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30-499: Kuringgai (also spelled Ku-ring-gai , Kuring-gai , Guringai , Kuriggai ) ( IPA: [kuriŋɡai] ,) is an ethnonym referring to an Indigenous Australian people who once occupied the territory between the southern borders of the Gamilaraay and the area around Sydney, and a historical people with its own distinctive language, located in part of that territory. In 1892, ethnologist John Fraser edited and republished

60-621: A Dialect of the Aborigines of New South Wales in 1827 was the earliest attempt at exhibiting the structure of an Australian language. Threlkeld's work was greatly expanded by John Fraser and republished in 1892 as An Australian language as spoken by the Awabakal, the people of Awaba or Lake Macquarie (near Newcastle, New South Wales) being an account of their language, traditions and customs / by L.E. Threlkeld; re-arranged, condensed and edited with an appendix by John Fraser . It contained

90-416: A compound word related to origin or usage. A polito-ethnonym indicates that name originated from the political affiliation, like when the polysemic term Austrians is sometimes used more specifically for native, German speaking inhabitants of Austria , who have their own endonyms. A topo-ethnonym refers to the ethnonym derived from a toponym (name of a geographical locality, placename), like when

120-545: A dialect of a larger language, variations of which were spoken by many other tribes in New South Wales, and, in order to define this perceived language block he coined the word Kurriggai/Kuringgai: we have now come to know that this dialect was essentially the same as that spoken by the sub-tribes occupying the land where Sydney now stands, and that they all formed parts of one great tribe, the Kuriggai. Fraser lists

150-660: A feminine/masculine distinction in the first person . They mark verbs for person, number, case and voice . The " ergative " enclitcs imply an active transitive situation and the " accusative " implies a passive intransitive situation. There are three true pronouns which could be called a nominative or topic case. There are only found at the beginning of an independent clause. These pronominals are found in ergative, accusative, dative and possessive cases. There are 3 degrees. They are declined for 10 cases. Here too, there are 3 degrees. These terms indicate place. They decline for 13 cases. The default verbative voice of Awabakal verbs

180-524: A grammar and vocabulary as well as much new material by Fraser, and helped to popularise the name "Awabakal" for the language grouping more broadly referred to as the Hunter River-Lake Macquarie language. The language is currently being revived. A new orthography and reconstruction of the phonology has been undertaken. To date, several publications have been produced including "A grammar for the Awabakal language", "An introduction to

210-509: A greater evolution; older terms such as colored carried negative connotations and have been replaced by modern-day equivalents such as Black or African American . Other ethnonyms such as Negro have a different status. The term was considered acceptable in its use by activists such as Martin Luther King Jr. in the 1960s, but other activists took a different perspective. In discussing an address in 1960 by Elijah Muhammad , it

240-589: A number of placenames and institutions in New South Wales. Ethnonym For example, the dominant ethnic group of Germany is the Germans. The ethnonym Germans is a Latin -derived exonym used in the English language, but the Germans call themselves Deutsche , an endonym. The German people are identified by a variety of exonyms across Europe, such as Allemands ( French ), tedeschi ( Italian ), tyskar ( Swedish ) and Niemcy ( Polish ). As

270-709: A number of tribes to the north of his assumed Kuriggai language family: the Gamilaraay and their sub-tribes, the Ualarai and Weilwan . In the text accompanying his map, he states: The next great tribe is the Kuringgai on the sea coast. Their taurai (hunting ground or territory) is known to extend north to the Macleay River , and I found that southwards it reached the Hawkesbury . then after, by examining

300-671: A sub-field of anthroponymy , the study of ethnonyms is called ethnonymy or ethnonymics. Ethnonyms should not be confused with demonyms , which designate all the people of a geographic territory, regardless of ethnic or linguistic divisions within its population. Numerous ethnonyms can apply to the same ethnic or racial group, with various levels of recognition, acceptance and use. The State Library of South Australia contemplated this issue when considering Library of Congress headings for literature pertaining to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people . Some 20 different ethnonyms were considered as potential Library of Congress headings, but it

