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30-762: In the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans Kubrat is mentioned as Kurt ( Коуртъ ), being a member of the Dulo clan and reigning for 60 years having succeeded Gostun of the Ermi clan . Bulgars were Turkic nomadic people, who participated in the 5th-century Hunnic confederation. Upon Attila's death, the tribes that later formed the Bulgars had retreated east into the Black Sea -Caspian Steppe. The western Bulgar tribes joined

60-1483: A lost original, written in Old Bulgarian during the 9th and 10th centuries. However, some researchers believe that the Old Bulgarian original from the 10th century is a translation from two stone inscriptions, which were composed in Greek and Bulgar languages, during the 7-8 century. Авитохолъ житъ лет. ~т. род ему Дуло. а лет ему диломъ твирем. Ирникъ. житъ лет. ~(ри). род ему Дуло. а лет ему дилом твeримь. Гостунъ наместникь сьï два лета. род ему. Ерми. а лет ему дохсъ. втиремь. Куртъ: 60 лет дръжа. род ему Дуло. а лет ему шегоръ вечемь. Безмеръ ~г. лет. а род ему Дуло. а лет ему шегоръ вемь. сii ~е князь. дръжаше княженїе обону страну Дуная. летъ. ~ф. ~(еi). остриженами главами. И потом прiиде на страну Дунаа. Исперих княз тожде и доселе. Есперих княз. 61 лет. род Дуло. а лет ему верени алем. Тервель. -к~а. лето. род ему Дуло. а лет ему текучитем. твирем. ~(ки). лет. род ему Дуло. а род ему дваншехтем. Севаръ. ~(еl). лет. род ему Дуло. а лет ему тохалтом. Кормисошь. ~(зi). лет. род ему Вокиль. а лет ему шегоръ твиремь. Сiи же княз измени род Дулов. рекше Вихтунь. Винех. ~з. лет. а род ему Оукиль. а летъ ему имаше Горалемь. Телець. ~г. лета. род Оугаинь. а лет ему соморъ. алтемь. И сïй иного рад. Оуморъ. ~м. днïи. род ему Оукиль а ему дилом тоутомъ. These five princes ruled

90-528: Is a list of rulers of Bulgaria . The Nominalia was found by the Russian scholar Alexander Popov in 1861, during his research on Russian chronographers. So far, three Russian copies of the document have been found. The earliest of them, the " Uvarov transcript ", dates from the 15th century and the other two, the Pogodin and Moscow transcripts, from the 16th century. There are certain differences in

120-1139: Is a translation from two stone inscriptions, which were composed in Greek and Bulgar languages, during the 7-8 century. Авитохолъ житъ лет. ~т. род ему Дуло. а лет ему диломъ твирем. Ирникъ. житъ лет. ~(ри). род ему Дуло. а лет ему дилом твeримь. Гостунъ наместникь сьï два лета. род ему. Ерми. а лет ему дохсъ. втиремь. Куртъ: 60 лет дръжа. род ему Дуло. а лет ему шегоръ вечемь. Безмеръ ~г. лет. а род ему Дуло. а лет ему шегоръ вемь. сii ~е князь. дръжаше княженїе обону страну Дуная. летъ. ~ф. ~(еi). остриженами главами. И потом прiиде на страну Дунаа. Исперих княз тожде и доселе. Есперих княз. 61 лет. род Дуло. а лет ему верени алем. Тервель. -к~а. лето. род ему Дуло. а лет ему текучитем. твирем. ~(ки). лет. род ему Дуло. а род ему дваншехтем. Севаръ. ~(еl). лет. род ему Дуло. а лет ему тохалтом. Кормисошь. ~(зi). лет. род ему Вокиль. а лет ему шегоръ твиремь. Сiи же княз измени род Дулов. рекше Вихтунь. Винех. ~з. лет. а род ему Оукиль. а летъ ему имаше Горалемь. Телець. ~г. лета. род Оугаинь. а лет ему соморъ. алтемь. И сïй иного рад. Оуморъ. ~м. днïи. род ему Оукиль а ему дилом тоутомъ. These five princes ruled

150-510: Is placed between 650 and 665 AD. Correspondingly his birth could have been between 590 and 615 if Somogyi's theory is correct. Kubrat Knoll on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica is named after Kubrat of Great Bulgaria. Kubrat was portrayed by Vasil Mihaylov in the 1981 Bulgarian movie Aszparuh , directed by Ludmil Staikov . Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans The Nominalia of

180-471: Is said that he supported the interests of the children of Heraclius and opposed those of Constantine . Whether he was a child or a young adult during his time in Constantinople is unclear. The exact time of this event is also unknown but probably coincided with the reign of Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641). His or Organa's conversion to Christianity is placed circa 619 AD. It seems that young Kubrat

