Forward-looking infrared ( FLIR ) cameras, typically used on military and civilian aircraft, use a thermographic camera that senses infrared radiation .
77-621: The Lockheed HC-130 is an extended-range, search and rescue (SAR)/ combat search and rescue (CSAR) version of the C-130 Hercules military transport aircraft, with two different versions operated by two separate services in the U.S. armed forces. The HC-130H Hercules and HC-130J Super Hercules versions are operated by the United States Coast Guard in a SAR and maritime reconnaissance role. The HC-130P Combat King and HC-130J Combat King II variants are operated by
154-755: A heat source ( thermal radiation ), to create an image assembled for video output. They can be used to help pilots and drivers steer their vehicles at night and in fog, or to detect warm objects against a cooler background. The wavelength of infrared that thermal imaging cameras detect is 3 to 12 μm and differs significantly from that of night vision , which operates in the visible light and near-infrared ranges (0.4 to 1.0 μm). Infrared light falls into two basic ranges: long-wave and medium-wave . Long-wave infrared (LWIR) cameras, sometimes called "far-infrared", operate at 8 to 12 μm and can see heat sources, such as hot engine parts or human body heat , several kilometers away. Longer-distance viewing
231-586: A physician and a rescue swimmer . The Estonian Border Guard (Piirivalve) is the Estonian security authority responsible for the border security. It is the main support organisation for search and rescue missions in Estonia, and operates a small fleet of SAR vessels and helicopters. In Finland local rescue services (i.e. fire departments) are responsible for land and inland water SAR, the Border Guard
308-727: A 24/7 basis at Holzdorf Air Base with the Airbus H145 LUH SAR (Light Utility Helikopter Search and Rescue) and at Nörvenich Air Base and 2 at Niederstetten Army Airfield. Further, the Technisches Hilfswerk is a key component of the German disaster relief framework. It is, among other things, regularly involved in urban search and rescue efforts abroad. SAR operations are conducted by the Government Flying Service (GFS) and before 1993 by
385-402: A location where they cannot be found or, less commonly, due to abduction . Ground search and rescue missions that occur in urban areas should not be confused with "urban search and rescue", which in many jurisdictions refers to the location and extraction of people from collapsed buildings or other entrapments. In some countries, the police are the primary agency for carrying out searches for
462-518: A missing person on land. Some places have voluntary search and rescue teams that can be called out to assist these searches. Search and rescue agencies may contain small specialist teams for executing operations where there are specific environmental risks. Examples include swift water rescue, flood response, technical rope rescue, confined space rescue, over-snow rescue, and thin ice rescue. Mountain rescue relates to search and rescue operations specifically in rugged and mountainous terrain. Cave rescue
539-715: A recognized turboprop aircraft class record of 8,732.09 miles (14,052.94 km) for a great circle distance without landing. The USAF Lockheed HC-130H was flown from Ching Chuan Kang Air Base , Republic of China (Taiwan), to Scott AFB , Illinois in the United States. As of 2018, this record still stands more than 40 years later. Data from USCG Specs General characteristics Performance Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists [REDACTED] Media related to Lockheed HC-130 Hercules at Wikimedia Commons Search and rescue Search and rescue ( SAR )
616-435: A survivor in advance of the arrival of a recovery vehicle. Other capabilities are extended visual and electronic searches over land or water, tactical airborne radar approaches and unimproved airfield operations. A team of three Pararescuemen , trained in emergency trauma medicine , harsh environment survival and assisted evasion techniques, is part of the basic mission crew complement. Up until 2016, HC-130P/N aircraft of
693-584: Is a highly specialised form of rescue for rescuing injured, trapped or lost cave explorers. Urban search and rescue (US&R or USAR), also referred to as Heavy Urban Search and Rescue (HUSAR), is the location and rescue of persons from collapsed buildings or other urban and industrial entrapments. Due to the specialised nature of the work, most teams are multi-disciplinary and include personnel from police, fire and emergency medical services. Unlike traditional ground search and rescue workers, most US&R responders also have basic training in structural collapse and
