The Kyrgyz National University , named after renowned Maturidi poet Jusup Balasagyn , is a national university in Kyrgyzstan .
94-600: Kyrgyz National University is located in the capital city of Bishkek . It is the oldest and the largest Higher Education Institution of the Kyrgyz Republic. The institution was established on 25 October 1925 as the Kyrgyz Institute of Education. In August 2023, Kyrgyz National University Faculty of Medicine has established an MOU with Yenepoya university. During the meeting, issues of establishing and further developing mutually beneficial cooperation between
188-460: A doctorat (PhD), which took at least three years. The DESS was created in 1975 for students who completed four-year degrees. Intended as a doctorate with a more practical approach than research, it included the production of a 120-page paper which was defended to a jury of three international specialists in the field. The mini-thesis was kept in the libraries of the university issuing the DESS, unlike
282-458: A thesis requirement (including final examination and thesis defence) and can be obtained after four to six years of study. In 2000 many curricula began to be converted into bachelor's degrees ( Bakkalaureat ; the term was replaced by "bachelor's" in most curricula by 2007) and master's ( Magisterstudium ) programmes, with nominal durations of six semesters (three years) and three to four semesters (18 months to two years) respectively. Enrollment in
376-499: A Ciclo Unico (Single-cycle Master's Degree) is awarded in medicine (Medicina) and dentistry (Odontoiatria). The title for BA and BS undergraduate students is Dottore and for MA, MFA, MSc, MD and MEd graduate students Dottore magistrale (abbreviated Dott. , Dott.ssa or Dr. ). This should not be confused with PhD and post-MA graduates, whose title is Dottore di Ricerca (Research Doctor). The Italian system has two types of postgraduate degree (called "Master", not to be confused with
470-523: A PhD dissertation (distributed by its author to every French university library). Higher education in France is also provided by non-university institutions dedicated to specific subjects. The Diplôme d'ingénieur (engineering diploma) is awarded to students after five years of study in state-recognized Écoles d'ingénieurs , particularly the Grandes Écoles such as Mines , Centrale and ENAC . Although
564-639: A PhD usually takes three years). A five-year degree, Laurea Magistrale a Ciclo Unico (Single-cycle Master's Degree) is awarded in law (Giurisprudenza), in Primary teacher education (Scienze della Formazione Primaria), in Architecture (Architettura), in Pharmacy (Farmacia) and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Chimica e Tecnologia Farmaceutiche), as well as in visual arts ( Accademia di Belle Arti ) and music (Conservatorio di Musica). A six-year degree, Laurea Magistrale
658-546: A critical concern due to its proximity to the Issyk-Ata fault line. Compounded by the inadequately seismic-proof architecture of most of these buildings, this situation poses a serious threat to the safety of residents and has sparked criticism. Limited land availability propels private developers to encroach into socialist-era residential zones, resulting in the loss of green spaces and vital social infrastructure, including sports fields and playgrounds. Those unable to afford
752-593: A decree of President Kurmanbek Bakiyev and replaced by businessman and former first deputy prime minister Daniar Usenov . In July 2008 former head of the Kyrgyz Railways Nariman Tuleyev was appointed mayor, who was dismissed by the interim government after 7 April 2010. From April 2010 to February 2011 Isa Omurkulov, also a former head of the Kyrgyz Railways, was an interim mayor, and from 4 February 2011 to 14 December 2013 he
846-556: A doctoral programme generally requires a master's degree in a related field. Although the nominal duration of doctoral programmes is two or three years, the time to graduate varies considerably and is generally longer. Armenia ratified the Bologna Process in 2005 and is a member of the European Higher Education Area. Azerbaijan is a full member of the Bologna Process since 2005. Belarus became
940-466: A doubling of prices from 2001 to 2002. This changed by the 2010s when an unprecedented housing boom has transformed the city. By 2021, over 246 construction firms were active in Kyrgyzstan, primarily focusing on upscale residences, often marketed as 'business class' or 'premium class' accommodations. The southern part of the city, where a significant portion of new constructions is concentrated, faces
1034-419: A factor of four. The hydrogeologist Zheenbek Kulbekov identifies coal-heating mainly in informal settlements ( samozakhvat ), the exhaust from private vehicles and the lack of air circulation as the three main factors for the grave air pollution in Kyrgyzstan's capital. The latter is mainly due to the haphazard construction of private multi-story buildings - in contradiction to former city plans developed up until
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#17327732473681128-517: A master's degree as well. Strikes occurred in 2002 and 2003 and 2007 protesting LMD reform, focusing more on under-funding of French universities since May 1968 than on the Bologna Process. Although the two major student organisations object to some aspects of its application to the French system, they generally welcome the European process. Although Georgia joined the Bologna Process in 2005 at
