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32-499: The first Hovparti was formed during the Riksdag of 1723, and consisted of those supporting king Frederick I of Sweden in his attempt to increase royal power and authority. The complete fiasco in this attempt, however, efficiently crushed the party. After the succession of Adolf Frederick of Sweden to the throne in 1751, the royalist absolutists found a new leader in the new queen, Louisa Ulrika of Prussia , who wished to overthrow

64-412: A book. The merchant business has flourished – he has never encouraged it with a single coin. The Stockholm Palace has been built – he has never been curious enough to look at it. Neither did he have anything to do with the founding of the first Swedish speaking theater at Bollhuset during his reign. One of his few important policies was the banning of duels . On 23 February 1748 Frederick I instituted

96-705: A feud had developed between the brothers. Torkel Knutsson supported King Birger. Birger came of age when there was a conflict within the Church of Sweden over interpretation of the Privileges of 1280, which had been the cost of the support of the Church for his father's usurpation. The king's brothers Erik Magnusson , Duke of Södermanland and Valdemar Magnusson , Duke of Finland took advantage of this conflict. Duke Eric tried to establish an independent kingdom around Bohuslän , which he had received as part of his marriage to

128-426: A stamp of his signature was used. He devoted most of his time to hunting and love affairs. His marriage to Queen Ulrika Eleonora was childless, but he had several children by his mistress, Hedvig Taube . In 1723 Frederick rewarded the military inventor Sven Åderman with the estate of Halltorps on the island of Öland , for improving the rate of fire of the musket . As a king, he was not very respected. When he

160-741: The Great Northern War ended Sweden's position as a first-rank European power . Under Frederick, this had to be accepted. Sweden also had to cede Estonia , Ingria and Livonia to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad , in 1721. Frederick I was a very active and dynamic king at the beginning of his 31-year reign. But after the aristocracy had regained power during the wars with Russia , he became not so much powerless as uninterested in affairs of state. In 1723, he tried to strengthen royal authority, but after he failed, he never had much to do with politics. He did not even sign official documents; instead

192-654: The Håtuna games ( Håtunaleken ), Birger was taken captive by his brothers on the Håtuna royal estate in Uppland and taken as prisoner to Nyköping Castle ( Nyköpingshus ). In 1308, Eric and Valdemar were forced by the Danish king to release King Birger, but they did so under humiliating conditions. When King Birger was free, he sought aid in Denmark, and the strife began anew. Birger remained king in name, but had to give up

224-586: The Riksdag of the Estates and thus chose to abdicate. His powerless reign and lack of legitimate heirs of his own saw his family's elimination from the line of succession after the parliamentary government dominated by pro- revanchist Hat Party politicians ventured into a war with Russia , which ended in defeat and the Russian tsarina Elizabeth getting Adolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp instated following

256-505: The Swedish constitution and reinstate absolute monarchy. Previously allied with the Hats (party) , she broke her alliance with them in 1751 and formed a new Hovparti among her followers. The party consisted largely of members of the aristocracy and personal friends of the royal couple and did not have a broad support among the public. They had no specific policy other than their opposition to

288-466: The Estates . During this time, it was led by Fredrik Carl Sinclair in parliament. Queen Louisa Ulrika had lost her leading position within the party after 1766 in favor of crown prince Gustav . In 1769, following the December Crisis (1768) , it suggested reforms to the constitution to balance the power between monarch and parliament through an increase of royal power. The Riksdag of 1771-72

320-579: The French Huguenots . His brother the governor, who would succeed Frederick as Landgrave William VIII of Hesse-Kassel , though by background a distinguished soldier, was likewise a great success locally. There are very few physical remainders of Frederick in Hesse today; one of them is his large Royal Swedish paraph (FR) over the old door of the University of Marburg 's former riding hall, now

352-810: The Institute of Physical Education. On 31 May 1700, he married his first wife, Luise Dorothea , Princess of Prussia (1680–1705), daughter of Frederick I of Prussia (1657–1713) and Elisabeth Henriette of Hesse-Kassel (1661–1683). Luise Dorothea died in childbirth in December 1705. His second wife, whom he married in 1715, was Ulrika Eleonora , Princess of Sweden (1688–1741), daughter of Charles XI of Sweden (1655–1697) and of Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark (1656–1693). Ulrika suffered two miscarriages, one in 1715 and another in 1718, after which there are no further recorded pregnancies. Frederick I had three extramarital children with his mistress Hedvig Taube : After