770-433: Is carried out at sea to save sailors and passengers in distress, or the survivors of downed aircraft. The type of agency which carries out maritime search and rescue varies by country; it may variously be the coast guard , navy or voluntary organisations. When a distressed or missing vessel is located, these organisations deploy helicopters, rescue vessels or any other appropriate vessel to return them to land. In some cases,
847-919: Is conducted by the German Maritime Search and Rescue Service with air support by the German Navy , the Federal Police and the German Army Aviation . All incoming requests are coordinated by the Maritime Rescue Coordination Center in Bremen . The DGzRS is a non-governmental organisation entirely supported by donations. Besides the offshore Search And Rescue services, the German Army Aviation provides 3 SAR Command Posts on
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#1732791217781924-506: Is made more difficult with LWIR because the infrared light is absorbed , scattered , and refracted by air and by water vapor. Some long-wave cameras require their detector to be cryogenically cooled, typically for several minutes before use, although some moderately sensitive infrared cameras do not require this. Many thermal imagers, including some forward-looking infrared cameras (such as some LWIR enhanced vision systems (EVS)) are also uncooled. Medium-wave (MWIR) cameras operate in
1001-799: Is organised by the Cyprus Joint Rescue Coordination Center (JRCC Larnaca). The JRCC (Greek: Κέντρο Συντονισμού Έρευνας και Διάσωσης) is an independent agency of the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Cyprus that started its operations on a 24h basis on 7 August 1995 as a unit of the Cyprus Air Force Command . On 1 March 2002, the JRCC took full responsibility for investigating, organising, coordinating and executing every SAR incident-operation in
1078-820: Is provided by three authorities; the Joint Rescue Coordination Centre (JRCC) at the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA), the Australian Defence Force (ADF) and the State/Territory Police Jurisdictions. In a very broad sense, the JRCC respond to national and international registered aircraft, off shore marine incidents and beacon activations. The ADF are responsible for Australian and foreign military personnel, vehicles, vessels and aircraft while within
1155-860: Is responsible for maritime areas. These organisations alert and decide on the most suitable response for the location and situation. The country also has several volunteer organisations such as the volunteer fire department (VPK), the Finnish Lifeboat Institution (SMPS) and the Red Cross Finland (SPR). The Société Nationale de Sauvetage en Mer (SNSM) provides sea rescue on the French coast and at seas. In 2016, they helped 7,500 people in 5,200 rescues. The service has 41 all-weather rescue boats, 34 first-class rescue boats and 76 second-class lifeboats. In France, Search and rescue operations are led by different entities according to
1232-817: Is the framework document that funds international SAR activities. The Canadian Forces have five assigned SAR squadrons: Plus three Combat Support Squadrons with SAR roles: Some municipalities and provinces have their own SAR units: There are also volunteer non-profit associations that conduct SAR in Canada: In Croatia the SAR Service is part of the Croatian Navy and the Croatian Coast Guard with their headquarter in Rijeka . The Cyprus Republic Search and Rescue (SAR) system
1309-431: Is the search for and provision of aid to people who are in distress or imminent danger. The general field of search and rescue includes many specialty sub-fields, typically determined by the type of terrain the search is conducted over. These include mountain rescue ; ground search and rescue, including the use of search and rescue dogs (such as K9 units ); urban search and rescue in cities; combat search and rescue on
1386-947: The Air National Guard . While under AFSOC and since returning to ACC and PACAF, USAF, AFRC and ANG HC-130s have been deployed to Italy, Kyrgyzstan, Kuwait, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Jordan, Uzbekistan, Djibouti, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Greece in support of Operations Southern and Northern Watch , Operation Allied Force , Operation Enduring Freedom , Operation Iraqi Freedom , and Operation Unified Protector . HC-130s also support continuous alert commitments in Alaska , and provided rescue coverage for NASA Space Shuttle operations in Florida until that program's termination in 2011. The USAF's first HC-130Js gained initial operating capability (IOC) in April 2013, permitting retirement of
1463-647: The Cospas-Sarsat distress beacon detection system. The JRCC's jurisdiction spans Australia and as well as covering 52.8 million square kilometres of the Indian , Pacific and Southern Oceans constituting about 11% of the Earth's surface. The JRCC is staffed by SAR specialists who have a naval, merchant marine , air force, civil aviation or police service background. The JRCC also coordinates medical evacuations, broadcasts maritime safety information and operates
