A code name , codename , call sign , or cryptonym is a code word or name used, sometimes clandestinely, to refer to another name, word, project, or person. Code names are often used for military purposes, or in espionage. They may also be used in industrial counter-espionage to protect secret projects and the like from business rivals, or to give names to projects whose marketing name has not yet been determined. Another reason for the use of names and phrases in the military is that they transmit with a lower level of cumulative errors over a walkie-talkie or radio link than actual names.
39-622: The HTC Touch , also known as the HTC P3450 or its codename the HTC Elf or the HTC Vogue for the CDMA variant, is a Windows Mobile 6 -powered Pocket PC designed and manufactured by HTC . Its main, unique feature is a user interface named TouchFLO that detects a sweeping motion and can distinguish between a finger and a stylus . TouchFLO incorporates stylus-free access to a music player,
78-497: A marketing buzz for the project). Still others (such as Microsoft ) discuss code names publicly, and routinely use project code names on beta releases and such, but remove them from final product(s). In the case of Windows 95, the code name "CHICAGO" was left embedded in the INF File structure and remained required through Windows Me. At the other end of the spectrum, Apple includes the project code names for Mac OS X as part of
117-453: A "B", cargo aircraft with a "C". Training aircraft and reconnaissance aircraft were grouped under the word "miscellaneous", and received "M". The same convention applies to missiles, with air-launched ground attack missiles beginning with the letter "K" and surface-to-surface missiles (ranging from intercontinental ballistic missiles to antitank rockets) with the letter "S", air-to-air missiles "A", and surface-to-air missiles "G". Throughout
156-541: A British Naval intelligence officer, discloses in Beyond Top Secret Ultra that during World War II , Nazi Germany habitually used ad hoc code names as nicknames which often openly revealed or strongly hinted at their content or function. Some German code names: Conversely, Operation Wacht am Rhein (Watch on the Rhine ) was deliberately named to suggest the opposite of its purpose –
195-754: A defensive "watch" as opposed to a massive blitzkrieg operation, just as was Operation Weserübung ( Weser -exercise), which signified the plans to invade Norway and Denmark in April 1940. Britain and the United States developed the security policy of assigning code names intended to give no such clues to the uninitiated. For example, the British counter measures against the V-2 was called Operation Crossbow . The atomic bomb project centered in New Mexico
234-531: A major deception operation. Montagu had the idea of having a corpse dressed as a British officer wash ashore in Spain, carrying faked papers revealing plans for invasion of Greece (the real target was Sicily). The location chosen was where pro-German Spanish officials would show the papers to German agents. Montagu manufactured a false identity, " William Martin ", for the body of Glyndwr Michael to have in his pockets: military ID, theatre ticket stubs, love letters and
273-611: A memorial at the Hackney Mortuary, where the corpse had been prepared. From 1945 to 1973 Montagu held the position of Judge Advocate of the Fleet . He wrote The Man Who Never Was (1953), an account of Operation Mincemeat that was adapted as a theatrical film three years later. Montagu also wrote Beyond Top Secret Ultra , which focused more on the information technology and espionage tactics used in World War II. He
312-550: A missile was able to be photographed with a hand-held camera, instead of a reconnaissance aircraft, it was given a name like " Flanker " or " Scud " – always an English word, as international pilots worldwide are required to learn English. The Soviet manufacturer or designation – which may be mistakenly inferred by NATO – has nothing to do with it. Jet-powered aircraft received two-syllable names like Foxbat , while propeller aircraft were designated with short names like Bull . Fighter names began with an "F", bombers with
351-601: A photo album, a video player and a picture-based contact book . The global launch of the Touch was in Leicester Square , London , on 5 June 2007 ( 2007-06-05 ) , and the phone was initially available in two colours: black and green . The carrier bound names for this phone include Verizon Wireless XV6900 , T-Mobile MDA Touch , O2 XDA Nova , Okta Touch and Vodafone VPA Touch . In November 2007, HTC started to sell an "Enhanced" Touch, also known as
390-495: A photo of his fiancée, bills from a tailor and jeweller. To follow the normal wartime procedure that dead or missing officers were required to be listed in the obituary column of The Times , Acting Major William Martin was so listed in the edition of 4 June 1943. The Germans were fooled completely. German documents found after the war showed that the false information went all the way to Hitler's headquarters, and led to German forces being diverted to Greece. The invasion of Sicily
429-756: Is best known for his leading role in Operation Mincemeat , a critical military deception operation that misdirected German forces' attention away from the Allied invasion of Sicily ("Operation Husky"). Montagu was president of the United Synagogue from 1954 to 1962, and President of the Anglo-Jewish Association from December 1949. Montagu was born in 1901, the second son of Gladys, Baroness Swaythling (née Goldsmid) and Louis Montagu, 2nd Baron Swaythling . His family
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#1732798317834468-447: Is to never have to report to anyone that their son "was killed in an operation called 'Bunnyhug' or 'Ballyhoo'." Presently, British forces tend to use one-word names, presumably in keeping with their post-World War II policy of reserving single words for operations and two-word names for exercises. British operation code names are usually randomly generated by a computer and rarely reveal its components or any political implications unlike