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384-506: The Norwegian princess Ingeborg, and Halland at the boundary between Sweden, Norway and Denmark . A civil war broke out, but by 1306 emotions had cooled to the point where the dukes acknowledged the son of Birger, Magnus Birgersson, as the successor to the throne. Torkel Knutsson, who was Duke Valdemar's father-in-law, was executed in 1306 as a token of reconciliation between King Birger and his brothers. The same year, in an event known as

416-541: The Royal Archives with him. His 18-year-old son Magnus had arrived that year with Danish troops to save Birger but an army under Canute Porse defeated them at Söderköping , practically putting an end to the conflict. Birger first fled to Gotland and left Magnus to defend the important Stegeborg Castle . Magnus was captured there only to be executed in Stockholm in 1320, with a younger brother Eric having died

448-664: The Royal Domain, exchanging it for eastern Uppland , Närke , his brother Erik's former Duchy Södermanland , Östergötland , Gotland and the Castle of Viborg . In 1312, Duke Eric married Ingeborg of Norway , daughter of King Haakon V of Norway in a double wedding in Oslo. At the same time, Eric's brother Duke Valdemar married Ingeborg Eriksdottir of Norway , the daughter of King Eric II of Norway . Duke Erik also held Bohuslän from Norway as well as northern Halland and

480-493: The constitutional monarchy of 1719 and the belief in the absolute monarchy of the 17th-century Swedish Empire . There were, however, some variations among the members as to whether the change of the constitution should truly be that of an absolute monarchy or simply reforms to add more royal power within the existing constitution. The party managed to have moderate success during the Riksdag of 1751-52. Hovpartiet participated in several attempted coups staged by queen Louisa Ulrika,

512-644: The daughter of King Eric V of Denmark . Birger was only ten years old when his father died, at which time Torkel Knutsson was the most influential statesman in Sweden. In 1293, Torkel Knutsson led the Swedes to a victory which won a part of western Karelia . This expedition has traditionally been dubbed as the Third Swedish Crusade . When Torkel Knutsson returned from leading the crusade in Finland,

544-508: The death of Hedvig Taube, his official mistress was the noblewoman Catharina Ebba Horn (1720–1781), whom he gave the title and recognition of Countess (from 1745). Thus, the Hessian line in Sweden ended with him and was followed by that of Holstein-Gottorp . In Hesse-Kassel , he was succeeded by his younger brother William VIII , a famous general. Birger, King of Sweden Birger ( Swedish : Birger Magnusson ; 1280 – 31 May 1321)

576-414: The death of the king. Whilst being the only Swedish monarch called Frederick, he was Frederick I of Hesse-Kassel and thus Frederick I also of Sweden, though other Swedish monarchs with non-repeating names (such as Birger , Sigismund and Frederick's successor: Adolf Frederick) had not been enumerated. He was the son of Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel , and Princess Maria Amalia of Courland . In 1692

608-499: The most famous one being the Coup of 1756 . The failure of 1756 saw the execution of several of its leading members and offered the Hats party an opportunity to persecute its followers. During the 1760s, Hovpartiet allied with the Caps (party) . After the election of 1765, it allied with the defeated Hats (party) . At this point, it had only followers among the nobility in the Riksdag of

640-633: The three Swedish royal orders of the Seraphim , of the Sword and of the North Star , the three principal Swedish orders of chivalry . Frederick became Landgrave of Hesse only in 1730, ten years after becoming King of Sweden. He immediately appointed his younger brother William governor of Hesse. As Landgrave, Frederick is generally not seen as a success. Indeed, he did concentrate more on Sweden, and due to his negotiated, compromise-like ascension to

672-563: The throne there, he and his court had a very low income. The money for that very expensive court, then, since the 1730s came from wealthy Hesse , and this means that Frederick essentially behaved like an absentee landlord and drained Hessian resources to finance life in Sweden. Also, Frederick's father, Charles I of Hesse-Kassel , had been the state's most successful ruler, rebuilding the state over his decades-long rule by means of economic and infrastructure measures and state reform, as well as tolerance , such as attracting, for economic purposes,

