73-526: The Hoarstones , or Hoar Stone Circle , is a stone circle in the civil parish of Chirbury with Brompton in the English county of Shropshire . The Hoarstones are part of a tradition of stone circle construction that spread throughout much of Britain, Ireland, and Brittany during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages , over a period between 3300 and 900 BCE . The purpose of such monuments
146-556: A boundary mark and was recorded as the site's traditional name in the 1920s, with the site having been referred to as the "Hoar Stone Circle", as well as the "Hoarstones". Thinking this name inappropriate, the Reverend C. H. Hartshorne referred to it as Marsh Pool Circle. Other names for the stone circle include Black Marsh and Hemford. The area on which the circle stands is called Black Marsh. The Hoarstones are located 7 miles north of Bishop's Castle , and 5 ½ miles north of Lydham . It
219-406: A diameter of 331.6 metres (1,088 ft), making it Britain's largest stone circle. All of the largest circles were found in or near earlier henge monuments. Such gargantuan monuments were rare. Burl calculated that most of the megalithic rings (92%) had an average diameter of 13.7 metres (45 ft), with an average area of 150 m (1615 ft²). The archaeologist Alexander Thom proposed that
292-853: A few miles distant from one another; of these, the Day House Lane Stone Circle is the only example to survive. The stones of the Fir Clump Stone Circle , already flattened in the 1860s, were for instance removed during construction of the M4 motorway in 1969. The area of modern Dorset has a "thin scatter" of stone circles, with nine possible examples known within its boundaries: Hampton Down Stone Circle , Kingston Russell Stone Circle , Nine Stones , and Rempstone Stone Circle remain visible. The archaeologist John Gale described these as "a small but significant group" of such monuments. All are located within five miles of
365-420: A heavily ruined state and in some cases have been destroyed. As noted by the archaeologist Aubrey Burl , these examples have left behind "only frustrating descriptions and vague positions". Most of the known Wiltshire examples were erected on low-lying positions in the landscape. In northern Wiltshire, in the area to the south of Swindon , at least seven stone circles are reported as having existed, often only
438-624: A hole in the stones. Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany The stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany are a megalithic tradition of monuments consisting of standing stones arranged in rings. These were constructed from 3200 to 2000 BCE in Great Britain , Ireland and Brittany . It has been estimated that around 4,000 of these monuments were originally constructed in this part of north-western Europe during this period. Around 1,300 of them are recorded,
511-479: A minority of cases, some were also used as cemeteries, with burials being made in and around the circle. Antiquarian investigation into the circles began in the Early Modern period, intensifying after the publications of notable English antiquarian William Stukeley in the 18th century. At the time, scholars understood little of prehistoric Britain, with the megalithic circles typically being ascribed either to
584-742: A previously concealed stone. This project resulted in the identification of 38 stones. Chitty took chippings of several stones and presented them to Dr H. H. Thomas of the Geological Museum in Jermyn Street , who identified it as being of the dolerite found in Stapeley Hill. In 1881 a widow surnamed Preece, who lived in Rorrington , reported that she knew of the stone circle as the "Fairesses Ring" and that six figures had been reported as having been seen dancing there. Writing in
657-1039: A shape can also be "profoundly egalitarian". This transition was, according to historian Ronald Hutton, "as fundamental as that from the Mesolithic had been." Archaeological pollen analysis has shown that it was a period when scrub and weeds were spreading over what had formerly been cultivated fields, and forests that had previously been cleared began to grow back. Chambered tombs were blocked up and abandoned, implying that people were ceasing to use them as cultic sites. Several former causewayed enclosures were converted into defensive structures with gateways and walls, and in some cases they were attacked. Evidence for conflict has been found at Carn Brea in Cornwall, Hambledon Hill in Dorset, and Crickley Hill in Gloucestershire. Various archaeologists have suggested that this
