26-648: [REDACTED] Look up HPP in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. HPP may refer to: Medicine [ edit ] Allopurinol , a medication Hereditary pyropoikilocytosis , a blood disorder HPP epoxidase , an enzyme Hypokalemic periodic paralysis , a muscle disease Hypophosphatasia , a bone disease Hypoxia preconditioned plasma Other uses [ edit ] Hardy-Pomeau-Pazzis model , in computational fluid dynamics Harrington Park Press , an American publisher Harris Performance Products ,
52-749: A British motorcycle racing/parts manufacturer Hawaiian Paradise Park , a community on the island of Hawaii Head Phones President , a Japanese metal band Health Partners Plans , a health insurance network High Performance Programme , in cricket High pressure processing of food Holme Pierrepont National Watersports Centre , in England Human Proteome Project Hydroelectric power plant Hydrometallurgy Pilot Plant , in Egypt C++ Header file Headturn Preference Procedure, in statistical language acquisition Honda Power Port,
78-578: A British motorcycle racing/parts manufacturer Hawaiian Paradise Park , a community on the island of Hawaii Head Phones President , a Japanese metal band Health Partners Plans , a health insurance network High Performance Programme , in cricket High pressure processing of food Holme Pierrepont National Watersports Centre , in England Human Proteome Project Hydroelectric power plant Hydrometallurgy Pilot Plant , in Egypt C++ Header file Headturn Preference Procedure, in statistical language acquisition Honda Power Port,
104-498: A potential treatment to reduce risk of cardiac disease. However, the data is inconsistent and conflicting, and the use of allopurinol for use in cardiovascular disease is controversial. Independently of its effects on uric acid, it may also have effects on oxidative stress and inflammation. Because allopurinol is not a uricosuric , it can be used in people with poor kidney function. However, for people with impaired kidney function, allopurinol has two disadvantages. First, its dosing
130-428: A type of two-stroke power valve system Handan East railway station , China Railway telegraph code HPP Hosted Payment Page (also known as Hosted Checkout), used in ecommerce for secure checkouts. HTTP parameter pollution Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title HPP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
156-428: A type of two-stroke power valve system Handan East railway station , China Railway telegraph code HPP Hosted Payment Page (also known as Hosted Checkout), used in ecommerce for secure checkouts. HTTP parameter pollution Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title HPP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
182-411: Is a rare side effect. Another side effect of allopurinol is interstitial nephritis . Drug interactions are extensive, and are as follows: Allopurinol may also increase the activity or half-life of the following drugs, in order of seriousness and certainty of the interaction: Co-administration of the following drugs may make allopurinol less active or decrease its half-life: Co-administration of
208-467: Is also used to treat kidney stones caused by deficient activity of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase . Allopurinol was also commonly used to treat tumor lysis syndrome in chemotherapeutic treatments, as these regimens can rapidly produce severe acute hyperuricemia; however, it has gradually been replaced by urate oxidase therapy. Intravenous formulations are used in this indication when people are unable to swallow medication. Allopurinol cotherapy
234-1058: Is available as a generic medication . In 2022, it was the 39th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 15 million prescriptions. Allopurinol is used to reduce urate formation in conditions where urate deposition has already occurred or is predictable. The specific diseases and conditions where it is used include gouty arthritis, skin tophi , kidney stones, idiopathic gout; uric acid lithiasis; acute uric acid nephropathy; neoplastic disease and myeloproliferative disease with high cell turnover rates, in which high urate levels occur either spontaneously, or after cytotoxic therapy; certain enzyme disorders which lead to overproduction of urate, for example: hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase , including Lesch–Nyhan syndrome ; glucose 6-phosphatase including glycogen storage disease ; phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase , phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase ; adenine phosphoribosyltransferase . It
260-407: Is complex. Second, some people are hypersensitive to the drug; therefore, its use requires careful monitoring. Allopurinol has rare but potentially fatal adverse effects involving the skin. The most serious adverse effect is a hypersensitivity syndrome consisting of fever, skin rash, eosinophilia , hepatitis , and worsened renal function, collectively referred to as DRESS syndrome . Allopurinol
286-554: Is contraindicated in known carriers of the HLA-B*5801 allele. Allopurinol was first synthesized and reported in 1956 by Roland K. Robins (1926–1992), in a search for antineoplastic agents . Allopurinol inhibits the breakdown ( catabolism ) of the thiopurine drug mercaptopurine , and was later tested by Wayne Rundles in collaboration with Gertrude Elion 's lab at Wellcome Research Laboratories to see if it could improve treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia by enhancing
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#1732783808091312-462: Is one of the drugs commonly known to cause Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis , two life-threatening dermatological conditions. More common is a less-serious rash that leads to discontinuing this drug. More rarely, allopurinol can also result in the depression of bone marrow elements, leading to cytopenias , as well as aplastic anemia . Moreover, allopurinol can also cause peripheral neuritis in some patients, although this