1222-512: A maximum of 60 ECTS credits of additional studies before beginning master's-level studies. In conjunction with the Bologna Process, polytechnics have the right to award master's degrees. In France the baccalauréat , awarded at the end of secondary education, allows students to enter university. Before the LMD reform amid the 2000s which implemented the Bologna Process, it was followed by a two-year Diplôme d'études universitaires générales (DEUG) and
1316-675: A member of the European Higher Education Area at a conference in Yerevan , Armenia , in May 2015. In Croatia , implementation of the Bologna Process began during the 2005–2006 academic year. Diploma degree became baccalaureate (bachelor's degree, Croatian : prvostupnik ), and the programmes were shortened from four to about three years. Magisterij (master's degree) is achieved after two additional years of post-graduate study. The doktorat degree (doctorate) may be received after three more years (eight years total). The typical length of study
1410-584: A much-reduced scale. One of Bishkek's largest employment centres today is the Dordoy Bazaar open market, where many of the Chinese goods imported to CIS countries are sold. Although Bishkek itself is relatively young, its surrounding area has some sites of interest dating to prehistoric times. There are also sites from the Greco-Buddhist period, the period of Nestorian influence, the era of
1504-466: A third-year Licence (the equivalent of a UK bachelor's degree). Students could then pursue a Maîtrise, a one-year research degree which could be followed by a one-year vocational degree (the Diplôme d'études supérieures spécialisées or DESS) or research degree (the Diplôme d'études approfondies , or DEA ). The DEA, preparation for a doctorate, was equivalent to the M. Phil . Students could then pursue
1598-532: A top degree. Counting both full-time and part-time instructors, KNU employed 67 professors and 339 associate professors. The KNU Scientific Library is one of the largest university libraries in Kyrgyzstan. The scientific library was established in 1932 on the basis of the Kyrgyz Pedagogical Institute. In 1941, the library's book stock was 134,000 texts, many obtained from the universities of Moscow , Leningrad and other major cities of
1692-582: A two-year master's degree ( maisteri ). In these fields, the Bologna Process resulted in no change. In engineering, universities only offered a 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 -year master's program ( diplomi-insinööri ). This has been replaced by a three-year bachelor's degree ( tekniikan kandidaatti ) and a two-year master's degree ( diplomi-insinööri ), for which the English names are Bachelor of Science (Technology) and Master of Science (Technology). A corresponding change has been made in military higher education, where
1786-402: Is Almaty of Kazakhstan, which is 190 km to the east. Furthermore, it is 470 km from Tashkent (Uzbekistan), 680 km from Dushanbe (Tajikistan), and about 1,000 km each from Astana (Kazakhstan), Ürümqi (China), Islamabad (Pakistan), and Kabul (Afghanistan). Bishkek has a Mediterranean-influenced humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dsa ), as
1880-787: Is Sunni Islam , but since many Russians live in Kyrgyzstan, there is also a large Russian Orthodox community. The Bishkek Central Mosque is one of the largest in Central Asia. Bishkek is home to the Roman Catholic Apostolic Administration of Kyrgyzstan . Bishkek is home to Dolen Omurzakov Stadium , the largest football stadium in Kyrgyzstan and the only one eligible to host international matches. Several Bishkek-based football teams play on this pitch, including six-time Kyrgyzstan League champions, Dordoi Bishkek . Others include Alga Bishkek , Ilbirs Bishkek , and RUOR-Guardia Bishkek . Bishkek hosted
1974-516: Is Emil Abdykadyrov, who was elected on 24 February 2022. Bishkek city covers 169.6 square kilometres (65.5 square miles) and is administered separately and not part of any region. Besides the city proper, one urban-type settlement and one village are administered by the city: Chong-Aryk and Orto-Say . The city is divided into 4 districts: Birinchi May , Lenin , Oktyabr and Sverdlov . Chong-Aryk and Orto-Say are part of Lenin District. Since
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#17327732473682068-655: Is a scientific, educational, and informational publication registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Kyrgyz Republic. Vestnik is included on the list of leading peer-reviewed scientific journals and publications recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Kyrgyz Republic. The license agreement on the inclusion of the magazine in the list of publications the system of the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI)
2162-410: Is based at a facility that used to be home to a major Soviet military pilot training school; one of its students, Hosni Mubarak , later became president of Egypt . Bologna Process The Bologna Process is a series of ministerial meetings and agreements between European countries to ensure comparability in the standards and quality of higher-education qualifications. The process has created
