35-522: Guilin ( Standard Zhuang : Gveilinz ), formerly romanized as Kweilin , is a prefecture-level city in the northeast of China 's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region . It is situated on the west bank of the Li River and borders Hunan to the north. Its name means "forest of sweet osmanthus ", owing to the large number of fragrant sweet osmanthus trees located in the region. The city has long been renowned for its scenery of karst topography. Guilin
70-856: A dumpling made from glutinous rice and mung bean paste wrapped in a bamboo or banana leaf is another popular delicacy in Guilin. Guilin is twinned with: The Guilin relationship with the New Zealand city Hastings started in 1977, after a research scientist, Stuart Falconer, identified several common areas of interest between the two cities, including horticulture and their rural-urban mix. In 1997 Guilin commenced an exchange relationship with Ōta, Gunma , Japan. Standard Zhuang Standard Zhuang ( autonym : Vahcuengh , Zhuang pronunciation: [βa˧ɕuːŋ˧] ; pre-1982 autonym: Vaƅcueŋƅ ; Sawndip : 話壯 ; simplified Chinese : 壮语 ; traditional Chinese : 壯語 ; pinyin : Zhuàngyǔ )
105-787: A horse to cross a river" is often used to help people remember the six tones. Tones for open syllables (not terminated by a closing consonant) are written at end of syllables. Closed syllables can only have two tones, high and mid checked, high being shown by the final consonant being devoiced (p/t/k), and mid by it being voiced (b/d/g). Zhuang uses an SVO word order. Zhuang words can be made up of one, two, or three syllables - one and two-syllable words (e.g. dahraix , 'really') cannot be broken down into morphemes, but trisyllabic words can be. Compound words also exist - for example, mingzcoh , 'name'. Prefixes and suffixes are also frequently used, such as " daih -" (borrowed from Chinese : 第 ; pinyin : dì ). Reduplication
140-1436: A somewhat similar naming convention is used for local government areas in some parts of Australia. For example, in New South Wales such a unit may often be called a "city" (rather than a traditional "shire"), and consist of "towns". E.g. City of Blue Mountains is made of a number of towns ( Katoomba , Springwood , etc.). Provinces Autonomous regions Sub-provincial autonomous prefectures Autonomous prefectures Leagues (Aimag) (abolishing) Prefectures Provincial-controlled cities Provincial-controlled counties Autonomous counties County-level cities Districts Ethnic districts Banners (Hoxu) Autonomous banners Shennongjia Forestry District Liuzhi Special District Wolong Special Administrative Region Workers and peasants districts Ethnic townships Towns Subdistricts Subdistrict bureaux Sum Ethnic sum County-controlled districts County-controlled district bureaux (obsolete) Management committees Town-level city Areas Villages · Gaqa · Ranches Village Committees Communities Capital cities New areas Autonomous administrative divisions National Central Cities History: before 1912 , 1912–49 , 1949–present As of 3 April 2023, there are 408 county-level cities in total: A sub-prefectural city
175-487: Is a county-level administrative division of the People's Republic of China . County-level cities have judicial but no legislative rights over their own local law and are usually governed by prefecture-level divisions , but a few are governed directly by province-level divisions . A county-level city is a "city" ( 市 ; shì ) and "county" ( 县 ; xiàn ) that have been merged into one unified jurisdiction. As such, it
210-622: Is a mixture of Cantonese cuisine and Zhuang cuisine. It is known for its snacks and the use of spices, especially chili. Guilin chili sauce ( 桂林辣椒酱 ), used widely in cooking by locals, is made of fresh chili, garlic, and fermented soybeans, and is considered one of the city's Three Treasures ( 桂林三宝 ). The other two of the Three Treasures are Guilin Sanhua Jiu ( 桂林三花酒 ), a variety of rice baijiu , or liquor distilled from rice; and Guilin pickled tofu . Guilin rice noodles have been
245-474: Is also used. The Old Zhuang script, Sawndip , is a Chinese character –based writing system, similar to Vietnamese chữ nôm . Some Sawndip logograms were borrowed directly from Chinese, while others were created from the components of Chinese characters. Sawndip has been used for over one thousand years for various Zhuang dialects. Unlike Chinese, Sawndip has never been standardized and authors may differ in their choices of characters or spelling, and it