210-925: The Avar Khaganate , while the eastern Bulgars came under the Western Turkic Khaganate by the end of the 6th century. Theophanes the Confessor called him "king of the Onogundur Huns". Patriarch Nikephoros I (758–828) called Kubrat "lord of the Onuğundur" and "ruler of the Onuğundur–Bulğars". John of Nikiu ( fl. 696) called him "chief of the Huns". D. Hupchick identified Kubrat as "Onogur", P. Golden as "Oğuro-Bulğar", H. J. Kim as "Bulgar Hunnic/Hunnic Bulgar". According to H. J. Kim

240-605: The Bulgar calendar . Their translation is uncertain, but there appears to be a consensus that they are based on a system similar to the Chinese calendar (which was also adopted by many Turkic peoples and by the Mongols ), with a cycle of 12 years, each bearing the name of an animal. The first word in each date is the name of the year, the second is an ordinal number designating the month. There are widely diverging translations of

270-445: The Bulgar calendar . Their translation is uncertain, but there appears to be a consensus that they are based on a system similar to the Chinese calendar (which was also adopted by many Turkic peoples and by the Mongols ), with a cycle of 12 years, each bearing the name of an animal. The first word in each date is the name of the year, the second is an ordinal number designating the month. There are widely diverging translations of

300-600: The Central Asian title khan . Only Asparuh (the founder of Danube Bulgaria ) and his five predecessors are assigned the Slavonic title knyaz . It is believed that the preserved texts in Russian Church Slavonic are transcripts of a lost original, written in Old Bulgarian during the 9th and 10th centuries. However, some researchers believe that the Old Bulgarian original from the 10th century

330-515: The Christian community in his childhood and had grown up in the imperial palace. And between him and the elder Heraclius great affection and peace had prevailed, and after Heraclius's death he had shown his affection to his sons and his wife Martina because of the kindness [Heraclius] had shown him. And after he had been baptized with life-giving baptism he overcame all the barbarians and heathens through Virtue of holy baptism. Now touching him it

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360-622: The Bulgarian Khans ( Bulgarian : Именник на българските ханове ) is a short text which is presumed to contain the names of some early Bulgar rulers, their clans , the year of their ascending to the throne according to the cyclic Bulgar calendar and the length of their rule, including the times of joint rule and civil war . It is written in Church Slavonic , but contains a large number of Bulgar names and date terms. The manuscript also does not contain any reference that this

390-510: The Bulgars were Turkic, show that the Turkic peoples had borrowed these words from the Bulgars. He does change the numbers of the months. Dobrev backs his linguistic analysis with a thorough mathematical analysis to find no errors in dates and time spans, contrary to Moskov's claim of erroneously rounded time spans like the strange-looking some years and 15 months rounded down to some years . The following table shows three interpretations - one of

420-457: The Bulgars were Turkic, show that the Turkic peoples had borrowed these words from the Bulgars. He does change the numbers of the months. Dobrev backs his linguistic analysis with a thorough mathematical analysis to find no errors in dates and time spans, contrary to Moskov's claim of erroneously rounded time spans like the strange-looking some years and 15 months rounded down to some years . The following table shows three interpretations - one of

450-706: The Onogundur/Onogur were evidently part of the Bulgar confederation. Kubrat spent his early life at the Byzantine Empire imperial palace in Constantinople . As the 7th-century Byzantine historian John of Nikiu narrates: This project is concerned with Kubratos, chief of the Huns ;[ sic ], the nephew of Organa , who was baptized in the city of Constantinople, and received into

480-402: The document have been found. The earliest of them, the " Uvarov transcript ", dates from the 15th century and the other two, the Pogodin and Moscow transcripts, from the 16th century. There are certain differences in the names' spellings in the manuscripts. Despite the commonly accepted name of the nominalia, the preserved Slavic transcripts from the 15th and 16th centuries do not mention

510-436: The earliest versions of the "classical" Turkic one by Zlatarski (1918, adhering closely to Mikkola), one of the most recent "Turkic" versions by Moskov (1988), and the "Iranian" one by Dobrev (1994). Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans The Nominalia of the Bulgarian Khans ( Bulgarian : Именник на българските ханове ) is a short text which is presumed to contain the names of some early Bulgar rulers, their clans ,

540-534: The kingdom over the other side of the Danube for 515 years with shaven heads and after that came to this side of the Danube Asparuh knyaz and until now (rules). (An additional ruler is sometimes inserted here, depending on the reading.) The italicized words are in the Bulgar language as given in the original manuscript and represent the year and month of ascending to the throne of each ruler according to