330-678: Is a Pama–Nyungan language, most closely related to the Worimi language , within the Yuin–Kuric group of Pama–Nyungan. Awabakal was studied by the Reverend Lancelot Threlkeld from 1825 until his death in 1859, producing a grammar and dictionary in An Australian Grammar in 1834. The speaker of Awabakal who taught him about the language was Biraban , the tribal leader. Threlkeld and Biraban's Specimens of

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360-502: Is an Australian Aboriginal language that was spoken around Lake Macquarie and Newcastle in New South Wales . The name is derived from Awaba , which was the native name of the lake. It was spoken by Awabakal and Wonnarua peoples. It was studied by missionary Lancelot Threlkeld in the 19th century, who wrote a grammar of the language, but the spoken language had died out before 21st-century revival efforts . Awabakal

390-422: Is neutral, i.e., they do not give a sense of active or passive. The pronominal enclitics indicate which voice the verb should be analysed as being in. There are 3 present tenses, 8 future and 7 past, with various voice, aspect and mood modifications. kariwang+ku magpie+ ERG minaring what( ABS ) ta+taan? eat+ PRES kariwang+ku minaring ta+taan? magpie+ERG what(ABS) eat+PRES 'What does

420-786: Is the Lord's Prayer in Awabakal, according to the Gospel of Luke. Part of the Gospel of Luke was translated into Awabakal in 1892 and below the text reflects the orthography of the prayer in 1892. Ġatun noa wiya barun, wiyånůn ba, ġiakai wiyånůn nura, Biyuġbai ġearúmba wokka ka ba moroko ka ba kåtan, Kåmůnbilla yitirra ġiroúmba. Ġurrabunbilla wiyellikanne ġiroúmba, yanti moroko ka ba, yanti ta purrai ta ba. Ġuwoa ġearún purreåġ ka takilliko. Ġatun warekilla ġearúnba yarakai umatoara, kulla ġéen yanti ta wareka yanti ta wiyapaiyeůn ġearúnba. Ġatun yuti yikpra ġearún yarakai umullikan kolaġ; mitomulla ġearún yarakai tabiruġ. The word Koori ,

450-658: Is the nominative case , and is (in the active voice ) the subject of the sentence, Awabakal merely references a particular noun with this case. There is a category of words in Awabakal called descriptors. They can stand as referring terms and are in these cases similar to nouns, like adjectives or intransitive verbs/predicative verb-adjective phrases. They can be declined into nominal cases. There are four number words. Pronominal enclitics are suffixes which have several functions and can be attached to verbs , descriptors, appositions , interrogatives , negatives and nouns. The numbers are: singular , dual and plural with

480-529: Is widely used in professional literature to discriminate semantics of the terms. In onomastic studies, there are several terms that are related to ethnonyms, like the term ethnotoponym , that designates a specific toponym (placename) that is formed from an ethnonym. Many names of regions and countries are ethnotoponyms . Awabakal language Awabakal (also Awabagal or the Hunter River – Lake Macquarie , often abbreviated HRLM language )

510-762: The Dunghutti . Even his acknowledgement of the Ualarai actually sweeps up 5 distinct aboriginal societies. Under his heading for the Awabakal, he writes: the Awabakal are the central one of a series of tribes to which the arbitrary term Kuringgai has been applied by Fraser. Where Fraser discerned one "nation", Tindale defined a conglomeration of distinct tribes such as the Tharawal , Eora , Dharuk , Darkinjang , Awabakal , Worimi , Wonnarua , Birpai and Ngamba . Arthur Capell , writing four years earlier, thought to

540-518: The polysemic term Montenegrins , which was originally used for the inhabitants of the geographical area of the Black Mountain ( Montenegro ), acquired an additional ethnonymic use, designating modern ethnic Montenegrins , who have their own distinct endonyms. Classical geographers frequently used topo-ethnonyms (ethnonyms formed from toponyms) as substitute for ethnonyms in general descriptions, or for unknown endonyms. Compound terminology

570-501: The Advancement of Colored People. In such contexts, ethnonyms are susceptible to the phenomenon of the euphemism treadmill . In English, ethnonyms are generally formulated through suffixation; most ethnonyms for toponyms ending in -a are formed by adding -n : Bulgaria, Bulgarian ; Estonia, Estonian . In English, in many cases, the name for the dominant language of a group is identical to their English-language ethnonym;

