55-413: The HP Prime Graphing Calculator is a graphing calculator introduced by Hewlett-Packard in 2013 and manufactured by HP Inc. until the licensees Moravia Consulting spol. s r.o. and Royal Consumer Information Products, Inc. took over the continued development, manufacturing, distribution, marketing and support in 2022. It was designed with features resembling those of smartphones , such as
110-708: A computer algebra system (CAS), which means that they are capable of producing symbolic results. These calculators can manipulate algebraic expressions, performing operations such as factor, expand, and simplify. In addition, they can give answers in exact form without numerical approximations. Calculators that have a computer algebra system are called symbolic or CAS calculators. Many graphing calculators can be attached to devices like electronic thermometers , pH gauges, weather instruments, decibel and light meters , accelerometers , and other sensors and therefore function as data loggers , as well as WiFi or other communication modules for monitoring, polling and interaction with
165-574: A host/device architecture; a host acts as the Host device for the entire bus, and a USB device acts as a Peripheral. If implementing standard USB, devices must assume one role or the other, with computers generally set up as hosts, while (for example) printers normally function as a Peripheral. In the absence of USB OTG, cell phones often implemented Peripheral functionality to allow easy transfer of data to and from computers. Such phones could not readily be connected to printers as they also implemented
220-568: A 1,500 mAh battery, which is expected to last up to 15 hours on a single charge. The G2 model comes with a battery with a capacity of 2,000 mAh. Unlike the HP 50g and its predecessors, the HP Prime does not have an SD card slot and does not feature a beeper. The HP Prime has a feature called Exam Mode . This enables various features of the calculator (such as CAS functionality, user-created apps, notes, etc.) to be selectively disabled for
275-558: A classroom. The third production model, which was introduced in August 2016, has a revised color scheme with darker blue and orange colors for an improved readability of the keyboard. It still carries the model number G8X92AA and reports a hardware revision of C, but the package shows a 2016 copyright. In July 2018, HP introduced a new hardware generation with model number 2AP18AA and hardware revision D. This version features an NXP i.MX 6ULL MCIMX6Y2 processor with ARM Cortex A7 core and
330-475: A computer can be programmed in assembly language and machine code, although on some calculators this is only possible through using exploits. The most common assembly and machine languages are for TMS9900 , SH-3 , Zilog Z80 , and various Motorola chips (e.g. a modified 68000 ) which serve as the main processors of the machines although many (not all) are modified to some extent from their use elsewhere. Some manufacturers do not document and even mildly discourage
385-402: A dedicated host becomes available, it can become a device. USB OTG does not preclude using a USB hub , but it describes host-peripheral role swapping only for the case of a one-to-one connection where two OTG devices are directly connected. Role swapping does not work through a standard hub, as one device will act as a host and the other as a peripheral until they are disconnected. USB OTG
440-482: A full-color touchscreen display and a user interface centered around different applications . It claims to be the world's smallest and thinnest CAS-enabled calculator currently available. The functionality of the HP Prime is also available as emulation software for PCs and Macs, as well as for various smartphones. The HP Prime's graphical user interface features two separate home screens , one of which contains an integrated computer algebra system (CAS) based on
495-562: A graphical string of single byte characters but retain the two byte character in the program memory. Many graphical calculators work much like computers and use versions of 7-bit, 8-bit or 9-bit ASCII-derived character sets or even UTF-8 and Unicode . Many of them have a tool similar to the character map on Windows. They also have BASIC like functions such as chr$ , chr, char, asc, and so on, which sometimes may be more Pascal or C like. One example may be use of ord , as in Pascal , instead of
550-437: A host and embedded hosts. The original USB OTG standard introduced a plug receptacle called mini-AB that was replaced by micro-AB in later revisions (Revision 1.4 onwards). It can accept either a mini-A plug or a mini-B plug, while mini-A adapters allows connection to standard-A USB cables coming from peripherals. The standard OTG cable has a mini-A plug on one end and a mini-B plug on the other end (it can not have two plugs of
605-405: A host, allowing other USB devices, such as USB flash drives , digital cameras , mouse or keyboards , to be attached to them. Use of USB OTG allows devices to switch back and forth between the roles of host and device. For example, a smartphone may read from removable media as the host device, but present itself as a USB Mass Storage Device when connected to a host computer. USB OTG introduces