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704-451: The year before and ex-king Birger dying in Denmark the year after. In 1319, the three-year-old son of Duke Erik, also called Magnus , had then already been hailed King of Sweden after the short regency of his mother Duchess Ingeborg . Birger had the following children with Martha: In 2003, the band Falconer released The Sceptre of Deception , a concept album based on this period of Swedish history . The album covers events during

736-833: The young prince made his Grand Tour to the Dutch Republic , in 1695 to the Italian Peninsula and later he studied in Geneva . After this he had a military career, leading the Hessian troops as Lieutenant General in the War of the Spanish Succession on the side of the Dutch. He was defeated in 1703 in the Battle of Speyerbach , but participated the next year in the great victory in the Battle of Blenheim . In 1706 he

768-486: Was King of Sweden from 1290 to 1318. His reign was marked by unrest and civil strife; he was imprisoned by his brothers Erik and Valdemar following the " Håtuna games " in 1306, but when he tried to play them the same trick in Nyköping , there was an uprising that ended with Birger losing the crown and the execution of his 18-year-old son Magnus. Birger was the son of King Magnus Ladulås and Helvig of Holstein . He

800-405: Was King of Sweden from 1720 until his death, having been prince consort of Sweden from 1718 to 1720, and was also Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel from 1730. He ascended the throne following the death of his brother-in-law absolutist Charles XII in the Great Northern War , and the abdication of his wife, Charles's sister and successor Ulrika Eleonora , after she had to relinquish most powers to

832-514: Was a great success of Hovpartiet, which was able to use the scandals of the established parties of the time, and many members of the Hats party left their party to become members of Hovpartiet. The Revolution of 1772 of Gustav III was a victory for Hovpartiet, but it also resulted in the abolition of both it and the rest of the parties of the Riksdag. Frederick I of Sweden Frederick I ( Swedish : Fredrik I ; 28 April 1676 – 5 April 1751)

864-467: Was actually fired by Frederick's aide André Sicre . Charles had been an authoritarian and demanding ruler; one reason the Swedish Estates elected Frederick was because he was taken to be fairly weak, which indeed he turned out to be. Frederick succeeded Ulrika Eleonora on the throne upon her abdication in his favor in 1720, elected by the Swedish Estates. The defeats suffered by Charles XII in

896-479: Was again defeated by the French in the Battle of Castiglione . At the Battle of Malplaquet in 1709 he commanded the Dutch cavalry. In 1712, in absence of Count Tilly , he assumed the command of the Dutch army. Both in 1716 and 1718 he joined the campaign of Charles XII of Sweden against Norway, and was appointed Swedish Generalissimus . He married his second wife, Princess Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden , in 1715. He

928-510: Was creating a separate kingdom centered on Göta älv . In 1317 however, Birger captured his brothers during the Nyköping Banquet ( Nyköpings gästabud ), which led to their death. According to Eric's Chronicle ( Erikskrönikan ), the dukes were starved to death in a cellar of Nyköping Castle . Birger was ousted by his brothers' supporters in 1318 and eventually went into exile under his brother-in-law King Eric VI of Denmark , taking

960-451: Was crowned, it was said of him: "King Charles we recently buried, King Frederick we crown – suddenly the clock has now passed from twelve to one". It is said about him, that although a lot of great achievements in the country's development happened during his reign, he never had anything to do with them himself. When he died, Carl Gustaf Tessin said about him: Under the reign of King Frederick, science has developed – he never bothered to read

992-563: Was hailed king of Sweden when he was four years old. This was done by his father in order to secure the succession. In 1275, King Magnus had led a rebellion against his elder brother, King Valdemar , and ousted him from the throne. Before his death, King Magnus ordered his kinsman, Torkel Knutsson , the Constable of the Realm , to be the guardian of his son Birger. In 1302, Birger was crowned at Söderköping after marrying Martha of Denmark ,

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1024-456: Was then granted the title Prince of Sweden , with the style Royal Highness , by the estates, and was prince consort there during Ulrika Eleonora's rule as queen regnant from 1718 until her abdication in 1720. He is the only Swedish prince consort there has been to date. Frederick I had much influence during the reign of his spouse. Some historians have suggested that the bullet which killed his brother-in-law Charles XII of Sweden in 1718

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