280-468: Is an artificial mixture of several Zhuang languages . The lexicon is based almost entirely on various Northern Zhuang dialects. The phonology is essentially that of Shuangqiao , with the addition of ny, ei, ou from Fuliang, both located in Wuming County . Zhang (1999), along with other Chinese scholars, classifies Shuangqiao dialect as Northern Tai (Northern Zhuang). Shuangqiao was chosen for
315-628: Is difficult to determine if specific loanwords come from Middle Chinese or from Chinese varieties later on in history. First article of the 1948 United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights : [pôːu pôːu mǎː ta᷆ŋ la̋ːɓɯ̌n ɕōːu mi᷆ ɕɯ̌jo᷆ːu | ɕūnje᷆n ɕa᷄u ke᷆nlǐ pôːupôːu pi᷆ŋta̋ŋ || kʲo᷄ŋ wu᷆n mi᷆ li̋θǐŋ ɕa᷄u lie᷆ŋθǐm | ʔɯ̌ŋtǎːŋ tāi kʲo᷄ŋ tě lűm pêinûeŋ ʔi̋tjiēŋ ||] County-level city A county-level municipality ( Chinese : 县级市 ), county-level city or county city , formerly known as prefecture-controlled city (1949–1970: 专辖市 ; 1970–1983: Chinese : 地辖市 ),
350-542: Is in the Australian languages ), and yet Zhuang has five fricatives and no /s/ . [ ə ] only occurs in diphthong or triphthong sounds. [ ɤ ] can occur in recent Chinese loanwords. Among other northern Zhuang dialects, /e, o/ have shortened allophones of [ɛ, ɔ] . Standard Zhuang has six tones, reduced to two (numbered 3 and 6) in checked syllables : The sentence Son mwngz hwnj max gvaq dah ( Son mɯŋƨ hɯnз maч gvaƽ daƅ ) "Teach thee to climb on
385-512: Is located in northern Guangxi, bordering Liuzhou to the west, Laibin to the southwest, Wuzhou to the south, Hezhou to the southeast, and within neighbouring Hunan , Huaihua to the northwest, Shaoyang to the north, and Yongzhou to the east. It has a total area of 27,809 square kilometres (10,737 sq mi). The topography of the area is marked by karst formations . The karsts surrounding Guilin are made of Triassic period limestone and dolomite rocks . The Li River flows through
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#1732776634673420-745: Is not currently part of the official writing system. In 1957, the People's Republic of China introduced an alphabetical script for the newly standardized Zhuang language. The alphabet was based on the Latin script , expanded with modified Cyrillic and IPA letters. A reform in 1982 replaced both the Cyrillic and IPA letters with Latin letters to facilitate printing and computer use. These alphabetical scripts are part of Standard Zhuang. ƌ ŋ ŋv ɵ Letters in italics only represent tones. Letters in bold are only found in syllable codas. Standard Zhuang
455-513: Is one of China's most popular tourist destinations, and the epithet "By water, by mountains, most lovely, Guilin" ( 山水甲天下 ) is often associated with the city. The State Council of China has designated Guilin a National Famous Historical and Cultural City , doing so in the first edition of the list. Before the Qin dynasty , the Guilin region was settled by the Baiyue people . In 314 BC, a small settlement
490-407: Is simultaneously a city, which is a municipal entity, and a county, which is an administrative division of a prefecture. Most county-level cities were created in the 1980s and 1990s by replacing denser populated counties . County-level cities are not " cities " in the strictest sense of the word, since they usually contain rural areas many times the size of their urban, built-up area. This is because
525-721: Is the official standardized form of the Zhuang languages , which are a branch of the Northern Tai languages . Its pronunciation is based on that of the Yongbei Zhuang dialect of Shuangqiao Town in Wuming District , Guangxi with some influence from Fuliang, also in Wuming District, while its vocabulary is based mainly on northern dialects. The official standard covers both spoken and written Zhuang. It
560-680: Is the leading city in Mainland China operating double-decker buses regularly on major routes; in its main street, the double-deckers run one by one almost every minute. Sightseeing boats also run on the city's canals and lakes. A Guilin Metro is planned for 7 lines by 2040 with 117 stations and a total length of 273.2 kilometres. Line 1 is planned to have been opened by 2025, and it will be 29.23 km with 13 stations. Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed. Scenic spots around Guilin include: Guilin cuisine
595-637: Is the national standard of the Zhuang languages, though in Yunnan a local standard is used. The following displays the phonological features of the Wuming and northern dialects of Zhuang: Among other northern dialects of Zhuang, /w/ may be heard as a [β] or [v] sound. Absent consonant produces /ʔ/ . An unusual and rare feature that Zhuang has is the lack of /s/ , which is a common fricative among most languages that have them (one other notable exception