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#1732792989481660-698: A large feature set—approaching that of BASIC as found in computers—including character and string manipulation, advanced conditional and branching statements, sound, graphics, and more including, of course, the huge spectrum of mathematical, string, bit-manipulation, number base, I/O, and graphics functions built into the machine. Languages for programming calculators fall into all of the main groups, i.e. machine code, low-level, mid-level, high-level languages for systems and application programming, scripting, macro, and glue languages, procedural, functional, imperative &. object-oriented programming can be achieved in some cases. Most calculators capable to being connected to
715-550: A new operating system unrelated to HP's legacy Saturn and Saturn-emulated systems, which were used on HP's previous RPN/RPL graphing calculators; therefore, it is not compatible with any User RPL or System RPL , or with programming in Saturn or ARM assembler language. The calculator supports programming in a new, Pascal -like programming language now named HP PPL (for Prime Programming Language , but originally also referred to as HP Basic ) that also supports creating apps. This
770-501: A newline character). For a system as slow as a graphing calculator, this is too inefficient for an interpreted language . To increase program speed and coding efficiency, the above line of code would be only three characters. "Disp_" as a single character, "[A]" as a single character, and a newline character. This normally means that single byte chars will query the standard ASCII chart while two byte chars (the Disp_ for example) will build
825-583: A peripheral that is not listed. A powered USB hub may sidestep the issue, if supported, since it will then provide its own power according to either the USB 2.0 or USB 3.0 specifications. Some incompatibilities in both HNP and SRP were introduced between the 1.3 and 2.0 versions of the OTG supplement, which can lead to interoperability issues when using those protocol versions. Some devices can use their USB ports to charge built-in batteries, while other devices can detect
880-474: A similar price range, graphing calculators offer superior math programming capability for math based games. However ,due to poor display resolution, slow processor speed and lack of a dedicated keyboard, they are mostly preferred only by high school students. However, for developers and advanced users like researchers, analysts and gamers, third-party software development involving firmware modifications, whether for powerful gaming or exploiting capabilities beyond
935-556: A specific time, from 15 minutes to 8 hours. This can be done manually within the calculator's menus, or by using a computer with HP's connectivity software. LEDs on the top of the calculator blink to let the instructor see that the calculator is in this mode. Despite this feature, the Prime is still prohibited in many examinations, such as the US's ACT college-entry test. It is however starting to be accepted in other examinations, like those run by
990-544: Is a part of a supplement to the Universal Serial Bus (USB) 2.0 specification originally agreed upon in late 2001 and later revised. The latest version of the supplement also defines behavior for an Embedded Host which has targeted abilities and the same USB Standard-A port used by PCs. SuperSpeed OTG devices, Embedded Hosts and peripherals are supported through the USB OTG and Embedded Host Supplement to
1045-538: Is about three times faster. It provides more RAM (256 MiB instead of 32 MiB) and a bigger Flash module (512 MB instead of 256 MB) and runs FreeRTOS . It is labelled "G2" on the back. Graphing calculator A graphing calculator (also graphics calculator or graphic display calculator ) is a handheld computer that is capable of plotting graphs , solving simultaneous equations , and performing other tasks with variables . Most popular graphing calculators are programmable calculators , allowing
1100-501: Is another means of conveyance of information to and from the calculator. The on-board BASIC variants in TI graphing calculators and the languages available on the HP-48 series can be used for rapid prototyping by developers, professors, and students, often when a computer is not close at hand. Most graphing calculators have on-board spreadsheets which usually integrate with Microsoft Excel on
1155-464: Is based on a language introduced on the HP 38G and built on in subsequent models. The first production model (NW280AA) in 2013 reports its hardware revision as A. This model does not support wireless connectivity, unit-to-unit USB communication, or data streaming. The calculator is manufactured by Inventec Besta and utilizes a modified version of their Besta operating system. The second production model (G8X92AA) reports its hardware revision as C. It