570-418: The kingdom over the other side of the Danube for 515 years with shaven heads and after that came to this side of the Danube Asparuh knyaz and until now (rules). (An additional ruler is sometimes inserted here, depending on the reading.) The italicized words are in the Bulgar language as given in the original manuscript and represent the year and month of ascending to the throne of each ruler according to

600-450: The last c. 650 AD, by Constans II, which can be associated with the upcoming Khazar conquest. Kubrat is mentioned in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans , according which his birth is given the sign of the ox ( shegor vechem ) in the Bulgar calendar . It also says his rule was 60 years. Presuming lifespan is meant, this would place his death in 653 or 665 AD. Thus, the date of Kubrat's death according historical and archaeological sources

630-472: The loose tribal union broke up under internal tensions and especially Khazars pressure from the East. The Pereshchepina Treasure was discovered in 1912 by Ukrainian peasants in the vicinity of Poltava , in village Malo Pereshchepyne. It consists of diverse gold and silver objects of total weight of over 50 kg from the migration period , including three rings with monograms, which led scholars to identify

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660-415: The names' spellings in the manuscripts. Despite the commonly accepted name of the nominalia, the preserved Slavic transcripts from the 15th and 16th centuries do not mention the Central Asian title khan . Only Asparuh (the founder of Danube Bulgaria ) and his five predecessors are assigned the Slavonic title knyaz . It is believed that the preserved texts in Russian Church Slavonic are transcripts of

690-440: The nominalia and especially of the Bulgar dates. This is partly due to the difficulty in identifying word boundaries, but the greatest differences today are due to the contrast between the traditional analysis of Bulgar as a Turkic language and historian Petar Dobrev's recently advanced proposal that it was an Iranian , more specifically Pamiri language . The "Turkic" reading, along with the "cyclic calendar" interpretation itself,

720-440: The nominalia and especially of the Bulgar dates. This is partly due to the difficulty in identifying word boundaries, but the greatest differences today are due to the contrast between the traditional analysis of Bulgar as a Turkic language and historian Petar Dobrev's recently advanced proposal that it was an Iranian , more specifically Pamiri language . The "Turkic" reading, along with the "cyclic calendar" interpretation itself,

750-542: The site as Kubrat's grave. The ring A was inscribed in Greek XOBPATOY and ring C was inscribed XOBPATOY ПATPIKIOY, indicating the dignity of Patrikios (Patrician) that he had achieved in the Byzantine world. The treasure indicates close relation between the Bulgars and Byzantines, e.g. the bracelets were influenced or made by a Byzantine goldsmith. The first treasure coins were issued after 629, by Heraclius, and

780-517: The year of their ascending to the throne according to the cyclic Bulgar calendar and the length of their rule, including the times of joint rule and civil war . It is written in Church Slavonic , but contains a large number of Bulgar names and date terms. The manuscript also does not contain any reference that this is a list of rulers of Bulgaria . The Nominalia was found by the Russian scholar Alexander Popov in 1861, during his research on Russian chronographers. So far, three Russian copies of

810-474: Was formed. Kubrat died "when Konstantinos was in the West", somewhere during the reign of Constans II (641–668). According to Nikephoros I, Kubrat instructed his five sons ( Batbayan , Kotrag , Asparukh , two others unmentioned are considered to be Kuber and Alcek ) to "never separate their place of dwelling from one another, so that by being in concordance with one another, their power might thrive". However,

840-410: Was originally proposed by Finnish Slavist Jooseppi Julius Mikkola in 1913. Later, there have been various modifications and elaborations during the 20th century by scholars such as Géza Fehér, Omeljan Pritsak , and Mosko Moskov. Dobrev's "Iranian" reading actually preserves all but one of the previous translations of the year names, arguing that the Turkic names of the animals, far from proving that

870-410: Was originally proposed by Finnish Slavist Jooseppi Julius Mikkola in 1913. Later, there have been various modifications and elaborations during the 20th century by scholars such as Géza Fehér, Omeljan Pritsak , and Mosko Moskov. Dobrev's "Iranian" reading actually preserves all but one of the previous translations of the year names, arguing that the Turkic names of the animals, far from proving that

900-594: Was part of the pre-planned coalition, initiated by Heraclius or Organa, against the Sasanian–Avar alliance. This coincides with other alliances by Heraclius with steppe peoples, all in the interest of saving Constantinople. Kubrat, in 635, according to Nikephoros I , "ruler of the Onoğundur –Bulğars, successfully revolted against the Avars and concluded a treaty with Heraclius". The state Old Great Bulgaria (Magna Bulgaria)

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