730-534: A view endorsed by Burl, who noted that their distribution did not match that of any known Neolithic sites. It is possible that they were not all constructed around the same date. The Piggotts suggested that while they may well be Early Bronze Age in date, it is also possible that "their use and possibly their construction may last into the Middle and even into the Late Bronze Age". Their nearest analogies are
803-607: Is also one mile northwest of Shelve. The area on which it stands is moorland, at 300 m O.D. The circle is overlooked from the east by the Stiperstones , a quartzite ridge. While the transition from the Early Neolithic to the Late Neolithic in the fourth and third millennia BCE saw much economic and technological continuity, there was a considerable change in the style of monuments erected, particularly in what
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#1732776729251876-431: Is much diversity in the design of these circles, both between different regions and within them. According to Mike Parker Pearson, this is "perhaps unsurprising for a thousand-year fashion". The archaeologist and stone circle specialist Aubrey Burl noted that the stone circle builders would have had to undertake "careful planning" before they erected these monuments. There was much that they had to take into consideration:
949-452: Is no clear evidence of a ditch surrounding the stones. The stones themselves are small. They are a type of local dolerite , which Burl suggested came from the nearby Stapeley Hill . The stones have been inserted into a bed of loam . Some of these stones are buried within the surrounding peat, and they are often concealed amid the grass growing around them. Chitty suggested that some of these stones might have been deliberately shaped and that
1022-470: Is now southern and eastern England. By 3000 BCE, the long barrows , causewayed enclosures , and cursuses which had predominated in the Early Neolithic were no longer built, and had been replaced by circular monuments of various kinds. These include earthen henges , timber circles , and stone circles. Stone circles are found in most areas of Britain where stone is available, with the exception of
1095-474: Is possible that both wooden and stone features of the circle were contemporary with each other. Like henges, the stone circles are almost exclusively found in the British Isles. The distribution of the stone circles is distinctive as it is broader than that of the henges. They are found in most areas of Britain where stone is available, except the island's south-eastern corner. They are most densely concentrated in south-western Britain and near Aberdeen . There
1168-460: Is unknown. The Hoarstones are one of up to five stone circles known from this area, on the borders between Shropshire and Powys . Of these, only the Hoarstones and Mitchell's Fold survive. Shaped elliptically, the Hoarstones circle measures 23.3 by 21.1m in diameter. It contains between 38 and 40 small stones, identified as dolerites probably sourced locally. There is a central stone inside
1241-516: The Goddess movement , and they used the sites as places to conduct their magico-religious rites. During the Neolithic, or 'New Stone Age', there were extensive cultural changes across north-western Europe. The introduction of agriculture ended the hunter-gatherer lifestyle which had dominated in the preceding Palaeolithic ('Old Stone Age') and Mesolithic ('Middle Stone Age') periods. During
1314-788: The Lake District , the south-west peninsula of England, and the north and south-west of Ireland. Sparser groupings can also be found in Caithness , the Outer Hebrides , the Peak District , the Wicklow Mountains , Wales and Wessex . Their original purpose is not fully known, but archaeological investigation has shed some light on it. It is widely thought that they served a ritual or ceremonial purpose, particularly in relation to solar and/or lunar alignments. In
1387-547: The Late Middle Ages , references to prehistoric monuments in the British Isles were rare, and were usually only to note down practical matters, such as that a judicial court would be held near to one or that a farmer's land lay near to one. A rare exception is found in the fictionalised History of the Kings of Britain (c.1136), in which the chronicle's author Geoffrey of Monmouth claimed that Stonehenge had once been
1460-431: The chambered long barrows of the Early Neolithic, stone circles are one of the most prominent forms of monument produced in prehistoric Britain. Despite the commonly used term "stone circles", many of these monuments are not true circles, but are instead ellipses or ovals. The stone circles are not always found in isolation from other forms of monument and often intersect with timber and earth structures. For this reason,
