euro in 2002. Groat (coin) The groat is the traditional name of a defunct English and Irish silver coin worth four pence , and also a Scottish coin which was originally worth fourpence, with later issues being valued at eightpence and one shilling . The name has also been applied to any thick or large coin, such as the Groschen ( grosso ), a silver coin issued by Tyrol in 1271 and Venice in

918-441: The original coin. In Poland for example, from 1526 these included coins of 1 ⁄ 2 grosz , 1 grosz , 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 grosz , 2 grosz , 3 grosz , 4 grosz and 6 grosz . Their weight steadily dropped to 1.8 grams (28 grains) of silver and since 1752 they were replaced by copper coins of the same name. In Germany , the name Groschen (both singular and plural) replaced Schilling as

952-767: The present. Some groats continued to circulate in Scotland until the 20th century. At times in the past, silver twopenny coins have been called "half-groats". The groat ceased to be minted in the United Kingdom in 1856, but in 1888 a special request was made for a colonial variety to be minted for use in British Guiana and the British West Indies . The groat remained in circulation in British Guiana right up until that territory adopted

986-624: The second character was not an L (12th letter of the alphabet), but an abbreviation symbol; later it was written as Gr or g . The name was introduced in 13th-century France as [denarius] grossus , lit. "thick penny ", whence Old French gros , Italian grosso , Middle High German gros(se) , Low German and Dutch grōte and English groat . In the 14th century, it appeared as Old Czech groš , whence Modern German Groschen . Names in other modern languages include: The Arabic, Amharic, Hebrew, Greek and Turkish names for currency denominations in and around

1020-473: The silver fineness was less than sterling, and after the 1561 issue they were not generally issued for circulation again for about a hundred years. From the reigns of Charles II to George III , groats (by now often known as fourpences) were issued on an irregular basis for general circulation, the only years of mintage after 1786 being in 1792, 1795, and 1800. After this the only circulating issues were from 1836 to 1855, with proofs known from 1857 and 1862, and

1054-525: The territories formerly part of the Ottoman Empire derived from the same Italian origin. Names like groschen , grossus/grossi , grosso , grossone , grosz , gros , groš , groat , Groten , garas etc. were used in the Middle Ages for all thick silver coins , as opposed to thin silver coins such as deniers or pennies . Historically it was equal to between several and

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1088-493: Was first introduced into the Holy Roman Empire in 1271 by Duke Meinhard II of Tyrol in Merano . It was originally a solid coin of pure silver , larger than the denarius which was no longer valid. In essence, it took the place of a variety of the older pfennigs , whose silver purity had inflated their value over the centuries. According to one source, the city of Trier is said to have struck groschen-like, thick pfennigs as early as 1104, which were then followed in 1300 by

1122-402: Was first minted under King Edward I . Scottish groats were not issued until the reign of David II . Scots groats were originally also worth fourpence, but later issues were valued at eightpence and a shilling . Irish groats were minted first in 1425 and the last ones were minted under the reign of Elizabeth I of England . There were also two more issues, both emergency coinage. Since

1156-787: Was minted in Kuttenberg and, around 1338/1339, the Meissen groschen in Freiberg 's National Mint in the Margraviate of Meissen . Both coins gained national importance and had a strong influence on German coinage. Groschen valued at 12 pfennigs were common. The Polish groschen or grosz was worth only half as much – 6 pfennigs – and was commonly used in Silesia as a grosch(e)l or gresch(e)l worth just 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 3 pfennigs. The 'prince's groschen' ( Fürstengroschen ) set

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