630-465: Is used for bilingual signs. Whilst used for adult literacy programs, it is currently only taught in a very small percent of primary and secondary schools in Zhuang-speaking areas. In less formal domains the traditional writing system Sawndip is more often used and for folk songs Sawndip remains the predominant genre with most standard Zhuang versions being based on Sawndip versions. In 2012,
665-1273: The airport are: Guilin has several high-speed rail stations, Guilin North , Guilin West , Guilin, and a new station in the Lingui District . Guilin station and Guilin North station are on the Hunan–Guangxi railway , Hengyang–Liuzhou intercity railway and Guiyang–Guangzhou high-speed railway , the main railways connecting Guangxi with central and southern China. Arriving at North Station, high-speed trains between Guilin and Changsha and Beijing came into operation in December 2013. In December 2014, high-speed operations began connecting Guangzhou , Shenzhen , Guiyang , and Shanghai . This made it more convenient for people to come to Guilin. It takes only about 2 or 3 hours from Guangzhou to Guilin, 9 hours from Shanghai to Guilin, and 13 hours from Beijing to Guilin. Trains traveling between Kunming South and West Kowloon stations (for example) stop at Guilin West railway station . The city's public transportation includes bus routes and taxis. Guilin
700-607: The annual mean is 19.12 °C (66.4 °F). The annual rainfall is just under 1,890 mm (74 in) and is delivered in bulk (~50%) from April to June, when the plum rains occur and often create the risk of flooding. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 14% in March to 53% in September, the city receives 1,487 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −4.9 °C (23 °F) (though an unofficial record low of −5.0 °C (23 °F)
735-427: The central government and the southwest border, and it was where regular armies were placed to guard that border. Canals were built through the city so that food supplies could be directly transported from the food-productive Yangtze plain to the farthest southwestern point of the empire. In 997, Guangnan West Circuit , the predecessor of modern Guangxi, was established, with Guizhou as the capital. In 1133, Guizhou
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#1732776634673770-613: The city. Guilin has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa , bordering on Cwa ), with short, mild winters, and long, hot, humid summers. Winter begins dry but becomes progressively wetter and cloudier. Spring is generally overcast and often rainy, while summer continues to be rainy though is the sunniest time of year. Autumn is sunny and dry. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 8.1 °C (46.6 °F) in January to 28.2 °C (82.8 °F) in July, and
805-487: The counties that county-level cities have replaced are themselves large administrative units containing towns , villages and farmland. To distinguish a "county-level city" from its actual urban area (the traditional meaning of the word "city"), the term " 市区 " (shìqū) or "urban area", is used. While the idea of a "city" being a unit consisting of several "towns" is not a common one in English-speaking world ,
840-735: The examination tests the written skills of reading comprehension, translation both into and from Standard Chinese , and writing. While Standard Zhuang is largely pronounced as Shuangqiao Wuming dialect, there is a degree of purposeful dialect mixture in vocabulary: A significant amount of Zhuang words are loaned from Chinese - around 30 to 40 percent in normal conversation, and almost every word regarding science, politics, or technology. Loans have come from Cantonese as well as other Chinese varieties. Compare Yue Chinese : 快 , romanized: faai3 , lit. 'fast' to Zhuang: vaiq , lit. 'fast' - much of Zhuang's basic wordstock has come from loans. However, it
875-583: The first Zhuang Proficiency Test ( Vahcuengh Sawcuengh Suijbingz Gaujsi , abbreviated VSSG) took place, in which 328 people took and 58% passed. It was promoted as the first standardised minority language test in mainland China, with the objective of supporting bilingual Zhuang-Chinese education. From 2012 to 2020, the average number of registered testees for the VSSG was 376 per year, with candidates from outside Guangxi being accepted after 2019. Currently available at three levels, Basic, Intermediate and Advanced,