1533-417: The clapper bridge at Tarr Steps and the three-metre Long Stone at Challacombe , which do use locally sourced large megaliths, suggests that larger stones would have been available had the sites' builders desired, and that the use of miniliths was perhaps deliberate. Wessex contains the two best known, though most atypical stone circles, Avebury and Stonehenge . All of the other Wiltshire circles are in
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#17327767292511606-779: The countless stones motif in folklore. The earliest recorded account comes from Philip Sidney 's The 7 Wonders of England , written prior to 1586. Sidney linked the motif to Stonehenge. Subsequently, the antiquary Richard Carew mentioned the story in his book, The Survey of Cornwall , published in 1602, noting that it was applied both the Stonehenge and to The Hurlers in Cornwall. The countless stones motif has been attributed to over five different stone circles, as well as several ruined long barrows such as Little Kit's Coty House in Kent. Aubrey Burl Harry Aubrey Woodruff Burl FSA HonFSA Scot (24 September 1926 – 8 April 2020)
1679-537: The druids of the Iron Age or to the Danish settlers of Early Medieval times. In the 20th century, with the development of archaeology , archaeologists could investigate the circles in more detail. They dated them to the Late Neolithic and Bronze Ages. Since the late 20th century, many of these monuments were adopted as "sacred sites" by adherents of contemporary pagan religions such as Neo-Druidism , Wicca and
1752-448: The henge tradition of Eastern England , with the passage tomb tradition of Ireland. Aubrey Burl (counting tentative examples and burial mounds) noted that archaeologists assumed that for every stone circle that survived to the late 20th century, there would have been two lost. From the 1300 surviving examples, Burl calculated that there might have originally been around 4000 stone circles across Britain, Ireland and Brittany. Since
1825-405: The "Valley of Stones", a location at the foot of Crow Hill near to Littlebredy , which is located within the vicinity of many of these circles. With the exception of the circle at Litton Cheney , none display evidence of any outlying stones or earthworks around the stone circle. The archaeologists Stuart and Cecily Piggott believed that the circles of Dorset were probably of Bronze Age origin,
1898-532: The 1920s, Lily F. Chitty commented that she suspected that this name and its associations had actually been applied to the Mitchell's Fold circle. Chitty also reported a tradition that the ring was called "the Roman Stones," supposing that the name had been transferred from the nearby Roman Gravels, and that "visitors" to the site whom she encountered had reported that the sacrament used to be administered from
1971-683: The 1950s, archaeologists have been able to use radiocarbon dating of the material around the stones in order to accurately date their original construction. As of 2000, the earliest known radiocarbon dating of a stone circle was from the Lochmaben Stone in Dumfriesshire , which was dated to 2525 ± 85 BCE, whilst the latest examples came from Sandy Road in Perth (1200 ± 150 BCE), from Drombeg in County Cork (790 ± 80 BCE), and from
2044-489: The British Isles at this time, with communities continuing to construct megalithic stone circles. The archaeologists J.M. Coles and A.F. Harding noted that across western Europe, the Bronze Age was "closely and logically connected" with the Late Neolithic which preceded it, and that the marker that is applied between the two by contemporary archaeologists is "arbitrary". The historian Ronald Hutton noted that, along with
2117-430: The British Isles, architectural changes were made to the style of chambered tomb, which may have been a forerunner of the later circular design of the stone rings. In the later Clyde tombs of south-western Scotland and the court-cairns of northern Ireland, crescent-shaped forecourts were constructed inside the tombs. This would have enabled more people to enter the tomb and take part in any rites there in sunlight. During
2190-464: The Channel Isles. There are 13 to be found on Dartmoor , including Brisworthy stone circle and Scorhill , and numerous examples to be found in Cornwall such as The Merry Maidens , The Hurlers and Boscawen-Un . In contrast to the over 70 stone circles known from Dartmoor, there are only two known from Exmoor : Porlock Stone Circle and Withypool Stone Circle . The contrast between
2263-422: The Early Neolithic another form of monument was also constructed in the British Isles, now known by archaeologists as causewayed enclosures . These consisted of massive circular ditch-and-bank earthworks. Construction of causewayed enclosures in the lowland regions of Southern England flourished around 3800 BCE, but by 3200 BCE almost all of them had been abandoned by their users. No equivalents have been found in