507-508: Is upgradable, to 6.5.* via ROMs from XDA-Developers website. Linux and Android operating systems are being ported to these phones. Vogue Linux runs on the HTC Vogue. Wing Linux, an Android version, is in development and available via ROMS, from xda-developers website. Android versions through 2.3 (Gingerbread) have been successfully ported to the CDMA (Vogue) version of the Touch. Codename During World War I , names common to
546-607: The Allies referring to nations, cities, geographical features, military units, military operations, diplomatic meetings, places, and individual persons were agreed upon, adapting pre-war naming procedures in use by the governments concerned. In the British case names were administered and controlled by the Inter Services Security Board (ISSB) staffed by the War Office . This procedure was coordinated with
585-583: The HTC P3452 or its codename the HTC Elfin , with double the RAM and ROM of the original version (128 MB and 256 MB respectively). The newer version is also available in two new colors: white and burgundy . HTC shipped 1 million units within 5 months of the launch, and shipped another million in the following 6 months. The CDMA version of the Touch, known as the "HTC Vogue" or the "HTC P3050", has double
624-715: The RAM and ROM of the original Touch, a faster 400 MHz processor (QualComm MSM7500), and a faster over the air data capability, but no Wi-Fi . This is sold under the name Okta Touch by Telecom in New Zealand. Also sold as the "HTC Touch" through Sprint Nextel and Alltel and as the "XV6900" through Verizon Wireless in the United States; as the "HTC Touch" by Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility in Canada ; and through Raya and i2 Mobile in Egypt . The Windows Mobile version
663-595: The 1956 film The Man Who Never Was , he was portrayed by Clifton Webb . In the 2021 film Operation Mincemeat , he was played by Colin Firth . Montagu himself appeared in The Man Who Never Was , playing an Air-Vice Marshal questioning the Ewen Montagu character in a briefing. He has also been portrayed by Natasha Hodgson, Holly Sumpton, Geri Allen, and Emily Barber. Montagu also appears as
702-572: The Allies throughout the Pacific theater of war. This type of naming scheme differs from the other use of code names in that it does not have to be kept secret, but is a means of identification where the official nomenclature is unknown or uncertain. The policy of recognition reporting names was continued into the Cold War for Soviet, other Warsaw Pact , and Communist Chinese aircraft. Although this
741-712: The American code name for the attack on the subtropical island of Okinawa in World War II was Operation Iceberg . The Soviet Union's project to base missiles in Cuba was named Operation Anadyr after their closest bomber base to the US (just across the Bering Strait from Nome, Alaska). The names of colors are generally avoided in American practice to avoid confusion with meteorological reporting practices. Britain, in contrast, made deliberately non-meaningful use of them, through
780-570: The American names (e.g., the 2003 invasion of Iraq was called "Operation Telic" compared to Americans' "Operation Iraqi Freedom", obviously chosen for propaganda rather than secrecy). Americans prefer two-word names, whereas the Canadians and Australians use either. The French military currently prefer names drawn from nature (such as colors or the names of animals), for instance Opération Daguet ("brocket deer") or Opération Baliste ("Triggerfish"). The CIA uses alphabetical prefixes to designate
819-640: The Second World War, the British allocation practice favored one-word code names ( Jubilee , Frankton ). That of the Americans favored longer compound words, although the name Overlord was personally chosen by Winston Churchill himself. Many examples of both types can be cited, as can exceptions. Winston Churchill was particular about the quality of code names. He insisted that code words, especially for dangerous operations, would be not overly grand nor petty nor common. One emotional goal he mentions
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#1732798317834858-509: The United States code names are commonly set entirely in upper case. This is not done in other countries, though for the UK in British documents the code name is in upper case while operation is shortened to OP e.g., "Op. TELIC". This presents an opportunity for a bit of public-relations ( Operation Just Cause ), or for controversy over the naming choice (Operation Infinite Justice, renamed Operation Enduring Freedom ). Computers are now used to aid in
897-427: The United States when it entered the war . Random lists of names were issued to users in alphabetical blocks of ten words and were selected as required. Words became available for re-use after six months and unused allocations could be reassigned at discretion and according to need. Judicious selection from the available allocation could result in clever meanings and result in an aptronym or backronym , although policy
936-602: The code name " Frogfoot ". However, some names were appropriate, such as "Condor" for the Antonov An-124 , or, most famously, "Fulcrum" for the Mikoyan MiG-29 , which had a "pivotal" role in Soviet air-strategy. Code names were adopted by the following process. Aerial or space reconnaissance would note a new aircraft at a Warsaw Pact airbase. The intelligence units would then assign it a code name consisting of
975-441: The official abbreviation of the base, then a letter, for example, "Ram-A", signifying an aircraft sighted at Ramenskoye Airport . Missiles were given designations like "TT-5", for the fifth rocket seen at Tyura-Tam . When more information resulted in knowing a bit about what a missile was used for, it would be given a designation like "SS-6", for the sixth surface-to-surface missile design reported. Finally, when either an aircraft or