338-471: Is slowly excreted by the kidneys over 18–30 hours. For this reason, oxipurinol is believed responsible for the majority of allopurinol's effect. Allopurinol is a purine analog; it is a structural isomer of hypoxanthine (a naturally occurring purine in the body) and is an inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase . Xanthine (1H-Purine-2,6-dione) oxidase is responsible for the successive oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and subsequently uric acid ,
364-507: Is specifically used to prevent gout , prevent specific types of kidney stones and for the high uric acid levels that can occur with chemotherapy . It is taken orally (by mouth) or intravenously (injected into a vein). Common side effects when used orally include itchiness and rash. Common side effects when used by injection include vomiting and kidney problems . While not recommended historically, starting allopurinol during an attack of gout appears to be safe. In those already on
390-488: Is used to improve outcomes for people with inflammatory bowel disease and Crohn's disease who do not respond to thiopurine monotherapy. Cotherapy has also been shown to greatly improve hepatoxicity side effects in treatment of IBD. Cotherapy invariably requires dose reduction of the thiopurine, usually to one-third of the standard dose depending upon the patient's genetic status for thiopurine methyltransferase . Allopurinol has been tested as an augmentation strategy for
416-471: The HLA-B*5801 allele (as compared to those who do not have this allele) is very high, ranging from a 40-fold to a 580-fold increase in risk, depending on ethnicity. As of 2011 the FDA-approved drug label for allopurinol did not contain any information regarding the HLA-B*5801 allele, though FDA scientists did publish a study in 2011 which reported a strong, reproducible and consistent association between
442-432: The action of mercaptopurine. However, no improvement in leukemia response was noted with mercaptopurine-allopurinol co-therapy, so that work turned to other compounds and the team then started testing allopurinol as a potential therapeutic for gout. Allopurinol was first marketed as a treatment for gout in 1966. Allopurinol is sold as an injection for intravenous use and as a tablet. Allopurinol has been marketed in
468-504: The allele and allopurinol-induced SJS and TEN. However, the American College of Rheumatology recommends screening for HLA-B*5801 in high-risk populations ( e.g. Koreans with stage 3 or worse chronic kidney disease and those of Han Chinese and Thai descent), and prescribing patients who are positive for the allele an alternative drug. The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines state that allopurinol
494-695: The first and rate-limiting enzyme of purine biosynthesis. Allopurinol, therefore, decreases uric acid formation and may also inhibit purine synthesis. The HLA-B*5801 allele is a genetic marker for allopurinol-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). The frequency of the HLA-B*5801 allele varies between ethnicities: Han Chinese and Thai populations have HLA-B*5801 allele frequencies of around 8%, as compared to European and Japanese populations, who have allele frequencies of around 1.0% and 0.5%, respectively. The increase in risk for developing allopurinol-induced SJS or TEN in individuals with
520-446: The following drugs may cause hypersensitivity or skin rash: A common misconception is that allopurinol is metabolized by its target, xanthine oxidase , but this action is principally carried out by aldehyde oxidase . The active metabolite of allopurinol is oxipurinol , which is also an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Allopurinol is almost completely metabolized to oxipurinol within two hours of oral administration, whereas oxipurinol
546-500: The free dictionary. HPP may refer to: Medicine [ edit ] Allopurinol , a medication Hereditary pyropoikilocytosis , a blood disorder HPP epoxidase , an enzyme Hypokalemic periodic paralysis , a muscle disease Hypophosphatasia , a bone disease Hypoxia preconditioned plasma Other uses [ edit ] Hardy-Pomeau-Pazzis model , in computational fluid dynamics Harrington Park Press , an American publisher Harris Performance Products ,
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#1732783808091572-436: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HPP&oldid=1163434629 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages HPP [REDACTED] Look up HPP in Wiktionary,
598-438: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HPP&oldid=1163434629 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Allopurinol Allopurinol is a medication used to decrease high blood uric acid levels . It
624-487: The medication, it should be continued even during an acute gout attack. While use during pregnancy does not appear to result in harm, this use has not been well studied. Allopurinol is in the xanthine oxidase inhibitor family of medications. Allopurinol was approved for medical use in the United States in 1966. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . Allopurinol
650-443: The product of human purine metabolism. In addition to blocking uric acid production, inhibition of xanthine oxidase causes an increase in hypoxanthine and xanthine. While xanthine cannot be converted to purine ribonucleotides, hypoxanthine can be salvaged to the purine ribonucleotides adenosine and guanosine monophosphates . Increased levels of these ribonucleotides may cause feedback inhibition of amidophosphoribosyl transferase ,
676-416: The treatment of mania in bipolar disorder . Meta-analytic evidence showed that adjunctive allopurinol was superior to placebo for acute mania (both with and without mixed features). Its efficacy was not influenced by dosage, follow-up duration, or concurrent standard treatment. There is a correlation between uric acid levels and cardiovascular disease and mortality, and so allopurinol has been explored as
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