2256-852: Is home to the National Library of the Kyrgyz Republic as well as a number of museums, e.g. the Kyrgyz State Historical Museum or the M. V. Frunze Museum . The national public broadcasting service KTRK or Kyrgyz Television is based in Bishkek. Newspapers in Bishkek include the English-language Bishkek Observer , the world's only dungan-language newspaper called Huimin bao and the Russian-language Vecherniy Bishkek newspaper. The largest religion
2350-432: Is part of the main east–west road of Chüy Region . Both the eastern and western bus terminals are located along Jibek Jolu. There is a Roman Catholic church located at ul. Vasiljeva 197 (near Rynok Bayat). It is the only Catholic cathedral in Kyrgyzstan. A stadium named in honour of Dolon Omurzakov is located near the centre of Bishkek. This is the largest stadium in the Kyrgyz Republic. The Dordoy Bazaar , just inside
2444-565: Is served by Manas International Airport ( IATA code FRU), located approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) north-west of the city centre. In 2001, the United States obtained the right to use Manas International Airport as an air base for its military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq . Russia subsequently (2003) established an airbase of its own ( Kant Air Base ) near Kant , some 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Bishkek. It
2538-465: Is the capital and largest city of Kyrgyzstan . Bishkek is also the administrative centre of the Chüy Region . Bishkek is situated near the border with Kazakhstan and has a population of 1,074,075, as of 2021. The Khanate of Kokand established the fortress of Pishpek in 1825 to control local caravan routes and to collect tribute from Kyrgyz tribes. On 4 September 1860, with the approval of
2632-421: Is three years for a bachelor's degree ( baccalaureus ), two years for a master's degree ( magistar ) and three years for a doctor of science ( doktor znanosti ). A local distinction is made between vocational and academic degrees at the baccalaureate level, and between engineering and other programs at levels below the doctoral. There are several exceptions. The first degree in economics still takes four years, and
2726-566: The 2014 IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia – Division I . Educational institutions in Bishkek include: In addition, the following international schools serve the expatriate community in Bishkek: Public transportation includes buses, electric trolleybuses , and public vans (known in Russian as marshrutka ). The first bus and trolley bus services in Bishkek were introduced in 1934 and 1951, respectively. Taxi cabs can be found throughout
2820-1041: The European Higher Education Area under the Lisbon Recognition Convention . It is named after the University of Bologna , where the Bologna declaration was signed by education ministers from 29 European countries in 1999. The process was opened to other countries in the European Cultural Convention of the Council of Europe , and government meetings have been held in Prague (2001), Berlin (2003), Bergen (2005), London (2007), Leuven (2009), Budapest - Vienna (2010), Bucharest (2012), Yerevan (2015), Paris (2018), and Rome (2020). Before
2914-629: The Kyrgyz parliament changed the capital's name to Bishkek. Bishkek is situated at an altitude of about 800 metres (2,600 ft), just off the northern fringe of the Kyrgyz Ala-Too Range , an extension of the Tian Shan mountain range. These mountains rise to a height of 4,895 metres (16,060 ft). North of the city, a fertile and gently undulating steppe extends far north into neighboring Kazakhstan . The river Chüy drains most of
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3008-665: The Licentiate (higher than a master's degree, but less extensive than Doctor of Medicine or Dentistry degrees) is the basic degree. A six-year program of at least 360 ECTS credits leads to the Licentiate of Medicine ( lääketieteen lisensiaatti ) degree. There is an intermediate title (but not an academic degree) of lääketieteen kandidaatti , and no master's degree. Polytechnic degrees are considered bachelor's degrees in international use. In domestic use, bachelors transferring from polytechnics to universities may be required to amass
3102-692: The Silk Road through the Tian Shan range, the location was fortified in 1825 by the khan of Kokand with a mud fort. In the last years of Kokhand rule, the Pishpek fortress was led by Atabek , the Datka . In 1844, the forces of Ormon Khan , the leader of the Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate [ ky ] , briefly captured the fortress. In 1860, Imperial Russia annexed the area, and the military forces of Colonel Apollon Zimmerman took and razed
3196-680: The Soviet Union 's Order of the Red Banner of Labor . On 11 August 1993, it was transformed into the Kyrgyz State National University (KGNU). By decree of President Askar Akayev on 11 May 2002, it was renamed after Yusuf Balasaghuni ( Kyrgyz : Жусуп Баласагын ). There is the Academical Worker's Union Committee, which defends the professional interests of educators. The supervisory function in
3290-629: The USSR . In 1951 the KNU library received educational, scientific and artistic literature from universities in Odessa, Kiev, Kharkov, Kazakh and Tomsk, as well as from the Academies of Sciences of Armenia , Georgia , Uzbekistan , and Ukraine . Today, the library is located in 8 educational buildings and has 60 employees. Bishkek Bishkek , formerly known as Frunze , and later Pishpek ,