1014-483: The official name of the final product, a practice that was started in 2002 with Mac OS X v10.2 "Jaguar". Google and the AOSP also used this for their Android operating system until 2013, where the code name was different from the release name. Ewen Montagu Ewen Edward Samuel Montagu CBE QC DL (29 March 1901 – 19 July 1985) was a British judge, Naval intelligence officer , and author. He
1053-507: The part of the agency supporting an operation. In many cases with the United States, the first word of the name has to do with the intent of the program. Programs with "have" as the first word, such as Have Blue for the stealth fighter development, are developmental programs, not meant to produce a production aircraft. Programs that start with Senior, such as Senior Trend for the F-117, are for aircraft in testing meant to enter production. In
1092-452: The selection. And further, there is a distinction between the secret names during former wars and the published names of recent ones. A project code name is a code name (usually a single word, short phrase or acronym) which is given to a project being developed by industry , academia , government, and other concerns. Project code names are typically used for several reasons: Different organizations have different policies regarding
1131-571: The system of rainbow codes . Although German and Italian aircraft were not given code names by their Allied opponents, in 1942, Captain Frank T. McCoy, an intelligence officer of the USAAF , invented a system for the identification of Japanese military aircraft. Initially using short, " hillbilly " boys' names such as " Pete ", " Jake ", and " Rufe ", the system was later extended to include girls' names and names of trees and birds, and became widely used by
1170-438: The use and publication of project code names. Some companies take great pains to never discuss or disclose project code names outside of the company (other than with outside entities who have a need to know, and typically are bound with a non-disclosure agreement ). Other companies never use them in official or formal communications, but widely disseminate project code names through informal channels (often in an attempt to create
1209-587: Was Jewish . He was educated at Westminster School before becoming a machine gun instructor during the First World War at a United States Naval Air Station . After the war he studied at Trinity College , Cambridge and at Harvard University . He was admitted to the Middle Temple on 22 November 1920 and was called to the Bar on 14 May 1924. One of his more celebrated cases as a junior barrister
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1248-413: Was a film maker and Communist. Ewen Montagu married Iris, the daughter of the painter Solomon J. Solomon , in 1923. They had a son, Jeremy, who became an authority on musical instruments, and a daughter, Jennifer , who became an art historian. Montagu was a first cousin once removed of comedian Christopher Guest , through Montagu's maternal grandparents. Montagu has been portrayed on screen twice. In
1287-851: Was a governor of a public health project, the Peckham Experiment , in 1949. Before the Courts Act 1971 Montagu was Chairman of the Quarter Sessions for the Middlesex area of Greater London and recorder in the County of Hampshire . He was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of the County of Southampton . Montagu was president of the United Synagogue from 1954 to 1962, and President of the Anglo-Jewish Association from December 1949. Montagu's youngest brother, Ivor Montagu ,
1326-867: Was a success. Historian Hugh Trevor-Roper called it the best deception in the history of military deception. For his role in Operation Mincemeat, Montagu was appointed to the Military Division of the Order of the British Empire . In November 2021 the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation , working with the Association of Jewish Ex-Servicemen and Women and the London Borough of Hackney placed
1365-814: Was assigned to the Royal Navy 's East Yorkshire headquarters at Hull as an assistant staff officer in intelligence. Montagu served in the Naval Intelligence Division of the British Admiralty , rising to the rank of Lieutenant Commander RNVR. He was the Naval Representative on the XX Committee , which oversaw the running of double agents. While Commanding Officer of NID 17M, Montagu and Squadron Leader Charles Cholmondeley RAFVR conceived Operation Mincemeat ,
1404-710: Was called the Manhattan Project , derived from the Manhattan Engineer District which managed the program. The code name for the American A-12 / SR-71 spy plane project, producing the fastest, highest-flying aircraft in the world, was Oxcart . The American group that planned that country's first ICBM was called the Teapot Committee . Although the word could stand for a menace to shipping (in this case, that of Japan),
1443-673: Was started by the Air Standards Co-ordinating Committee (ASCC) formed by the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, it was extended throughout NATO as the NATO reporting name for aircraft, rockets and missiles. These names were considered by the Soviets as being like a nickname given to one's unit by the opponents in a battle. The Soviets did not like the Sukhoi Su-25 getting
1482-626: Was the defence of Alma Rattenbury in 1935 against a charge of murdering her 30-years-older husband, the architect Francis Rattenbury , who was savagely beaten with a mallet at the Villa Madeira in Bournemouth . He took silk in 1939. Montagu was a keen yachtsman, and enlisted in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve in 1938. Because of his legal background he was reassigned to specialized study. From there he
1521-444: Was to select words that had no obviously deducible connection with what they were supposed to be concealing. Those for the major conference meetings had a partial naming sequence referring to devices or instruments which had a number as part of their meaning, e.g., the third meeting was "TRIDENT". Joseph Stalin , whose last name means "man of steel", was given the name "GLYPTIC", meaning "an image carved out of stone". Ewen Montagu ,
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