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30-836: HSL may refer to: Science, technology and computing [ edit ] HSL (Fortran library) , a numerical software library HSL and HSV color space Health and Safety Laboratory , UK Hormone-sensitive lipase , a protein Hybrid solar lighting Transport [ edit ] Bell HSL , a 1950s U.S. Navy antisubmarine helicopter Haslemere railway station in England Helsinki Regional Transport Authority ( Helsingin seudun liikenne ), Finland Hindustan Shipyard , in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India Hispania Líneas Aéreas ,

60-691: A defunct Spanish airline HSL Logistik , a German train operator Huslia Airport , in Alaska, US High-speed rail lines in Benelux HSL 1 , HSL 2 HSL 3 HSL 4 , and HSL-Zuid HSL-34 to HSL-94: Former US Navy helicopter Anti-submarine (Light) squadrons Other uses [ edit ] Hausa Sign Language , Kano, Nigeria Hawaiʻi Sign Language , Hawaii, United States Hamburg School of Logistics, now Kühne Logistics University , Germany Staff Selection Commission Combined Higher Secondary Level Exam or CHSL/HSL, civil service examination by

90-404: A few months to simulate the radiation dose that it would receive over the lifetime of a power reactor. Both reactors were also used for neutron scattering crystallography. They took over commercial isotope production from BEPO after that was shut down. DIDO and PLUTO themselves were shut down in 1990 and the fuel, moderator and some ancillary buildings removed. The GLEEP reactor and the hangar it

120-587: Is currently not sold to commercial competitors of Aspen Technology. Obsolete routines are stored in the HSL archive and are available for personal non-commercial use by anyone following registration with HSL. Commercial use and distribution of these routines still requires a purchased licence. This computer-library -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Atomic Energy Research Establishment The Atomic Energy Research Establishment ( AERE ), also known as Harwell Laboratory ,

150-460: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages HSL (Fortran library) HSL codes are easily recognizable by the format of their names, consisting of two letters followed by two numbers, dating back to early versions of Fortran's limited subroutine name length. The letters denote a broad classification of the problem they solve, and the numbers serve to distinguish different codes. For example,

180-632: The Staff Selection Commission for governmental posts in India Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title HSL . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HSL&oldid=1173316382 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

210-576: The 1970s the slowdown of the British nuclear energy program resulted in a greatly reduced demand for the kind of work being done by the UKAEA. Pressures on government spending also reduced the funding available. Reluctant to merely disband a quality scientific research organisation, UKAEA was required to divert its research effort to the solving of scientific problems for industry by providing paid consultancy or services. For example, an Operations Research Group

240-606: The 1980s and the hostels were demolished or adapted for other uses. The 'Prefab' estates lasted until the early 1990s when the residents were transferred to local authority housing. The RAF prewar NCO married quarter housing at Harwell together other UKAEA housing in Abingdon, Grove, Wantage and Newbury totaling 129 houses were sold in their entirety to the Welbeck Estate Group in 1995 and following extensive refurbishment were sold to local buyers. The remote nature of

270-879: The Atomic Energy Research Establishment was formed, coming under the Ministry of Supply . The scientists mostly took over both accommodations and work buildings from the departing RAF . The early laboratory had several specialist divisions: Chemistry (initially headed by Egon Bretscher , later by Robert Spence , General Physics (H.W.B. Skinner) , Nuclear Physics (initially headed by Otto Frisch , later E. Bretscher), Reactor Physics (John Dunworth), Theoretical Physics ( Klaus Fuchs , later Brian Flowers and Walter Marshall ), Isotopes (Henry Seligmann), Engineering (Harold Tongue, later Robert Jackson), Chemical Engineering (A.S. White), and Metallurgy (Bruce Chalmers, later Monty Finniston , FRS). Finniston

300-467: The Harwell site required AERE workers to be transported by shuttle bus. By 1956, nine contractors to AERE operated a total of 47 mostly second-hand buses and coaches on 41 staff shuttle services, which operated 24 hours a day to shuttle workers as far as Oxford, Newbury, Reading and Swindon to the Harwell site. These buses were initially painted in utilitarian Ministry of Supply grey livery, however by

330-546: The Library was distributed externally for the first time in 1964 upon request. The first library catalog (AERE Report M-1748) was released in 1966. Over the intervening years, HSL has striven to maintain a high standard of reliability and has garnered a worldwide reputation as a prime source of numerical software. It has undergone a number of changes to reflect newly available features of the Fortran language, completing in 1990

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360-744: The aircraft hangars being ideal to house the large atomic piles that would need to be built. Although Cambridge University had the better nuclear physics facility (the Cavendish Laboratory ), the RAF did not want to abandon any of its eastern airfields because of its potential involvement in the Cold War , therefore Harwell was chosen when the RAF made the airfield available. RAF Harwell was sixteen miles south of Oxford near Didcot and Harwell (at this time in Berkshire), and on 1 January 1946

390-590: The conversion to Fortran 77, and more recently, the entire Library has been made thread safe . Many newer codes are written in Fortran 95. New packages continue to be developed, with a new release issued every two to three years. Many older codes have now been superseded and are available in the HSL Archive. The current version, HSL 2007 is a commercial product sold by AspenTech , but is also available without charge to individual academics direct from STFC for teaching and their own academic research purposes. HSL

420-536: The development of pilot plants for fuel reprocessing. The site became a major employer in the Oxford area. In the 1990s demand for government-led research had significantly decreased and the site was subsequently gradually diversified to allow private investment, and was known from 2006 as the Harwell Science and Innovation Campus . In 1945 John Cockcroft was asked to set up a research laboratory to further