3384-551: The baccalauréat and doctorat are unchanged in the Bologna system (known in France as LMD reform), the DEUG and licence have been merged into a three-year Licence. The Maîtrise, DESS and DEA have been combined into a two-year master's degree, which can be work- ( master professionnel ) or research-oriented ( master recherche ). The Diplôme d'ingénieur degree is still separate from a university degree, but holders may legally claim
3478-564: The breakup of the Soviet Union . Before independence, the majority of Bishkek's population were ethnic Russians . In 2004, Russians made up approximately 20% of the city's population, and about 7–8% in 2011. Bishkek is Kyrgyzstan's financial centre, with all of the country's 21 commercial banks headquartered there. During the Soviet era, the city was home to many industrial plants, but most have been shut down since 1991 or now operate on
3572-655: The som . The som's value fluctuates regularly but averaged around 86 som per U.S. dollar as of November 2024. The economy in Bishkek is primarily agricultural, and agricultural products are sometimes bartered in the outlying regions. The streets of Bishkek are regularly lined with produce vendors in a market-style venue. In most of the downtown area there is a more urban cityscape with banks, stores, markets, and malls. Sought-after goods include hand-crafted artisan pieces, such as statues, carvings, paintings, and many nature-based sculptures. As with many cities in post-Soviet states, housing in Bishkek has undergone extensive changes since
3666-457: The Bergen summit, steps towards the establishment of the European Higher Education Area were completed earlier. Since the end of the 1990s, many Georgian universities (mostly private) have introduced limited educational programs allowing students to graduate with a bachelor's degree (four years) and earn a master's degree (one to two years) while preserving the old five-to-six-year scheme. During
3760-569: The Bologna Agreement. The degree workload is counted in European credits, with a European equivalent of 180 credits (three years) for bachelor's degrees and 120 credits (two years) for master's degrees. Austria 's situation is similar to Germany's, with the lowest undergraduate degrees the Magister (FH) and Diplom (FH) (designed to take three or four years). The lowest graduate degrees are Magister and Diplom , which typically fulfill
3854-608: The Central Asian khanates , and the Soviet period. The central part of the city is laid out on a rectangular grid plan. The city's main street is the east-west Chüy Avenue ( Chüy Prospekti ), named after the region's main river . In the Soviet era, it was called Lenin Avenue. Along or near it are many important government buildings and universities. These include the Academy of Sciences compound. The westernmost section of
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3948-677: The Council of Europe, although it has observer status. Although Israel is not geographically part of Europe, it is part of the UNESCO European Region (although not a UNESCO member). Israel has also ratified the Lisbon Recognition Convention but, under the criteria of the 2003 Berlin Communiqué , it is ineligible for the Bologna Process. Kosovo is not a party to the European Cultural Convention of
4042-499: The Council of Europe. Although Serbia is a party, Kosovo declared independence from it and has theoretically been a part of the Bologna Process since the Kosovo War . It was suggested that Kosovo could be associated with the process in a category appropriate to its situation, such as guest or special-observer status. Kyrgyzstan is not a party to the European Cultural Convention of the Council of Europe, although has also ratified
4136-705: The KNU is performed by the Board of Trustees, which includes prominent public figures, scientists and graduates. There are 8 members in total in the Board of Trustees. The highest collegiate management body in the KNU is the Scientific Council, in which there are 63 members. The National Gymnasium of the KNU and the Department of Physical Culture of Sports operate from the KNU campus. KNU housese 61 academical departments in 19 faculties. The university's magazine, Vestnik , has been published since 1997. Vestnik
4230-718: The Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Institute of Education was transformed into the Kirghiz Central Pedagogical Technical School. In August 1929, the institution added new buildings and equipment, as well as invited specialists and teachers from other Soviet republics . On 13 January 1932, by the decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR , it was transformed into
4324-661: The Kyrgyz State Pedagogical Institute, named after Mikhail Frunze . There were 4 faculties in the institute: physics and mathematics, biology, literature and the faculty of social sciences. The first academic year began on October 3, 1933. On 1 September 1939, the Kyrgyz Medical Academy was established with the recruitment of 200 students. On 21 May 1951, it was transformed into the Kyrgyz State University, with
4418-557: The Kyrgyz, Russian forces led by Colonel Apollon Zimmermann destroyed the fortress. In the present day, the fortress ruins can be found just north of Jibek jolu Street, near the new main mosque. A Russian settlement was established in 1868 on the site of the fortress under its original name, Pishpek. It lay within the General Governorship of Russian Turkestan and its Semirechye Oblast . The Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast