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#17327929894811210-423: Is the ability to achieve more USB capabilities with fewer gates. A "traditional" approach includes four controllers, resulting in more gates to test and debug: Also, most gadgets must be either a host or a device. OTG hardware design merges all of the controllers into one dual-role controller that is somewhat more complex than an individual device controller. A manufacturer's targeted peripheral list (TPL) serves
1265-595: Is the host. The OTG A-device is a power supplier, and an OTG B-device is a power consumer. In the default link configuration, the A-device acts as a USB host with the B-device acting as a USB peripheral. The host and peripheral modes may be exchanged later by using HNP or RSP. Because every OTG controller supports both roles, they are often called "Dual-Role" controllers rather than "OTG controllers". For integrated circuit (IC) designers, an attractive feature of USB OTG
1320-599: The BlackBerry Z30 handset). Nokia has implemented USB OTG in many of their Symbian cellphones such as Nokia N8, C6-01, C7, Oro, E6, E7, X7, 603, 700, 701 and 808 Pureview. Some high-end Android phones produced by HTC, and Sony under Xperia series also have it. Samsung Android version 3.1 or newer supports USB OTG, but not on all devices. Specifications listed on technology web sites (such as GSMArena, PDAdb.net, PhoneScoop, and others) can help determine compatibility. Using GSMArena as an example, one would locate
1375-529: The TI-89 , TI-92 , TI-92 Plus and Voyage 200 machines show the possibility of installing some variants of other systems such as a chopped-down variant of CP/M-68K , an operating system which has been used for portable devices in the past. Tools which allow for programming the calculators in C/C++ and possibly Fortran and assembly language are used on the computer side, such as HPGCC , TIGCC and others. Flash memory
1430-460: The USB 3.0 specification. The USB OTG and Embedded Host Supplement to the USB 2.0 specification introduced three new communication protocols : The USB OTG and Embedded Host Supplement to the USB 3.0 specification introduces an additional communication protocol: USB OTG defines two roles for devices: OTG A-device and OTG B-device, specifying which side supplies power to the link, and which initially
1485-419: The asc of many Basic variants, to return the code of a character, i.e. the position of the character in the collating sequence of the machine. A cable and/or IrDA transceiver connecting the calculator to a computer make the process easier and expands other possibilities such as on-board spreadsheet, database, graphics, and word processing programs. The second option is being able to code the programs on board
1540-402: The "A" end of the cable at start-up, known as the "A-device", acts as the default host, while the "B" end acts as the default peripheral, known as the "B-device". After initial startup, setup for the bus operates as it does with the normal USB standard, with the A-device setting up the B-device and managing all communications. However, when the same A-device is plugged into another USB system or
1595-522: The Dutch CvTE , the Swiss IB , or Alberta (Canada) education authorities. The HP Prime's non-CAS home-screen supports textbook, algebraic and 128-level RPN (aka Advanced RPN ) entry logic. Unlike RPL , which throws an error message when its dynamic stack is exhausted, the Prime's fixed-sized stack just drops values off the stack on overflow (like with four-level RPN ). The calculator uses
1650-426: The aim of focusing a host device towards particular products or applications, rather than toward its functioning as a general-purpose host, as is the case for typical PCs. The TPL specifies products supported by the "targeting" host, defining what it needs to support, including the output power, transfer speeds, supported protocols, and device classes. It applies to all targeted hosts, including both OTG devices acting as
1705-538: The appropriate connection for the device, or the user must supply an appropriate adapter ending in USB-A. The adapter enables any standard USB peripheral to be attached to an OTG device. Attaching two OTG-enabled devices together requires either an adapter in conjunction with the device's USB-A cable, or an appropriate dual-sided cable and a software implementation to manage it. This is becoming commonplace with USB Type-C devices. BlackBerry 10 .2 implements Host Mode (like in
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1760-776: The assembly language programming of their machines because they must be programmed in this way by putting together the program on the PC and then forcing it into the calculator by various improvised methods. Other on-board programming languages include purpose-made languages, variants of Eiffel , Forth , and Lisp , and Command Script facilities which are similar in function to batch/shell programming and other glue languages on computers but generally not as full featured. Ports of other languages like BBC BASIC and development of on-board interpreters for Fortran , REXX , AWK , Perl , Unix shells (e.g., bash , zsh ), other shells ( DOS / Windows 9x , OS/2 , and Windows NT family shells as well as