1540-1374: The Cyprus Port and Naval Police , the Cyprus National Guard Naval Command , the Cyprus National Guard Air Force Command , the Cyprus Civil Defence and other secondary units. The JRCC reports directly to the operational control of the Ministry of Defence and it is staffed by qualified personnel of the Cyprus National Guard , mainly from the branches of the Navy and the Air Force . There are also search and rescue teams in Northern Cyprus . Search and rescue operators in Turkish Republic of North Cyprus are primarily: Military Search and rescue operators in Denmark are primarily: Danish air force Squadron 722, Danish navy air squadron , naval home guard and
1617-828: The Danish Maritime Safety Administration , coordinated by the Joint Rescue Coordination Centre, operated by the navy and air force in the Danish Naval Commands facilities near Aarhus . Internationally the Danish works mainly with Germany , Norway and Sweden . With the two latter, the annual exercises Baltic SAREX and Scan-SAR are conducted. SAR services in Denmark started in 1957 with seven Sikorsky S-55s . Their piston engines produced only 550 hp (410 kW) and they had limited fuel capacity, so their operational range
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#17327912177811694-499: The FBI conducted 10 aerial surveillance missions between April 29 and May 3, which included "infrared and day color, full-motion FLIR video evidence" collection, according to FBI spokesman Christopher Allen. A FLIR Talon multi-sensor camera system equipped with an infrared laser pointer (which is invisible to casual observers) for illumination purposes was used to gather data at night. The American Civil Liberties Union raised concerns over
1771-769: The Fulton surface-to-air recovery system , although this system has since been discontinued and the specialized equipment removed. The HC-130N was a follow-up order without the Fulton recovery system and all USAF extant HC-130Ps have since had their Fulton recovery systems removed. The USAF HC-130P/N, also known as the Combat King aircraft, can fly in the day against a reduced threat; however, crews normally fly night, low-level, air refueling and airdrop operations using night vision goggles. The aircraft can routinely fly low-level NVG tactical flight profiles to avoid detection. To enhance
1848-549: The Lockheed Martin KC-130J tanker operated by the U.S. Marine Corps . The USCG has six HC-130Js in service, but they are not capable of refueling helicopters in flight. The first delivery of this variant to the United States Coast Guard was in October 2003. They initially operated in a logistic support role until they received significant modifications, including installations of a large window on each side of
1925-763: The NSW SES Bush Search and Rescue in New South Wales and Bush Search and Rescue Victoria in Victoria . These state-based groups draw searchers from bushwalking, mountaineering and specialist rescue clubs within their State. A few groups respond on horseback as mounted search and rescue . The State Emergency Service is a collection of volunteer-based emergency organisations established in each state or territory which are responsible for many rescue efforts in urban and rural areas and in any rescue that results from flood or storm activity. In rural areas
2002-853: The North Sea are executed by the Belgian Air Component . From its Koksijde Air Base it operates NH-90 helicopters. Search and rescue duties in Brazil are the responsibility of the Salvarmar Brasil (MRCC Brazil), of the Brazilian Navy and Divisão de Busca e Salvamento (D-SAR) (English: Search and Rescue Division), of the Brazilian Air Force . Air and marine Search and rescue duties in Canada are
2079-797: The Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force . The GFS conducts maritime SAR within the 400-nautical-mile (740 km) radius of the Hong Kong Flight Information Region (FIR). As of 2020, the GFS fleet consists of nine aircraft including: Other civilian search and rescue units in Hong Kong include: Forward-looking infrared The sensors installed in forward-looking infrared cameras, as well as those of other thermal imaging cameras, use detection of infrared radiation, typically emitted from
2156-544: The Supreme Court of Canada determined that the use of airborne FLIR in surveillance by police was permitted without requiring a search warrant. The Court determined that the general nature of the data gathered by FLIR did not reveal personal information of the occupants and therefore was not in violation of Tessling's Section 8 rights afforded under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982). Ian Binnie distinguished