450-532: The immediate post-war period in Britain. Two estates of 'Prefabs' were built to the north and south of the site perimeter, along with a road system and parade of shops. In later years, conventional housing was provided on estates built in Abingdon , Grove (near Wantage ) and Newbury for employees. A modern hostel (Rush Common House) was built in Abingdon. The houses were later sold (mainly to their occupants) in

480-400: The main employers in the post-war period. It also led to an influx of labour from outside the area, putting pressure on already scarce housing stocks. In response to the problem, hostels and temporary housing were established around the site. The hostels were named Icknield Way House ('B' mess, the RAF sergeants' mess), Portway House ('C' Mess, the RAF airmans' mess) and Ridgeway House ('A' Mess,

510-619: The mid-1950s, the AERE fleet began adopting an azure blue and grey livery with 'AERE' signwriting. Such was the interest in nuclear power and the priority devoted to it in those days that the first reactor, GLEEP , was operating by 15 August 1947. GLEEP (Graphite Low Energy Experimental Pile) was a low-power (3   kilowatt ) graphite-moderated air-cooled reactor. The first reactor in Western Europe, it operated until 1990. A successor to GLEEP, called BEPO (British Experimental Pile 0)

540-503: The nearby establishments to heat offices. This was the first use of nuclear district heating in the UK. BEPO was shut down in 1968. LIDO was an enriched uranium thermal swimming pool reactor which operated from 1956 to 1972 and was mainly used for shielding and nuclear physics experiments. It was fully dismantled and returned to a green field site in 1995. In the same building as LIDO, DAPHNE (Dido And Pluto Handmaiden for Nuclear Experiments)

570-545: The officers' mess) provided either single or double room accommodation for staff and were adopted from existing RAF structures on the site. The class distinction was maintained by the UKAEA. A-Mess housed visiting scientists, B-Mess scientific support staff and some post-graduate scientists, and C-Mess industrial support staff. The temporary housing stock consisted of several hundred ' Prefabs ', single storey structures manufactured in parts for quick erection, which were designed originally to help alleviate chronic housing shortages in

600-402: The use of nuclear fission for both military purposes and generating energy. The criteria for selection involved finding somewhere remote with a good water supply, but within reach of good transport links and a university with a nuclear physics laboratory. This more or less limited the choice to the areas around Oxford or Cambridge . It had been decided that an RAF airfield would be chosen,

630-488: The well known sparse LU code MA28 (superseded by MA48 ) is a Matrix Algebra code number 28. Fortran 95 codes are differentiated from Fortran 77 codes by the prefix HSL_ . Original development of the Harwell Subroutine Library began in 1963 by Mike Powell and Mike Hopper for internal use on an IBM mainframe at AERE Harwell . Early contributors also included Alan Curtis. With a spreading reputation,

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660-470: Was believed that no further progress could be made with the kind of design that ZETA represented (see Timeline of nuclear fusion ). In 1954 AERE was incorporated into the newly formed United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA). Harwell and other laboratories were to assume responsibility for atomic energy research and development. It was part of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). During

690-435: Was constructed based on the experience with GLEEP, and commenced operation in 1948. At 6   MW , BEPO was much more powerful than GLEEP. The engineers at Harwell eventually decided that this small reactor should be put to some use, so the air that flowed over it was directed through an underground trench, where there were some pipes filled with water that connected to a secondary group of water-filled pipes that were used by

720-468: Was constructed to test equipment used in experiments on the two larger reactors. A pair of larger 26   MW reactors, DIDO and PLUTO , which used enriched uranium with a heavy water moderator came online in 1956 and 1957 respectively. These reactors were used primarily for testing the behaviour of different materials under intense neutron irradiation to help decide what materials to build reactor components out of. A sample could be irradiated for

750-500: Was divided in the early 1990s. UKAEA retained ownership of all land and infrastructure and of all nuclear facilities, and of businesses directly related to nuclear power. The remainder was privatised as AEA Technology and floated on the London Stock Exchange . Harwell Laboratory contained elements of both organisations, though the land and infrastructure was owned by UKAEA. The name Atomic Energy Research Establishment

780-690: Was dropped at the same time, and the site became known as the Harwell International Business Centre . The site incorporates the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory which is home to the Science and Technology Facilities Council (including the ISIS neutron source and Diamond Light Source ). In 2006, the name Harwell Science and Innovation Campus was introduced and management of the campus was passed to

810-501: Was later to become chairman of the British Steel Corporation. Directors after Cockcroft included Basil Schonland , Sir Arthur Vick and Walter Marshall . The decision to site AERE at Harwell had huge implications for a rural area which had depended mainly on agriculture for employment before World War II. The site (which quickly became known colloquially amongst the local population as 'The Atomic') became one of

840-469: Was set up at Harwell, and developed shipping fleet scheduling software that was used to provide a service to British and overseas shipping companies and oil reservoir simulation software to help in the development of the UK's North Sea oil interests. UKAEA was ordered to operate on a Trading Fund basis, i.e. to account for itself financially as though it was a private corporation, while remaining fully government owned. After several years of transition, UKAEA

870-510: Was situated in were decommissioned 2005. The current plans are to decommission the BEPO, DIDO and PLUTO reactors by 2020. One of the most significant experiments to occur at AERE was the ZETA fusion power experiment. An early attempt to build a large-scale nuclear fusion reactor, the project was started in 1954, and the first successes were achieved in 1957. In 1968 the project was shut down, as it

900-798: Was the main centre for atomic energy research and development in the United Kingdom from 1946 to the 1990s. It was created, owned and funded by the British Government. A number of early research reactors were built here starting with GLEEP in 1947 to provide the underlying science and technology behind the design and building of Britain's nuclear reactors such as the Windscale Piles and Calder Hall nuclear power station. To support this an extensive array of research and design laboratories were built to enable research into all aspects of nuclear reactor and fuel design, and

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