910-454: The local breakfast staple since the Qin dynasty and are renowned for their delicate taste. Legend has it that when Qin troops suffering from diarrhea entered this region, a cook created the Guilin rice noodles for the army because they had trouble eating the local food. Specifically, the local specialty is noodles with horse meat , but this dish can also be ordered without the horse meat. Zongzi ,
945-423: The most important military, transport, and cultural centers of China during World War II. The city drastically expanded as refugees from all over China poured in, and by 1944 its population had grown from 70,000 pre-war to more than 500,000. It hosted intellectuals and artists including Guo Moruo , Mao Dun , Ba Jin , Tian Han , Xu Beihong , Feng Zikai and many others. In 1950, the provincial capital of Guangxi
980-555: The processing of local agricultural produce, remains the most important industry. More recent and modern industry features high technology, and the tertiary industry is characterized by tourism trading and service. Citizens of ASEAN states do not need a visa to visit Guilin if part of a tour lasting a maximum of 144 hours (not including the day of arrival). The airport is Guilin Liangjiang International Airport (ICAO:ZGKL, IATA:KWL). Airlines that fly to
1015-425: The standard pronunciation in the 1950s because it was considered to be Northern Zhuang but with characteristics of Southern Zhuang. Standard Zhuang is used most frequently in domains where written Zhuang was previously seldom used, such as newspapers, translations of communist literature and prose. It is one of the official languages of China that appears on bank notes; all Chinese laws must be published in it, and it
1050-536: The total population. This was followed by Yao at 7.79% and Zhuang at 4.81%. Citizens of Guilin's urban area speak a dialect of Mandarin , while Pinghua is predominantly spoken in suburbs and surrounding areas. Until 1949 only a thermal power plant, a cement works, and some small textile mills existed as signs of industrialization in Guilin. However, since the 1950s Guilin has added electronics, engineering, and agricultural equipment, medicine, rubber, buses, textile, and cotton yarn factories. Food processing, including
1085-564: Was established along the banks of the Li River . During the Qin dynasty's (221–206 BC) campaigns against the state of Nanyue , the first administration was set up in the area around Guilin. The modern city was located within the Guilin Commandery , which is the origin of the modern name "Guilin". In 111 BC, during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty , Shi'an County (simplified Chinese: 始安县 ; traditional Chinese: 始安縣 )
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1120-508: Was established, which could be regarded as the beginning of the city. In AD 507, the town was renamed Guizhou (Gui Prefecture, 桂州 ). In 634, Lingui County was established at the modern site of Guilin, under Gui Prefecture. In 868, Pang Xun rebelled against the Tang from Gui Prefecture. Guilin prospered in the Tang and Song dynasties but remained a county. The city was also a nexus between
1155-521: Was moved from Guilin to Nanning . In 1981, Guilin was listed by the State Council as one of the four cities (the other three being Beijing , Hangzhou , and Suzhou ) where the protection of historical and cultural heritage, as well as natural scenery , should be treated as a priority project. Guilin administers seventeen county-level divisions , including 6 districts , 8 counties , 2 autonomous counties , and 1 county-level city . Guilin
1190-405: Was recorded on 25 January 1940) to 40.3 °C (105 °F). According to the 2020 Chinese census its population was 4,931,137 inhabitants and 2,148,641 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of 6 urban Districts plus Lingchuan County now being conurbated. According to the 2010 Chinese census , the largest ethnic group in the prefecture-level city was Han Chinese , accounting for 84.53% of
1225-595: Was renamed Jingjiang Prefecture (simplified Chinese: 静江路 ; traditional Chinese: 靜江路 ). In 1367, the name was changed to Guilin Prefecture ( 桂林府 ). In 1921, Guilin became one of the headquarters of the Northern Expeditionary Army led by Sun Yat-sen . In 1940, Guilin City was established. Guilin was the provincial capital of Guangxi before 1912 and from 1936 to 1949. Guilin became one of
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