4512-624: The Lisbon Recognition Convention. Northern Cyprus is not a party to the European Cultural Convention of the Council of Europe and not recognized as an independent political entity by any member of the Bologna Process except Turkey. The basic framework is three cycles of higher-education qualifications . The framework adopted by the ministers at their meeting in Bergen in 2005 defines the qualifications in terms of learning outcomes, which are statements of what students know and can do on completing their degrees. In describing
4606-826: The National Tertiary Education Information Centre, 65 percent of respondents thought it unnecessary to adopt the system. The new system provides less of a guarantee that students will obtain a master's degree, because many will complete their education after the three-year bachelor's degree. Students are expected to study more unrelated subjects during the first three years, due to the smaller number of majors. In Iceland , bachelor's degrees are usually three years in duration; master's degrees are two years, and doctoral degrees range from three to six years. In Ireland , bachelor's degrees are commonly three to four years in duration; master's and doctoral degrees are basically similar to those in
4700-452: The Soviet era, the only degree was the discontinued Specialist. Cycles of higher education are divided into first (bachelor's degree with 240 credits ), second (master's degree, 120 credits) and third (doctorate, 180 credits). Human and veterinary medicine and dentistry (300–360 credits) are integrated programs with a qualification equal to a master's degree. Greece joined the Bologna Process in 1999. Since 2007, more-intensive steps towards
4794-639: The UK. Bachelor's degrees are first-cycle qualifications. Except for the MA at the Trinity College Dublin , a master's degree is always a postgraduate degree (teaching or research). The generic outcomes for Irish degrees are laid out in the 2003 National Framework of Qualifications. In 2006, Ireland was the first country to verify the compatibility of its national framework with that of the EHEA. Italy fits
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#17327732473684888-461: The additional two years required for a master's degree. Mid-length (two-to four-year) professional degrees have been adapted as professional bachelor's degrees ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 years). In the Finnish pre-Bologna system, higher education was divided between universities and polytechnics . In universities, degrees were divided in most fields into a three-year bachelor's degree ( kandidaatti ) and
4982-672: The architecture of the European Higher Education system". The Bologna Process has 49 participating countries. Signatories of the Bologna Accord, members of the European Higher Education Area , are: All member states of the EU are participating in the process, with the European Commission also a signatory. Monaco and San Marino are the only members of the Council of Europe which did not adopt
5076-487: The area. Bishkek is connected to the Turkestan–Siberia Railway by a spur line . Bishkek is a city of wide boulevards and marble-faced public buildings combined with numerous Soviet-style apartment blocks surrounding interior courtyards. There are also thousands of smaller, privately built houses, mostly outside the city centre. Streets follow a grid pattern, with most flanked on both sides by narrow irrigation channels, which provide water to trees which provide shade during
5170-448: The avenue is known as Deng Xiaoping Avenue. The main north–south street is Yusup Abdrakhmanov Street, still commonly referred to by its old name, Sovietskaya Street. Its northern and southern sections are called, respectively, Yelebesov and Baityk Batyr Streets. Several major shopping centres are located along with it, and in the north, it provides access to Dordoy Bazaar . Erkindik ("Freedom") Boulevard runs from north to south, from
5264-447: The average mean temperature in the winter is below 0 °C (32.0 °F). Average precipitation is around 440 millimetres (17 in) per year. Average daily high temperatures range from 3 °C (37.4 °F) in January to about 31 °C (87.8 °F) during July. The summer months are dominated by dry periods, punctuated by the occasional thunderstorm , which produces strong gusty winds and rare dust storms . The mountains to
5358-428: The border and the indirect route (the trains first have to go west for more than a 100 kilometres (62 mi) before they enter the main TurkSib line and can continue to the east or north). For example, as of the fall of 2008, train No. 305 Bishkek-Yekaterinburg was scheduled to take 11 hours to reach the Shu junction—a distance of some 269 kilometres (167 mi) by rail, and less than half of that by road. The city
5452-411: The bypass highway on the north-eastern edge of the city, is a major retail and wholesale market. The Kyrgyz Ala-Too mountain range , some 40 kilometres (25 mi) away, provides a spectacular backdrop to the city; the Ala Archa National Park is only a 30 to 45 minutes drive away. Bishkek is about 300 km away directly from the country's second largest city Osh . However, its nearest large city
5546-415: The city. The city is considering designing and building a light rail system. There are two main bus stations in Bishkek. The smaller old Eastern Bus Station is primarily the terminal for minibusses to various destinations within or just beyond the eastern suburbs, such as Kant , Tokmok , Kemin , Issyk Ata , or the Korday border crossing. Long-distance regular bus and minibus services to all parts of