1815-599: The calculator itself. This option is facilitated by the inclusion of full-screen text editors and other programming tools in the default feature set of the calculator or as optional items. Some calculators have QWERTY keyboards and others can be attached to an external keyboard which can be close to the size of a regular 102-key computer keyboard. Programming is a major use for the software and cables used to connect calculators to computers. The most common programming languages used for calculators are similar to keystroke-macro languages and variants of BASIC . The latter can have
1870-509: The computer side. At this time, spreadsheets with macro and other automation facilities on the calculator side are not on the market. In some cases, the list, matrix, and data grid facilities can be combined with the native programming language of the calculator to have the effect of a macro and scripting enabled spreadsheet. USB OTG USB On-The-Go ( USB OTG or just OTG ) is a specification first used in late 2001 that allows USB devices, such as tablets or smartphones , to also act as
1925-463: The concept of a device performing both Host and Peripheral roles – whenever two USB devices are connected and one of them is a USB OTG device, they establish a communication link . The device controlling the link is called the Host, while the other is called the Peripheral. USB OTG defines two roles for devices: OTG A-device and OTG B-device, specifying which side supplies power to
1980-405: The flash drive directly and to print images from it. USB OTG recognizes that a device can perform both Host and Peripheral roles, and so subtly changes the terminology. With OTG, a device can be either a host when acting as a link host, or a link peripheral. The choice between host and peripheral roles is handled entirely by which end of the cable the device is connected to. The device connected to
2035-469: The free and open-source Xcas/Giac 1.5.0 engine, which evolved from that of the HP 49G and its successors. Both the standard and CAS modes function independently of each other and the calculator can quickly switch between the two, unlike some of its competitors, such as the TI-Nspire series by Texas Instruments , which comes in either CAS-supported models or non-CAS models. The G1 model calculator has
2090-425: The host-device arrangement works for some devices, many devices can act either as host or as device depending on what else shares the bus. For instance, a computer printer is normally a device, but when a USB flash drive containing images is plugged into the printer's USB port with no computer present (or at least turned off), it would be useful for the printer to take on the role of host, allowing it to communicate with
2145-412: The host; for example, a mouse contains very little logic and relies on the host to do almost all of the work. The host controls all data transfers over the bus, with the devices capable only of signalling (when polled) that they require attention. To transfer data between two devices, for example from a phone to a printer, the host first reads the data from one device, then writes it to the other. While
2200-405: The introduction of the USB micro plug, a new plug receptacle called micro-AB was also introduced. It can accept either a micro-A plug or a micro-B plug. Micro-A adapters allow for connection to standard-A plugs, as used on fixed or standard devices. An OTG product must have a single micro-AB receptacle and no other USB receptacles. An OTG cable has a micro-A plug on one end, and a micro-B plug on
2255-429: The keyboard. The actual programming can often be done on a computer then later uploaded to the calculators. The most common tools for this include the PC link cable and software for the given calculator, configurable text editors or hex editors, and specialized programming tools such as the below-mentioned implementation of various languages on the computer side. Earlier calculators stored programs on magnetic cards and
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2310-468: The like; increased memory capacity has made storage on the calculator the most common implementation. Some of the newer machines can also use memory cards. Many graphing and scientific calculators will tokenize the program text, replacing textual programming elements with short numerical tokens. For example, take this line of TI-BASIC code: Disp [A] . In a conventional programming language, this line of code would be nine characters long (eight not including
2365-467: The link, and which initially is the host. The OTG A-device is a power supplier, and an OTG B-device is a power consumer. In the default link configuration, the A-device acts as a USB host with the B-device acting as a USB peripheral. The host and peripheral modes may be exchanged later by using Host Negotiation Protocol (HNP). The wiring for the ID pin defines the initial role of each device. Standard USB uses
2420-451: The mandated micro-AB receptacle on these devices. USB OTG devices are backward-compatible with USB 2.0 (USB 3.0 for SuperSpeed OTG devices) and will behave as standard USB hosts or devices when connected to standard (non-OTG) USB devices. The main exception is that OTG hosts are only required to provide enough power for the products listed on the TPL, which may or may not be enough to connect to