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2336-516: The Early Neolithic in Brittany and the British Isles, the megalithic tradition of building chambered tombs for the dead had waxed and waned. The chambered tomb tradition lasted between about 4000 and 3500 BCE, although an earlier example, at Carrowmore in County Sligo, has been disputably dated to 5000 BCE. The length of this tradition led prehistorian Mike Parker Pearson to note that it
2409-520: The Five-Stone ring of Cashelkeety in County Kerry (715 ± 50 BCE). Burl said that, the calibration of these dates indicated that the stone circle tradition existed between 3300 and 900 BCE. The size of the megalithic rings varied, perhaps according to the number of people who would be using it during ceremonies. Burl calculated that the largest stone circle in terms of both diameter and area
2482-588: The Giants' Ring, and that it had originally been located on Mount Killaraus in Ireland, until the wizard Merlin moved it to Salisbury Plain. Many 19th-century antiquarians produced plans of the circles which were "inaccurate and slipshod." In the Mediaeval and Early Modern period onward, much folklore developed around the subject of the stone circles. In Britain, several stone circles have been connected to
2555-483: The Orcadian stone circles were cut from a horizontal seam of bedrock that was located just below the surface. These had been eased over a large pit and supported on stone trestles, after which wooden rollers and a sled were likely positioned underneath, allowing the megalith to be moved. One of these stones, which weighed over 10 tonnes, had been left in its original position poised on stone supports, to be discovered by
2628-477: The archaeological excavators. The number of stone circles is often misinterpreted, as damaged burial mounds, kerb cairns, or ring cairns are often confused for stone circle. The archetypal ‘stone circles’ of the mid-to-late Neolithic are far rarer than commonly assumed, appearing mostly in Cumbria , Cornwall , Wiltshire , and Western Scotland. They are connected morphologically with sites in Ireland, connecting
2701-414: The archaeologist Aubrey Burl stated, "There was a change from the cramped, gloomy chamber of a tomb to the unroofed, wide ring, a change from darkness to light, from the dead to the living, from the grave to the sky." Similar observations were made by the historian Ronald Hutton , who commented that the circular shape of the rings "mirrors the sun, the full moon and the bounds of the horizon" and that such
2774-550: The archaeologist Richard Bradley cautioned against understanding stone circles, timber circles, and earthen henges as distinct "types" of monument. The archaeologist Alexander Thom suggested that the stone circles fell into four broad classes: circles, flattened circles, egg-shaped rings, and ellipses. Some stone circles, such as that at Stanton Drew in Somerset , are approached by a short alignment of paired stones. There are also stone avenues that link different monuments in
2847-466: The astronomical roles of many megalithic monuments, was cautious of embracing the more tenuous claims of archaeoastronomy . In Prehistoric Avebury Burl proposed that Circles and Henge monuments, far from being astronomical observatories for a class of "astronomer priests" were more likely used for ritualistic practices, connected with death and fertility rites, and ancestor worship, similar to practices observed in other agricultural cultures (in particular
2920-470: The choice of location, the size of the ring, the transport of the heavy stones, the laying out of the circle or ellipse, and the preparation of stone holes. They may have also had to plot astronomical alignments, making the task more difficult. Most stone circles were constructed upon flat ground, although some were instead built on a slope. At some sites, such as Kiltierney in County Fermanagh ,
2993-564: The choice of material used was important. For instance, at the Ring of Brodgar the stones used in the circle were produced from a variety of different sources. Very little is known about the process of quarrying the stone and transporting it to the sites of the circles. One exception is at Vestra Fiold in Orkney , where Colin Richards led an excavation that determined that the stones used for
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3066-489: The circle, although whether this was part of its original prehistoric design is unclear. Several of the stones contain small holes, which according to 19th-century accounts were caused by miners drilling holes into them; gunpowder was then placed into these holes and lit to produce explosions. The existence of the circle was noted by the antiquarian Reverend C. H. Hartshorne in the 1830s. An excavation took place in 1924, led by Lily F. Chitty. The term "Hoar Stone" refers to