2233-525: The United States Air Force for long-range SAR and CSAR. The USAF variants also execute on scene CSAR command and control, airdrop pararescue forces and equipment, and are also capable of providing aerial refueling to appropriately equipped USAF, US Army, USN, USMC, and NATO/Allied helicopters in flight. In this latter role, they are primarily used to extend the range and endurance of combat search and rescue helicopters . In July 2015, it
2310-610: The United States Supreme Court decided in Kyllo v. United States that performing surveillance of private property (ostensibly to detect high emission grow lights used in clandestine cannabis farming) using thermal imaging cameras without a search warrant by law enforcement violates the Fourth Amendment's protection from unreasonable searches and seizures. In the 2004 R. v. Tessling judgment,
2387-410: The 3–5 μm range. These can see almost as well, since those frequencies are less affected by water-vapor absorption, but generally require a more expensive sensor array , along with cryogenic cooling. Many camera systems use digital image processing to improve the image quality. Infrared imaging sensor arrays often have wildly inconsistent sensitivities from pixel to pixel, due to limitations in
Lockheed HC-130 - Misplaced Pages Continue
2464-567: The Air Force Rescue Coordination Center (AFRCC) that had been previously located at McClellan Air Force Base , California and Scott Air Force Base , Illinois under MAC and at Langley Air Force Base , Virginia under ACC, was relocated to Tyndall Air Force Base , Florida under the control of 1st Air Force (1 AF), the USAF component command to U.S. Northern Command ( USNORTHCOM ) and ACC's numbered air force for
2541-610: The Australian SRR. Police are responsible for coastal marine incidents, lost persons, unregistered aircraft, inland waterways, ports and identified beacons. The JRCC operates a 24-hour Rescue Coordination Centre (RCC) in Canberra and is responsible for the national coordination of both maritime and aviation search and rescue. The JRCC is also responsible for the management and operation of the Australian ground segment of
2618-645: The Australian Ship Reporting System (AUSREP). In coordinating search and rescue missions, the JRCC will call on assistance from organisations as appropriate, such as the Defence forces, Border Protection Command , trained aviation organisations (Civil SAR Units), emergency medical helicopters, state Police services and trained Air Observers from the State Emergency Service . There are also other organisations, such as
2695-634: The Canadian National Aerial Surveillance Program DHC-8M-100 aircraft mounted with infrared sensors was instrumental in the search for Justin Bourque , a fugitive who had killed three Royal Canadian Mounted Police members in Moncton . The plane's crew used its advanced heat-sensing camera to discover Bourque's heat signature in the deep brushwoods at midnight. During 2015 Baltimore protests ,
2772-515: The Canadian law with respect to the Kyllo judgment, by agreeing with the Kyllo minority that public officials should not have to avert their senses or their equipment from detecting emissions in the public domain such as excessive heat, traces of smoke, suspicious odors, odorless gases, airborne particulates, or radioactive emissions, any of which could identify hazards to the community. In June 2014,
2849-523: The Combat Air Forces were a combination of mid to late-1960s vintage aircraft based on C-130E airframes and mid-1990s vintage aircraft based on C-130H3 airframes. All underwent extensive modifications. These modifications included night vision -compatible interior and exterior lighting, a personnel locator system compatible with aircrew survival radios, improved digital low-power color radar and forward-looking infrared systems. As of 2018, with
2926-638: The Cyprus Republic Search And Rescue system, to co-ordinate, control and direct SAR operations in its area of responsibility (which is identical to the Nicosia FIR ), in order to find and rescue people whose lives are at risk, as a result of an air or naval accident, in the least possible time. This is achieved by coordinating all the different agencies involved such as the Cyprus Police Aviation Unit,
3003-598: The HC-130 variant. In keeping with the USN/USMC/USCG designation system of the time, the designation for the first order in 1958 was R8V-1G, but with the introduction of the Tri-Service aircraft designation system for commonality across the U.S. Armed Forces in 1962, this was eventually changed to HC-130B. Six USCG HC-130E aircraft were produced in 1964, but production soon switched to the new C-130H platform which
