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28-596: Archaeological excavations have shown that a Roman fort existed at the highest point of the site. This should not be confused with the more significant Roman castrum superius on the Nonnberg terrace. Construction of the current fortress began in 1077 under Archbishop Gebhard von Helfenstein . The original design was a basic bailey with a wooden wall. In the Holy Roman Empire , the archbishops of Salzburg were already powerful political figures and they expanded

56-453: A former secretary of Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg as coadjutor bishop . Leonhard died at Salzburg, spending his last years unsuccessfully battling his coadjutor, who would succeed him in 1519. Leonhard was an effective ruler, he reformed the archbishopric's finances, paying off old debts and developing the economy by farming out, increasing the salt production, the silver and gold mines and promoting trade. His efforts made Salzburg one of

84-588: A large number of castles in Salzburg and Carinthia. He ordered the construction of river dams around Hallein to protect the city from spring floods, but he also had the Radstädter Tauern Pass road and a number of new long distance routes constructed to promote trade. He crowned his economic achievements by a coinage reform ( Rübentaler ) that was the basis for the modern Salzburger monetary system. A decree promulgated by Archbishop Leonhard in 1504

112-562: Is entirely speculative. Gebhard presumably studied in Paris , was ordained a priest at Salzburg in 1055 and became court chaplain to Emperor Henry III . Then a loyal supporter of the Salian dynasty , he also travelled as an ambassador to the Byzantine court at Constantinople and held the office of an Imperial chancellor between 1057 and 1059. On 30 July 1060 he was consecrated bishop of

140-659: The Archdiocese of Salzburg . He reorganized the tithes paid by the Carantanian peasants and the parish system in Carinthia , where in 1072 he dissolved the double monastery of Gurk Abbey , founded by Saint Hemma in 1043, and replaced it by the suffragan Diocese of Gurk . Gebhard also established Admont Abbey in 1074, vested with Hemma's estates in the Carinthian March of Styria . Besides this, he had

168-492: The Thirty Years' War . It has never been concluded. Leonhard von Keutschach Leonhard von Keutschach (c. 1442 – 8 June 1519) was Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg from 1495 until his death, the last to rule in the feudal style. He was probably born at Viktring in Carinthia , the son of Otto von Keutschach, a judge at the manorial court ( Hofrichter ), and Gertrud von Möderndorf. The Keutschach family came from

196-477: The 16th century and completed in the 17th, were added as a precaution because of fears of Turkish invasion . The only time that the fortress actually came under siege was during the German Peasants' War in 1525, when a group of miners, farmers and townspeople tried to oust Prince-Archbishop Matthäus Lang, but failed to take the fortress. In 1617 the deposed Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau died in

224-679: The Hasengrabenbastei; It stands today as one of the best preserved castles in Europe. During the early 20th century it was used as a prison, holding Italian prisoners of war during World War I and Nazi activists before Germany's annexation of Austria in March 1938. German ceramicist, sculptor and painter Arno Lehmann lived and created in Hohensalzburg Fortress from 1949 until his death in 1973. Hohensalzburg Fortress

252-421: The beam ceiling had to be removed to make room for it. A richly ornamented star vault decorates the ceiling of the chapel. The inner part of the door at the entrance is covered with stucco. The painted frame shows red columns on a high plinth with grey capitals. The coat of arms of Salzburg and of Leonhard von Keutschach is reproduced in the tympanum beneath the mitre , legate cross and sword. A special feature of

280-540: The coat of arms is the turnip and in many places in the fortress this can be found as an indication of prince-archbishop Keutschach's building activity. In the north wall of the chapel there are two openings which made it possible to attend the church service from the side room. The Golden Chamber is the most magnificently furnished room of the princely chambers. The two long walls are taken up by benches that are richly decorated with vines, grapes, foliage and animals. These benches used to be covered with cloth or leather, but

308-516: The diet of Trebur later in that year. Even after Henry's Road to Canossa , Gebhard supported the election of anti-king Rudolf of Rheinfelden in March 1077; as Gebhard was unwilling to be reconciled with the king, Henry IV expelled him from Salzburg. While his diocese was devastated by the king's forces, Gebhard spent nine years in Swabia and Saxony , trying to win their bishops' support for Pope Gregory VII. Meanwhile in Salzburg, Berthold von Moosburg

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336-499: The fortress during his term from 1495 until 1519. His coadjutor Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg , who was later to succeed Leonhard, in 1515 wrote a description of the Reisszug , a very early and primitive funicular railway that provided freight access to the upper courtyard of the fortress. The line still exists, albeit in updated form, and is probably the oldest operational railway in the world. The current external bastions, begun in