600-417: The Awabakal language : its orthography, recommended orthoepy and its grammar and stylistics " and "Nupaleyalaan palii Awabakalkoba = Teach yourself Awabakal". There exist three noun classes . The first has 4 declension patterns . A noun can exist in any of 13 cases . The default, unmarked case of nouns is the absolutive . Unlike English and many European languages , in which an unmarked noun

630-557: The French speak French, the Germans speak German. This is sometimes erroneously overgeneralized; it may be assumed that people from India speak "Indian", despite there being no language in India which is called by that name. Generally, any group of people may have numerous ethnonyms, associated with the political affiliation with a state or a province, with geographical landmark, with the language, or another distinct feature. Ethnonym may be

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660-554: The aborigines. Many of his tribal names were pure artifacts", each created to subsume under an invented label several different tribal identities: thus his fantasy of a Paikalyung crushed together 10 tribal units; his Yunggai nation throws together the Anēwan , Jukambal and the Kwiambal ; his Wachigaru dissolves into one fictional unity the Banbai , Gumbaynggirr , Ngaku and some of

690-457: The contrary that Kuringgai/Guriŋgai denoted some substantive historical reality, and was an appropriate name for the language spoken on the north side of Port Jackson northwards at least as far as Tuggerah Lakes . He concluded under the heading Karee/Kuringgai' that the reference is to:- the language of the Pittwater people, and included the well-known Cammeraygal on the extreme south, along

720-549: The historiography for the Aborigines from the Hawkesbury-Hunter Ranges to the Northwest of Sydney (2010)" Chapters 8 & 9 in particular investigates the work of Threlkeld, Fraser, Matthews and others and determined that the Kuringgai were actually the "Wannungine". These were the same people that Thelkeld worked with and Fraser identified as Awabakal. The name invented by John Fraser still reverberates in

750-477: The magpie eat?' minaring+ku what+ ERG kariwang magpie( ABS ) ta+taan eat+ PRES minaring+ku kariwang ta+taan what+ERG magpie(ABS) eat+PRES 'What eats the magpie?' There are 10 forms of negatives which work with different types of words or phrases. Conjunctions are not commonly used in comparison to many languages. Sentences can often be connected without their use. These also have various combinations and case declinations. Below

780-494: The northern shores of Port Jackson, and stretched as far north at least as Broken Bay. This is the basis for the statement above that the "Sydney" language did not cross Port Jackson Val Attenbrow dismissed Capell's claim for an independent Guriŋgai, while Amanda Lissarrague and Jim Wafer reanalyzed the material and concluded the word denoted the "Hunter River-Lake Macquarie language", otherwise known as Awabakal . Geoff Ford in his thesis, "Darkiñung recognition : an analysis of

810-462: The remains of the language of the natives about Sydney and southwards, and by other tests, I assured myself that the country thereabout was occupied by sub-tribes of the Kurringgai. Norman Tindale , in his 1974 classic survey of all known Australian tribes, was dismissive of Fraser's conjecture as "poor" in details, and "unquestionably the most inaccurate and garbled account ever published about

840-401: The work of Lancelot Edward Threlkeld on the language of the Awabakal people, An Australian Grammar , with lengthy additions. In his "Map of New South Wales as occupied by the native tribes" and text accompanying it, he deploys the term Kuringgai to refer to the people inhabiting a large stretch of the central coastline of New South Wales. He regarded the language described by Threlkeld as

870-482: Was recommended that only a fraction of them be employed for the purposes of cataloguing. Ethnonyms can change in character over time; while originally socially acceptable, they may come to be considered offensive . For instance, the term gypsy has been used to refer to the Romani . Other examples include Vandal , Bushman , Barbarian , and Philistine . The ethnonyms applied to African Americans have demonstrated

900-508: Was stated "to the Muslims, terms like Negro and colored are labels created by white people to negate the past greatness of the black race". Four decades later, a similar difference of opinion remains. In 2006, one commentator suggested that the term Negro is outdated or offensive in many quarters; similarly, the word "colored" still appears in the name of the NAACP , or National Association for

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