5640-435: The collapse of the Soviet Union, there has been discussion of replacing the Soviet era district names with ones that reflect Kyrgyz identity and history. Other former Soviet republics have widely replaced Soviet era place names; despite renaming the capital in 1991, Kyrgyzstan is the only nation in Central Asia to retain Soviet era names for districts in its capital. Bishkek is culturally the country's most important city. It
5734-408: The collapse of the Soviet Union. While housing was formerly distributed to citizens in the Soviet era, housing in Bishkek has since become privatised. Though single-family houses are slowly becoming more popular, the majority of the residents live in Soviet-era apartments. Despite the Kyrgyz economy experiencing growth, increases in available housing have been slow with very little new construction and
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#17327732473685828-410: The country, as well as to Almaty (the largest city in neighbouring Kazakhstan ) and Kashgar , China, run mostly from the newer grand Western Bus Station; only a smaller number run from the Eastern Station. The Dordoy Bazaar on the north-eastern outskirts of the city also contains makeshift terminals for frequent minibusses to suburban towns in all directions (from Sokuluk in the west to Tokmak in
5922-580: The cycles, the framework uses the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS): In most cases, it would take three to four years to earn a bachelor's degree and another one or two years for a master's degree . Doctoral degrees usually require another two to four years of specialization, primarily individual research under a mentor. Degree names may vary by country. One academic year normally corresponds to 60 ECTS credits, equivalent to 1,500–1,800 hours of study. The process, an intergovernmental agreement between EU and non-EU countries, does not have
6016-505: The east) and to some buses taking traders to Kazakhstan and Siberia. As of 2007 , the Bishkek-2 railway station sees only a few trains a day. It offers a popular three-day train service from Bishkek to Moscow. There are also long-distance trains that leave for Siberia ( Novosibirsk and Novokuznetsk ), via Almaty , over the TurkSib route, and to Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) in the Urals, via Astana . These services are remarkably slow (over 48 hours to Yekaterinburg), due to long stops at
6110-421: The end of the USSR - which prompted discussion on a moratorium on the further construction of high-rise buildings. Responsibility for ambient air quality monitoring in Bishkek lies with the Kyrgyz State Agency of Hydrometeorology . There are seven air-quality monitoring stations in Bishkek, measuring levels of sulfur dioxide , nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, and ammonia . Bishkek uses the Kyrgyzstan currency,
6204-451: The establishment of the European Higher Education Area were completed. In Hungary , the Bologna system applies to those who began their university education in or after September 2006. One hundred and eight majors were available for selection (compared with over 400 in 2005), of which six are exempt from the bachelor's-master's division: law, human and veterinary medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and architecture. According to an online poll by
6298-407: The following faculties: philology, biology, physics, mathematics, history, geology and geodesy. In the decree adopted by the Council of Ministers of the Kyrgyz SSR , the Kyrgyz State University belonged to higher educational institutions of the first category. On December 11, 1972 it was renamed as the Kyrgyz State University on the 50th anniversary of the USSR . In 1982, the university was awarded
6392-503: The former and a master's and doctorate in the latter). In mainland Europe, five-year-plus first degrees are common. Many do not complete their studies, and many countries are introducing bachelor-level qualifications. The situation is evolving as the Bologna Process is implemented. Some countries introduced the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) and discussed their degree structures, qualifications, financing and management of higher education and mobility programmes. At
6486-453: The fort. Colonel Zimmermann rebuilt the town over the destroyed fort and appointed field-Poruchik Titov as head of a new Russian garrison. The Imperial Russian government redeveloped the site from 1877 onward, encouraging the settlement of Russian peasants by giving them fertile land to develop. In 1926, the city became the capital of the newly established Kirghiz ASSR and was renamed Frunze after Mikhail Frunze , Lenin 's close associate who
6580-521: The framework since its 1999 adoption of the 3+2 system. The first degree is the Laurea triennale , which may be obtained after three years of study. Selected students may then complete their studies with two additional years of specialization leading to the Laurea Magistrale . The Laurea corresponds to a bachelor's degree; the Laurea Magistrale, corresponding to a master's degree, grants access to third-cycle programmes (post-MA degrees, doctorates or specialized schools) lasting two to five years (completing