3080-413: The HC-130H nor the HC-130J in their U.S. Coast Guard variants are equipped for the aerial refueling of helicopters. The HC-130P (to include HC-130P/N) is primarily based on the C-130E airlift aircraft, with a smaller number based on the C-130H. The USAF HC-130J is a newly manufactured aircraft. As the dedicated fixed-wing combat search and rescue platform in the USAF inventory, the HC-130 is operated by
3157-554: The Raytheon AN/AAQ-26 are used in a variety of applications, including naval vessels , fixed-wing aircraft , helicopters , armored fighting vehicles , and military-grade smartphones . In warfare, they have three distinct advantages over other imaging technologies: The term "forward-looking" is used to distinguish fixed forward-looking thermal imaging systems from sideways-tracking infrared systems, also known as " push broom " imagers, and other thermal imaging systems such as gimbal-mounted imaging systems, handheld imaging systems, and
Lockheed HC-130 - Misplaced Pages Continue
3234-400: The Republic of Cyprus Search & Rescue Region (SRR). JRCC Larnaca operated as a military unit until 26 July 2010, when JRCC was transformed to an independent agency under the Ministry of Defence with the Minister being responsible for its operational aspects. Logistic and technical support is the responsibility of the Ministry of Communications & Works. Its primary mission is to organise
3311-417: The SES conducts most bush search, vertical and road traffic rescues. In urban areas they assist the police and fire services with USAR. Search and rescue operations in Azerbaijan are managed by the Ministry of Emergency Situations onshore in cooperation with the State Civil Aviation Administration in air and the State Maritime Administration offshore. Search and rescue duties along the Belgian part of
3388-608: The addition of a second scan mirror, the invention of the first forward-looking infrared camera occurred in 1963, with production beginning in 1966. In 1972, TI introduced the Common Module concept, which greatly reduced costs and allowed for the reuse of common components. The cost of thermal imaging equipment in general has fallen dramatically after inexpensive portable and fixed infrared detectors and systems based on microelectromechanical technology were designed and manufactured for commercial, industrial, and military application. Also, older camera designs used rotating mirrors to scan
3465-507: The agencies may carry out an air-sea rescue (ASR). This refers to the combined use of aircraft (such as flying boats , floatplanes , amphibious helicopters and non-amphibious helicopters equipped with hoists) and surface vessels. Another type of Maritime search and rescue is Submarine rescue . The International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR Convention) is the legal framework that applies to international maritime and air-sea rescue. The Australian search and rescue service
3542-428: The battlefield and air-sea rescue over water. International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG) is a UN organisation that promotes the exchange of information between national urban search and rescue organisations. The duty to render assistance is covered by Article 98 of the UNCLOS . There are many different definitions of search and rescue, depending on the agency involved and country in question. One of
3619-575: The capability of air dropping rescue equipment to survivors at sea or over open terrain. They carried additional equipment and two 1,800-gallon fuel bladders in the cargo compartment. The MC-130P Combat Shadow series of aircraft initially entered service in December 1965 during the Vietnam War as the HC-130H CROWN airborne controller. The CROWN airborne controllers located downed aircrew and directed Combat Search and Rescue operations over North Vietnam. In mid-1966 flight testing began of rescue helicopters equipped with aerial refueling receivers, and 11 of
3696-531: The cargo bay. The HC-130J Combat King II is also capable of itself being refueled in flight by boom-equipped tankers such as the KC-135 , KC-10 and KC-46 . Lockheed Martin officials conducted the first flight of the USAF HC-130J version on 29 July 2010. The first HC-130J was delivered to the USAF in September 2010, but underwent further testing before achieving Initial Operational Capability (IOC) in 2012. The HC-130J personnel recovery aircraft completed developmental testing on 14 March 2011. The final test point
3773-412: The cockpit, using an experimental hoist developed jointly by Sikorsky and Breeze . All five crew members of an oil barge, which had run aground on Penfield Reef , were saved before the barge sank. In 1983, Korean Air Lines Flight 007 with 269 occupants was shot down by a Soviet aircraft near Sakhalin . The Soviets sent SAR helicopters and boats to Soviet waters, while a search and rescue operation