3139-736: The circles found on Dartmoor and Exmoor to the west, and the Stanton Drew stone circles to the north. It is also possible that the stone circles were linked to a number of earthen henges erected in Dorset around the same period. On average Dorset's earthen henges are four times larger than the stone circles. In what is now northern England, there was a particularly rich stone circle tradition in Cumbria. Several large megalithic rings were constructed here, such as Castlerigg stone circle , Swinside , and Long Meg and Her Daughters . Stone circles exist throughout Scotland, from Ninestane Rig in
3212-703: The dead". Other archaeologists have suggested that the stone might not represent ancestors, but rather other supernatural entities, such as deities. Aubrey Burl's gazetteer lists 1,303 stone circles in Britain, Ireland and Brittany. The largest number of these are found in Scotland, with 508 sites recorded. There are 316 in England; 187 in Ireland; 156 in Northern Ireland; 81 in Wales; 49 in Brittany; and 6 in
3285-511: The differences in size, the archaeologist Aubrey Burl suggested that the Druid's Castle was erected at a different time to the larger three rings. Of this group of stone circles, the Hoarstones were the most northerly. The ground on which the circle stands is flat, and often boggy. The Hoarstones contains between 38 and 40 stones, arranged in an elliptical fashion. The ring measures between 23.3 by 21.1m in diameter, making it larger than average for
3358-461: The earliest standing stone monuments in the British Isles, the great circles such as Callanish on the Isle of Lewis and Stenness on the Isle of Orkney, were specifically constructed to align with the sun and moon, and the movements of the sun and moon across the local landscape. There has been much analysis and debate about these monuments. No simple explanations have emerged. The original purposes of
3431-517: The far south to more famous examples in the far north and particularly in the islands (where several form part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site ). The Callanish Stones are one of the best-known examples in the Outer Hebrides , while Orkney is known for its Neolithic monuments , including the Ring of Brodgar and the Standing Stones of Stenness . In Aberdeenshire , northeast Scotland, there are many recumbent stone circles to be found –
3504-446: The highland areas of northern Britain. Despite having excavated a number of these sites across southern Britain, archaeologists do not know their exact purpose. It has been suggested that they were camps, markets, cattle kraals or occasional settlements, or perhaps ritual centres for the celebration of seasonal festivals or cemeteries. As the transition from the Early Neolithic to the Late Neolithic took place in around 3000 BCE, there
3577-501: The idea of Thom's Megalithic Yard "remain[ed] contentious". Thom also argued that the builders of these circles were accomplished astronomers and deliberately included astronomical alignments in the rings. According to Parker Pearson, however, many of the circles do not appear to be based on any astronomical alignment. Pearson cautioned that Late Neolithic/Bronze Age conceptions of cosmology were likely very different from modern understandings of astronomy. However, it has been found that
3650-404: The island's south-eastern corner. They are most densely concentrated in south-western Britain and on the north-eastern horn of Scotland, near Aberdeen . The tradition of their construction may have lasted for 2,400 years, from 3300 to 900 BCE, with the major phase of building taking place between 3000 and 1,300 BCE. These stone circles typically show very little evidence of human visitation during
3723-431: The land was flattened especially for this purpose, although in other cases it is clear that the land had been flattened by earlier communities, who had used the land for settlement or agriculture. Aaron Watson has argued that various circles were located in a particular position to give the appearance of occupying the centre of the world, representing a microcosm of the surrounding area. In some instances it appears that
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#17327767292513796-525: The landscape, such as the West Kennet Avenue which links the Avebury henge to The Sanctuary . In some cases, the stone circles survive in such a damaged state that it is not possible to know what they originally looked like. In some examples, timber posts were replaced with stone ones, perhaps with the intention of making the monument more durable and protecting it from decay. In others, it