2475-459: The nominal resistance values of 124 kΩ , 68 kΩ , and 36.5 kΩ , with respect to the ground pin. These permit the device to work with USB Accessory Charger Adapters that allows the OTG device to be attached to both a charger and another device simultaneously. These three states are used in the cases of: USB 3.0 introduced a backwards compatible SuperSpeed extension of the micro-AB receptacle and micro-A and micro-B plugs. They contain all pins of
2530-473: The non-Superspeed micro connectors and use the ID pin to identify the A-device and B-device roles, also adding the SuperSpeed pins. When an OTG-enabled device is connected to a PC, it uses its own USB-A or USB Type-C cable (typically ending in micro-B, USB-C or Lightning plugs for modern devices). When an OTG-enabled device is attached to a USB device, such as a flash drive, the device must either end in
2585-510: The other end (it cannot have two plugs of the same type). OTG adds a fifth pin to the standard USB connector, called the ID-pin; the micro-A plug has the ID pin grounded, while the ID in the micro-B plug is floating. A device with a micro-A plug inserted becomes an OTG A-device, and a device with a micro-B plug inserted becomes a B-device. The type of plug inserted is detected by the state of the pin ID. Three additional ID pin states are defined at
2640-421: The page for a given device, and examine the verbiage under Specifications → Comms → USB . If "USB Host" is shown, the device should be capable of supporting OTG-type external USB accessories. In many of the above implementations, the host device has only a micro-B receptacle rather than a micro-AB receptacle. Although non-standard, micro-B to micro-A receptacle adapters are widely available and used in place of
2695-399: The peripheral role. USB OTG directly addresses this issue. When a device is plugged into the USB bus, the host device sets up communications with the device and handles service provisioning (the host's software enables or does the needed data-handling such as file managing or other desired kind of data communication or function). That allows the devices to be greatly simplified compared to
2750-464: The published data sheet and programming language, is a contentious issue with manufacturers and education authorities as it might incite unfair calculator use during standardized high school and college tests where these devices are targeted. Most graphing calculators, as well as some non-graphing scientific calculators and programmer's calculators can be programmed to automate complex and frequently used series of calculations and those inaccessible from
2805-428: The related 4DOS , 4NT and 4OS2 as well as DCL ), COBOL , C , Python , Tcl , Pascal , Delphi , ALGOL , and other languages are at various levels of development. Some calculators, especially those with other PDA-like functions have actual operating systems including the TI proprietary OS for its more recent machines, DOS , Windows CE , and rarely Windows NT 4.0 Embedded et seq, and Linux . Experiments with
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#17327929894812860-412: The same type). The device with a mini-A plug inserted becomes an OTG A-device, and the device with a mini-B plug inserted becomes a B-device (see above). The type of plug inserted is detected by the state of the ID pin (the mini-A plug's ID pin is grounded, while the mini-B plug's is floating). Pure mini-A receptacles also exist, used where a compact host port is needed, but OTG is not supported. With
2915-590: The teacher. Student laboratory exercises with data from such devices enhances learning of math, especially statistics and mechanics. Since graphing calculators are typically user-programmable, they are also widely used for utilities and calculator gaming , with a sizable body of user-created game software on most popular platforms. The ability to create games and utilities has spurred the creation of calculator application sites (e.g., Cemetech ) which, in some cases, may offer programs created using calculators' assembly language . Even though handheld gaming devices fall in
2970-605: The user to create customized programs, typically for scientific, engineering or education applications. They have large screens that display several lines of text and calculations. An early graphing calculator was designed in 1921 by electrical engineer Edith Clarke . The calculator was used to solve problems with electrical power line transmission. Casio produced the first commercially available graphing calculator in 1985. Sharp produced its first graphing calculator in 1986, with Hewlett Packard following in 1988, and Texas Instruments in 1990. Some graphing calculators have
3025-626: Was introduced in May 2014. This model supports features lacking in the first production model, namely wireless connectivity (using the HP Prime Wireless Kit (FOK65AA)), unit-to-unit USB communication (through USB OTG ), and data streaming (using the HP StreamSmart 410 (NW278AA) 4-port data streamer). The wireless kit includes a base station connected to a PC and wireless modules to connect to up to 30 HP Prime calculators for use in
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