3850-498: The controller aircraft were modified as tankers and redesignated the HC-130P SAR Command and Control/vertical lift (helicopter) aerial refueling aircraft, entering service in Southeast Asia in November 1966. Originally assigned to the Tactical Air Command (TAC) and then the Military Airlift Command (MAC), Combat Shadows have been part of the Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) since that command's establishment in 1993. In February 1996, AFSOC's 28-aircraft HC-130P tanker fleet
3927-474: The dangers associated with live electrical wires, broken natural gas lines and other hazards. While earthquakes have traditionally been the cause of US&R operations, terrorist attacks and extreme weather such as tornadoes and hurricanes have also resulted in the deployment of these resources. Combat search and rescue (CSAR) is search and rescue operations that are carried out during war that are within or near combat zones. Maritime search and rescue
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#17327912177814004-650: The exception of a handful of extant aircraft in the Air National Guard , all remaining HC-130P/N aircraft are operated by the Air Force Reserve Command . The HC-130H first flew on 8 December 1964. The Coast Guard began equipping with the HC-130H in the late sixties and early seventies,. U.S. Coast Guard HC-130Hs were primarily acquired for long-range overwater search missions, support airlift, maritime patrol, North Atlantic Ice Patrol and command and control of search and rescue, replacing previously operated HU-16 Albatross amphibious and HC-123 Provider land-based aircraft. Like their USAF counterparts, USCG HC-130s also have
4081-1117: The first group of HC-130P aircraft based on C-130E airframes that were built in the mid and late 1960s. The first HC-130J was delivered by Lockheed Martin to Air Combat Command on 23 September 2010 for testing. In 2009, there were HC-130P aircraft operated by the Air National Guard , and 10 by the Air Force Reserve Command . As of 2019, unofficial estimates place the number of HC-130Ps remaining at 6 airframes, all assigned to Air Force Reserve Command. On 20 February 1972, Lieutenant Colonel Edgar Allison, USAF, and his flight crew,(CPT Richard J. Racette, Aircraft Commander, Niles IL; CPT David E. Gardner, Pilot, South Gate CA; MAJ Anthony Liparulo, Navigator, New London, CT; CPT Carl E. Bennett, Navigator, Hamilton TX; TSGT Morelle E. Larouche, Flight Engineer, Holyoke MA; TSGT William F. Litton, Flight Engineer, Pennington Gap PA; TSGT Theodore Trainer, Loadmaster, Wapabo WA; TSGT Robert Landry, Crew Chief, New Orleans, LA; Major Kenneth S. Wayne, Flight Surgeon, Oak Park IL; SSGT William L. Hippert, Radio Operator, Rahway NJ; SSGT Pat E. Carrothers, Radio Operator, Lake Charles LA.) set
4158-468: The following units: HC-130s were assigned to the Air Combat Command (ACC) from 1992 to 2003, to include those Air Force Reserve Command and Air National Guard rescue units operationally-gained by ACC. Prior to 1992, they were assigned to the Air Rescue Service as part of Military Airlift Command (MAC). In October 2003, operational responsibility for the Continental United States (CONUS) and Alaskan air search and rescue (SAR) mission, as well as
4235-652: The fuselage to allow crew members to visually scan the sea surface, the addition of an inverse synthetic aperture sea search radar, flare tubes, a forward-looking infrared/electro-optical sensor, a gaseous oxygen system for the crew and an enhanced communications suite. Aircraft are installed with the Minotaur Mission System and incorporates sensors; radar; and command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance equipment and enables aircrews to gather and process surveillance information that can be transmitted to other platforms and units during flight. The first of these modified Coast Guard HC-130Js
4312-462: The image to a small sensor. More modern cameras no longer use this method; the simplification helps reduce cost. Uncooled technology available in many Enhanced Flight Vision System (EFVS or EVS) products have reduced the costs to fractions of the price of older cooled technology, with similar performance. EVS is rapidly becoming mainstream on many fixed wing and rotary wing operators from Cirrus and Cessna aircraft to large business jets. In 2001,
4389-590: The initial SAR effort, which was fruitless. In June 2014, the Australian Transport Safety Bureau commissioned the MV Fugro Equator to lead a three-month survey of the ocean bed. As of 2014 , the search for Flight 370 had become the largest SAR to date. Ground search and rescue is the search for persons who are lost or in distress on land or inland waterways. People may go missing for a variety of reasons. Some may disappear voluntarily, due to issues like domestic abuse . Others disappear for involuntary reasons such as mental illness, getting lost, an accident, death in