6674-437: The high housing price within Bishkek, notably internal migrants from rural villages and small provincial towns, often have to resort to informal squatter settlements on the city's outskirts such as Ak Jar, Ak Jol, Ak Örgö, Altyn Kazyk, Archa Beshik, Kalys-Ordo, Kayndy-2, Kelechek, Muras-Ordo and TETS-2 Yntymak. These urban settlements are estimated to house 400,000 people or about 30 percent of Bishkek's population. While many of
6768-431: The hot summers. Bishkek is supposedly named after the paddle used to churn fermenting milk. The official website of the Bishkek's city hall provides the following etymological justification for the name of the city: the pregnant wife of a hero lost a paddle used to churn kumis . While looking for it, she suddenly gave birth to a boy, who she named Bishkek. Bishkek would grow up to be a noble figure and after his death,
6862-428: The institutional level, the reform involved higher-education institutions, their faculties or departments, student and staff representatives and other factors. Priorities varied by country and institution. In Andorra, degrees are awarded by the state in all three cycles (bachelor's, master's and doctoral). The University of Andorra has adapted its classroom studies to the European Higher Education Area in accordance with
6956-502: The main railroad station (Bishkek II) south of Chüy Avenue to the museum quarter and sculpture park just north of Chüy Avenue, and further north toward the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In the past, it was called Dzerzhinsky Boulevard, named after a Communist revolutionary, Felix Dzerzhinsky , and its northern continuation is still called Dzerzhinsky Street. An important east–west street is Jibek Jolu (' Silk Road '). It runs parallel to Chüy Avenue about 2 km (1.2 mi) north of it and
7050-528: The master's degree is obtained after an additional year at the University of Zagreb's Faculty of Economics and Zagreb School of Economics and Management . The four-plus-one-year system also applies to fine arts and music. Medical and related studies replace the bachelor's degree with six-year first professional degrees and graduate Doctor of Medicine ( doktor medicine ) degrees. The old degrees are translated as follows: In May 2008, about 5,000 students protested weak funding, imprecisely defined new rules and
7144-406: The master's degree). Laurea Magistrale (120 ECTS) allows access to third-cycle programmes, and Master universitario (at least 60 ECTS) may be divided into first- (second cycle) and second-level master's degrees (third cycle). A first-level master's degree is accessible by a first-cycle degree and "does not allow access to PhD and to 3rd cycle programmes, since this type of course does not belong to
7238-404: The officer's degree was divided between bachelor's and master's programmes. Finnish Universities of Applied Sciences , which have offered bachelor's-equivalent engineering programmes, began offering master's-degree programs in 2005. Some Master of Engineering ( insinööri (ylempi AMK) ) programmes are taught in English. Only medicine and dentistry retain their non-standard degree structure, where
7332-537: The official academic partners globally for Kyrgyz National University named after Zhusup Balasagyn in the Faculty of medicine from the year 2023 September and has thus become the first university in Central Asia to start a Faculty of Medicine in association with an International university. Kyrgyz National University named after Zhusup Balasagyn will also fulfill the international regulatory requirements for medical education including USMLE,UKMLE,NMC,ECFMG and others. From
7426-695: The poor results of the Bologna reform. Denmark introduced the 3+2+3 system in 1971 with an education-management working group of the Society of Danish Engineers and a 1984–85 group of the Federation of Danish Industries, both headed by Hans Bruno Lund. Before the adoption of international standards, the lowest degree normally awarded at universities in Denmark was equivalent to a master's degree (Kandidat/cand.mag). Although bachelor's degrees have been obtained after three years of study, most students continue
7520-508: The population. Despite this fact, Russian is the main language while Kyrgyz continues losing ground, especially among the younger generations. Emissions of air pollutants in Bishkek amounted to 14,400 tons in 2010. Among all cities in Kyrgyzstan, the level of air pollution in Bishkek is the highest, occasionally exceeding maximum allowable concentrations by several times, especially in the city centre. For example, concentrations of formaldehyde occasionally exceed maximum allowable limits by
7614-419: The process. The ESU , EUA , EURASHE , EI, ENQA , UNICE, the Council of Europe and UNESCO are part of the process' follow-up. Other groups at this level are ENIC , NARIC and EURODOC . Four countries, Israel , Kyrgyzstan , and the unrecognized Northern Cyprus and Kosovo , have applied to join but did not meet the membership criteria. Israel is not a party to the European Cultural Convention of
7708-402: The process. Most countries do not fit the framework, using their traditional systems. The process, which will result in bilateral agreements between countries and institutions which recognise each other's degrees, is moving from strict convergence in time spent on qualifications towards a competency-based system which will have an undergraduate and postgraduate division (with a bachelor's degree in