3869-490: The larger examples were supported with small pieces of sandstone packing their bases. There are small holes in some of the stones. According to an account recorded in 1893, these were caused during weddings held nearby, when miners drilled holes in the rocks and filled them with gunpowder to produce explosions. Burl believed that the Hoarstones dated from the Early Bronze Age. The Reverend C. H. Hartshorne visited
3942-433: The number of rings on the two moors may be because Dartmoor has abundant natural granite while Exmoor has none, instead having Devonian slates and Hangman Grits , both of which easily break up into small slabs, resulting in a general shortage of big stones on Exmoor. The two Exmoor stones are made from smaller stones, which archaeologists have termed miniliths . However, the presence of other Exmoor constructions, such as
4015-613: The other being Mitchell's Fold . These were among five probable stone circles that are historically recorded as being within two miles of each other, largely in Shropshire but also stretching in neighbouring Powys . Alongside the Hoarstones and Mitchell's Fold, the Whetstones was also a large circle; it was destroyed in 1870. A fourth stone circle, the Druid's Castle , as well as a fifth possible example, at Shelve, were smaller. Given
4088-484: The others having been destroyed. Although stone circles have been erected throughout history by a variety of societies and for a variety of reasons, in the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages , this particular tradition was limited to Great Britain, Ireland and the neighbouring area of continental Europe now known as Brittany . The rings were not distributed equally across this area, but were concentrated in several highland regions: north-eastern and central Scotland,
4161-653: The period immediately following their creation. This suggests that they were not sites used for rituals that left archaeologically visible evidence, but may have been deliberately left as "silent and empty monuments". The archaeologist Mike Parker Pearson suggests that in Neolithic Britain, stone was associated with the dead, and wood with the living. Other archaeologists have suggested that the stone might not represent ancestors, but rather other supernatural entities, such as deities. The Hoarstones are one of two prehistoric stone circles known to survive in Shropshire,
4234-429: The recumbent is a massive stone lying on its side, generally to the southwest of the circle. In counties Cork and Kerry in southwest Ireland there is a preponderance of axial stone circles . As with the recumbent stone circles of Scotland a stone to the southwest lies on its side but the stone is not particularly large. In some cases, the stones were removed from the rings for use as a building material. In others,
4307-692: The rituals of Native North American Tribes such as the Algonquin and the Pawnee). Rituals would have been performed at key times of the year, such as the Spring Equinox and Summer Solstice, to ensure a successful harvest from the land. His approach led him to question what he saw as the over-romanticised view that Stonehenge was built from bluestones hauled by hand from the Preseli Hills in south west Wales to Salisbury Plain . In his view,
4380-506: The sea. All but Rempstone—which is on the Isle of Purbeck —are located on the chalk hills west of Dorchester . The Dorset circles have a simplistic typology, being of comparatively small size, with none exceeding 28 metres in diameter. All are oval in shape, although perhaps have been altered from their original form. With the exception of the sandstone Rempstone circle, all consist of sarsen boulders. Much of this may have been obtained from
4453-578: The site has been disrupted by natural causes such as trees, the roots of which have shifted the location of the megaliths. Evidence for the destruction of stone circles first comes from the Late Bronze Age. Following the Christianisation of Britain in the Early Middle Ages , various Christian clergyman denounced those pagans who continued to venerate at stones in the landscape, which in some cases perhaps implied stone circles. By
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#17327767292514526-681: The site in 1838, publishing the record of this in 1841. Around 1897, a Mr Jarrett ploughed up a perforated sandstone axe-head from the field immediately to the south of the circle, later donated to the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford . In August 1924, Lily F. Chitty visited the stone circle to measure it for the Stone Monuments Committee of the British Association , noting that at that time the area around it