4466-531: The like. Pushbroom systems typically have been used on aircraft and satellites. Sideways-tracking imagers normally involve a one-dimensional (1D) array of pixels, which uses the motion of the aircraft or satellite to move the view of the 1D array across the ground to build up a 2D image over time. Such systems cannot be used for real-time imaging and must look perpendicular to the direction of travel. In 1956, Texas Instruments began research on infrared technology that led to several line scanner contracts and, with
4543-403: The manufacturing process. To remedy this, the response of each pixel is measured at the factory, and a transform, most often linear, maps the measured input signal to an output level. Some companies offer advanced "fusion" technologies that blend a visible-spectrum image with an infrared-spectrum image to produce better results than a single-spectrum image alone. Thermal imaging cameras such as
4620-441: The more recent mid-1990s vintage C-130H2/H3 airframe, the Air Force plans to eventually buy up to 39 HC-130J Combat King IIs to equip rescue squadrons in the active Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard . The first HC-130J was delivered to the 563d Rescue Group at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base , Arizona on 15 November 2012. The US Air Force Reserve received its first HC-130J on 2 April 2020 when it
4697-419: The naval vessels at sea. The EH-101s operate from bases in Aalborg , Skrydstrup and Roskilde . When the sea water temperatures are low a helicopter is also deployed to the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea . The Lynx operates from Karup . Maritime vessels are spread out through the entire coastline and on islands. The S-61s and EH-101s have a crew of six: two pilots , a navigator , a flight engineer ,
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#17327912177814774-558: The non-profit Westpac Life Saver Rescue Helicopter Service that is based at a number of sites around Australia and contracted by various authorities to deliver search and rescue services. State Police in many states operate state-based search and rescue squads, such as the Victoria Police Search and Rescue Squad , which provides specialist expertise, advice and practical assistance in land search and rescue on most terrain including snow and vertical cliff search and rescue. There are also state-based volunteer search and rescue groups such as
4851-436: The probability of mission success and survivability near populated areas, USAF HC-130 crews employ tactics that include incorporating no external lighting or communications and avoiding radar and weapons detection. Secondary mission capabilities include performing tactical airdrops of pararescue specialist teams, small bundles, zodiac watercraft , or four-wheel drive all-terrain vehicles ; and providing direct assistance to
4928-496: The provision of maritime SAR is assigned to the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans by the Canada Shipping Act and the Canada Oceans Act . Ground and inland water search and rescue (GSAR) is the responsibility of provinces and territories with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and other police forces coordinating operations, often using volunteer GSAR teams operating in specific areas under provincial coordinating bodies. The Canada Shipping Act, most recently passed in 2001,
5005-403: The rescue area. For sea rescue, the French navy use airborne unit (e.g. Flottille 33F in Brittany) and specialized boats (e.g. "L'abeille Bourbon"). In Mountains, French gendarmerie is equipped with EC-145 'chouka'. In the other areas, French civil protection agency "Securité Civile" works with paramedics, fire unit and hospital mobile unit using EC-145 'Dragon'. Search and Rescue in German waters
5082-429: The responsibility of the Canadian Forces and Canadian Coast Guard in conjunction with volunteer organisations. The Department of National Defence (DND) has overall responsibility for the coordinated search and rescue system. SAR operations are organised by Joint Rescue Coordination Centres (JRCC). The JRCC are staffed 24 hours a day by SAR Co-ordinators from the Canadian Coast Guard and Canadian Forces. Authority for
5159-528: The ships patrolling the North Atlantic, but also supported the S-55s. In 1964–1965 the seven S-55s were replaced with eight Sikorsky S-61A helicopters. In 2007, the Danish Defence held a public display in Horsens , to raise awareness about rescue services and maritime safety. Maritime SAR is important because Denmark has a relative long coast line to its land mass. In 2008, the SAR forces in Denmark were equipped with eight EH-101, one or two Lynx, 34 naval home guard vessels and 21 rescue vessels, as well as