7802-599: The settlements have lacked basic necessities such as electricity and running water, recently, the local government has pushed to provide these services. Local government is administered by the Bishkek Mayor's Office. Askarbek Salymbekov was mayor until his resignation in August 2005, after which his deputy, Arstanbek Nogoev , took over the mayorship. Nogoev was in turn removed from his position in October 2007 through
7896-662: The signing of the Bologna declaration, the Magna Charta Universitatum was issued at a meeting of university rectors celebrating the 900th anniversary of the University of Bologna (and European universities) in 1988. One year before the declaration, education ministers Claude Allègre (France), Jürgen Rüttgers (Germany), Luigi Berlinguer (Italy) and Baroness Blackstone (UK) signed the Sorbonne declaration in Paris in 1998, committing themselves to "harmonising
7990-423: The south provide a natural boundary and protection from damaging weather, as does the smaller mountain chain that runs north-west to south-east. In the winter months, sparse snow storms and frequent heavy fog are the dominating features. There are sometimes temperature inversions, during which the fog can last for days at a time. Bishkek is the most populated city in Kyrgyzstan. Its population, estimated in 2021,
8084-547: The status of EU legislation. Since the Bologna Declaration is not a treaty or convention, there are no legal obligations for the signatory states; participation and cooperation are voluntary. Although the declaration was created without a formal affiliation with EU institutions, the European Commission (which has supported European projects such as the Tuning and TEEP projects) plays an important role in implementing
8178-567: The two universities in the field of education, science, culture and other areas were discussed. The Indian side was also interested in the medical faculty of KNU. At the end of the meeting, the rector of KNU Mr.Tolobek Abdyrakhmanov and Vice chancellor of Yenepoya university, Mr. Mohammad Farhaad, signed a Memorandum of Cooperation between the Kyrgyz National University named after Zhusup Balasagyn and Yenepoya University. Yenepoya International Education based in Bishkek will be
8272-401: The year 2023 with this new collaboration the Kyrgyz National University will offers a 6 year MD Physician program using the teaching platform of Yenepoya International Education and Yenepoya University, India. On October 25, 1925, it was decided to open the Institute of Education. Its purpose was training the local population to be schoolteachers. In 1928, by the decision of the government of
8366-497: Was 1,074,075. From the foundation of the city to the mid-1990s, ethnic Russians and other peoples of European descent (Ukrainians, Germans) comprised the majority of the city's population. According to the 1970 census, the ethnic Kyrgyz were only 12.3%, while Europeans comprised more than 80% of the Frunze population. Now Bishkek is a predominantly Kyrgyz city, with 75% of its residents Kyrgyz, while European peoples make up around 15% of
8460-512: Was born in Bishkek and played key roles during the revolutions of 1905 and 1917 and during the Russian Civil War of the early 1920s. The early 1990s were a tumultuous time for Bishkek. In June 1990, a state of emergency was declared following severe ethnic riots in southern Kyrgyzstan that threatened to spread to the capital. The city was renamed Bishkek on 5 February 1991, and Kyrgyzstan achieved independence later that year during
8554-571: Was buried on a mound near the banks of the Alamüdün . There, a tombstone was erected. The building was seen and described by travelers of the 17th and 18th centuries. Based on DNA evidence, the area near Bishkek is considered one of the possible origins of the Black Death between AD 1346 and 1353. Originally a caravan rest stop, possibly founded by the Sogdians , on one of the branches of
8648-620: Was established in 1925 in Russian Turkestan, promoting Pishpek to its capital. In 1926, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union renamed the city Frunze , after Bolshevik military leader Mikhail Frunze (1885–1925), who was born there. Frunze became the capital of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic in 1936, during the final stages of national delimitation in the Soviet Union . In 1991,
8742-495: Was re-elected the mayor of Bishkek. Kubanychbek Kulmatov was nominated for election by parliamentary group of Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan in city kenesh, and he was elected as a new mayor on 15 January 2014, and stepped down on 9 February 2016. The next mayor, Albek Sabirbekovich Ibraimov, was also nominated for election by parliamentary group of Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan in city kenesh, and Bishkek City Kenesh elected him on 27 February 2016. The current mayor
8836-543: Was signed on 1 March 2016. The educational process in KNU takes place in the following directions: The educational process follows the Bologna Process . Below is a list of rectors of KNU. As of the 2016-2017 academic year, there were 2,654 teaching staff at KNU. Of them, 1,908 people or 71.9% of the total number of full-time teachers held a scientific degree. KNU also employs around 271 part-time or non-teaching staff. Of these employees, 183 (or 67.5%) also hold
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