4599-451: The stone circle tradition. Burl noted that it was "irregularly graded" to the southeast. There is a gap between stones on the east side of the monument, which may have been originally intended as an entrance into the ring. Just south of the centre of the circle is a single stone, measuring around 1 metre (3 feet) high; it is unclear if this is an original prehistoric feature of the monument or a later addition. Unlike at some stone circles, there
4672-436: The stone circles were built using a unit of measurement which he called the " megalithic yard ", about 2.72 feet (0.83 m). He came to this conclusion following more than forty years of surveying the monuments, aided by his son Archibald Stevenson Thom. Parker Pearson stated that "the idea of a standard unit of measurement is very plausible" but perhaps not as regular as Thom and others have argued. In 1980, Burl noted that
4745-513: The stone ring monuments has been widely debated by antiquarians and archaeologists for several centuries. These stone circles typically show very little evidence of human visitation during the period immediately following their creation. This suggests that they were not sites used for rituals that left archaeologically visible evidence. They may have been deliberately left as "silent and empty monuments". The archaeologists Mike Parker Pearson and Ramilsonina suggested that in Neolithic Britain, stone
4818-464: The stones had been left close to the site by earlier glaciers and then exploited by the monument's builders. Others have argued that the bluestones have been traced to only the Preseli Hills through their chemical signature and that they could not have come from elsewhere. Additionally, it has been claimed that there was no known glacier with a course linking the hills with Salisbury Plain or
4891-605: Was Stanton Drew in Somerset, with a diameter of 112.2 metres (368 ft) and an area of 9,887 m (2.44 acres). Second came the Ring of Brodgar in Orkney at 103.6 metres (340 ft) in diameter and 8,430 m (2.08 acres) in area, whilst third was Avebury in Wiltshire, which had a diameter of 102.4 metres (336 ft) and an area of 8,236m² (2.04 acres). However, Burl did not count the outer stone circle at Avebury, which has
4964-403: Was "a relatively short-lived fashion in archaeological terms." In southern England, 84% of chambered tombs were built somewhere between a north-east to a south-east orientation with western directions almost entirely neglected. From these findings it is thus concluded that the east had some special significance regarding death and thus possibly the afterlife for their builders. In some parts of
5037-478: Was a British archaeologist best known for his studies into megalithic monuments and the nature of prehistoric rituals associated with them. Before retirement he was Principal Lecturer in Archaeology, Hull College , East Riding of Yorkshire. Burl received a volume edited in his honour. He was called by The New York Times , "the leading authority on British stone circles". Burl's work, while considering
5110-419: Was a period of particular turmoil within the British Isles, perhaps caused by an overuse of land, the failure of crops, famine, plague, climatic change, or an increase in population that was not supported by the food supply. The start of the Bronze Age in Britain was signalled by the introduction of bronze , an alloy of copper and usually tin . Ideologically, there is no evidence for a change in Brittany and
5183-432: Was associated with the dead and wood with the living. Bradley noted that this interpretation was "consistent with the archaeological evidence from Britain", where evidence for feasting and other human activities have been found at a range of timber sites but not at their stone counterparts. At the latter sites, there has been evidence of human remains. Bradley suggested that the stone circles may have been spaces "devoted to
5256-526: Was much economic and technological continuity. But there was considerable change in the style of monuments erected, particularly in southern and eastern England. By that date, the long barrows , causewayed enclosures , and cursuses which had predominated in the Early Neolithic had ceased to be built. They were replaced by circular monuments of various kinds. These include not only stone circles, but also earthen henges and timber circles . This transition toward circular monuments had symbolic associations. As
5329-512: Was overgrown with gorse, heather, and marsh grass. On that visit, she was able to identify 33 stones in the circle. She returned in September with her father, the Reverend J. C. M. Chitty, at which point she was able to ascertain the location of three more stones. Assisted by Mr Roberts, the Chittys removed much of the foliage and opened a trench across the northeast part of the circle, revealing
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