5236-426: The world's earliest well-documented SAR efforts ensued following the 1656 wreck of the Dutch merchant ship Vergulde Draeck off the west coast of Australia . Survivors sought help, and in response three separate SAR missions were conducted, without success. On 29 November 1945, a Sikorsky R-5 performed the first civilian helicopter rescue operation in history, with Sikorsky's chief pilot Dmitry "Jimmy" Viner in
5313-496: The worldwide combat search and rescue (CSAR) mission was transferred to the Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) at Hurlburt Field , Florida. In October 2006, all USAF CSAR forces were reassigned back to Air Combat Command with the exception of those Alaska Air National Guard CSAR assets which were transferred to the operational claimancy of Pacific Air Forces ( PACAF ). The CONUS and Alaska SAR missions were also transferred back to ACC and PACAF, respectively. However,
5390-459: Was air-to-air refueling, and was the first ever boom refueling of a C-130 where the aircraft's refueling receiver was installed during aircraft production. This test procedure also applied to the MC-130J Combat Shadow II aircraft in production for Air Force Special Operations Command . Given the advancing age of its current HC-130P/N airframes, all of which are based on either the venerable (and since retired) mid/late-1960s vintage C-130E airframe or
5467-416: Was announced that the U.S. Forest Service will be receiving some of the U.S. Coast Guard's HC-130H aircraft to use as aerial fire retardant drop tankers as the Coast Guard replaces the HC-130H with additional HC-130J and HC-27J Spartan aircraft, the latter being received from the Air National Guard as part of a USAF-directed divestment of the C-27. The United States Coast Guard was the first recipient of
5544-612: Was delivered in March 2008 and complete delivered in September 2019. The 17th HC-130J for the United States Coast Guard is expected to be delivered in 2024. The Coast Guard is acquiring a fleet of 22 new, fully missionized HC-130J aircraft to replace its legacy HC-130Hs. The USAF HC-130J Combat King II combat rescue variant has modifications for in-flight refueling of helicopters and tilt-rotor aircraft , including refueling pods on underwing pylons and additional internal fuel tanks in
5621-650: Was delivered to the 920th Rescue Wing's 39th Rescue Squadron at Patrick Air Force Base in Florida. The United States Coast Guard operates 18 HC-130H aircraft from three bases around the United States: These aircraft are used for search and rescue, enforcement of laws and treaties, illegal drug interdiction, marine environmental protection, military readiness, International Ice Patrol missions, as well as cargo and personnel transport. The Coast Guard also currently operates an additional 9 HC-130J aircraft from CGAS Elizabeth City , North Carolina. Neither
5698-720: Was entering service. The first HC-130H flew on 8 December 1964 and the USCG still operates this aircraft. First flown in 1964, the USAF HC-130P Combat King aircraft has served many roles and missions. Based on the USAF C-130E airframe, it was modified to conduct search and rescue missions, provide a command and control platform, conduct in-flight refueling of helicopters, and carry supplemental fuel in additional internal cargo bay fuel tanks for extending range or air refueling. They were also originally modified to employ
5775-549: Was initiated by U.S., South Korean, and Japanese ships and aircraft in international waters, but no survivors were found. In July 2009, Air France Flight 447 was lost in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. An international SAR effort was launched, to no avail. A third effort nearly two years later discovered the crash site and recovered the flight recorders . In early 2014, Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 crashed under mysterious circumstances. Many nations contributed to
5852-667: Was redesignated the MC-130P Combat Shadow , aligning the variant with AFSOC's other M-series special operations mission aircraft. At the same time as this redesignation, USAF continued to field HC-130P/N aircraft as dedicated CSAR platforms under the Air Combat Command (ACC) and in ACC or PACAF-gained CSAR units in the Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard. The new HC-130J aircraft are derived from
5929-536: Was short. To increase the operational area, Pembroke twin-engined fixed-wing aircraft were employed for search. These aircraft would localise the distressed person(s) and the S-55s would then rescue them. The SAR service was started for respond to fighter-plane crashes as 79 aircraft crashed, with 62 dead, in the period 1950–1955., but civilian SAR duties are also conducted. In 1962, eight ship-based Aérospatiale Alouette IIIs were received. These were primarily meant for
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