364-540: The fortress prison. During the Thirty Years' War , Archbishop Count Paris of Lodron strengthened the town's defenses, including Hohensalzburg. He added various parts to the fortress, such as the gunpowder stores and additional gatehouses. The fortress was surrendered without a fight to French troops under General Jean Victor Marie Moreau during the Napoleonic War of the Second Coalition in 1800 and

392-691: The fortress to protect their interests. Helfenstein's conflict with Emperor Henry IV during the Investiture Controversy influenced the expansion of the fortress, with the Archbishop taking the side of Pope Gregory VII and the German anti-king Rudolf of Rheinfelden . The fortress was gradually expanded during the following centuries. The ring walls and towers were built in 1462 under Prince-Archbishop Burkhard II von Weißpriach . Prince-Archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach further expanded

420-480: The fortresses Hohensalzburg , Hohenwerfen and Friesach built. In 1075, Gebhard supported the German king Henry IV struggling with the Great Saxon Revolt . In the following Investiture Controversy , however, he took the side of Pope Gregory VII . Like his friend bishop Altmann of Passau he did not attend the 1076 Synod of Worms held by the king and instead allied with the oppositional princes at

448-464: The last Prince-Archbishop Count Hieronymus von Colloredo fled to Vienna . In the 19th century, it was used as barracks, storage depot and dungeon before being abandoned as a military outpost in 1861. Hohensalzburg Fortress was refurbished from the late 19th century onwards and became a major tourist attraction with the Festungsbahn funicular railway, opened in 1892, leading up from the town to

476-611: The northern shore of Lake Keutschach . Their arms are a white turnip on a black field. Leonhard started out as canon of the Augustinian order and provost of Eberndorf Abbey. In 1490 he was promoted as provost of the Salzburg chapter and in 1495 was elected prince-archbishop . In 1498 he again expelled the Salzburg Jews , who had returned to the area since their banishment in 1404, and had their synagogues at Salzburg and Hallein destroyed. The City of Salzburg

504-509: The playing of the carillon at the Residenzplatz and ended it again. One of Austria's most famous cabaret groups is named after it. Starting in 1498, Archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach had the magnificent state apartments installed on the third floor. The rooms in which the archbishops would normally have lived were one floor below. The state apartments were primarily used for representative purposes and for festivities. The Golden Hall

532-405: The richest states of the Holy Roman Empire , starting a long tradition of a local culture rich in music and art. Leonhard also used his wealth to buy back lands sold by his predecessors to cover their debt and to support Emperor Maximilian I financially, which brought further economic and political advantages. He expanded the defenses of the city, notably by strengthening Hohensalzburg Castle and

560-417: The so-called "Hoher Stock" (high floor). The Krautturm houses a large aerophon of more than 200 pipes which is called the "Salzburg Bull" ( Salzburger Stier ). This huge mechanical organ was built in 1502 by Archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach. It was renewed by Rochus Egedacher in 1735. From Palm Sunday to 31 October the "Salzburg Bull" is played daily at 7, 11 and 18 o'clock. The aerophone thus initiated

588-761: The splendour of the past. The upper part of the panels is decorated with gilded buttons and rosettes , whereas the lower part, which is bare today, was probably covered with leather or velvet tapestry. The door conceals a toilet, which is basically a hole in the floor with a wooden frame. Back in the past this was a highly modern sanitary facility and was accessible from each floor. 47°47′42″N 13°02′50″E  /  47.79500°N 13.04722°E  / 47.79500; 13.04722 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Gebhard of Salzburg Blessed Gebhard von Salzburg ( c. 1010 – 15 June 1088), also occasionally known as Gebhard of Sussex ,

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616-484: The stars in the sky. The 17-metre-long beam , supporting the ceiling, is particularly worth mentioning. The coat of arms of Leonhard von Keutschach together with those of the Holy Roman Empire, the most powerful German towns and the bishoprics that were connected to Salzburg, are painted on it. Archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach (1495-1519) had the chapel built at a later time. One of the figure consoles in

644-426: The upholstery has not survived into the modern age. The walls also used to be covered in gold-embossed leather tapestry which adorned the lower part of the wall. The bedchamber is the most intimate room of the princely chambers. The original furniture and precious textiles, such as tapestry, were in the course of time replaced by more "modern" ones. The elaborate wainscoting to keep out the cold still bears witness to

672-409: Was Archbishop of Salzburg from 1060 until his death. He was one of the fiercest opponents of King Henry IV of Germany during the Investiture Controversy . Of Gebhard's origins, all that is known for certain is that he was born in the German stem duchy of Swabia . Although he appeared in a 17th-century genealogy by Gabriel Bucelin as a scion of the comital House of Helfenstein , this lineage

700-412: Was installed as anti-bishop in 1085. Gebhard was not able to return to Salzburg until 1086, assisted by the support of Duke Welf I of Bavaria . Gebhard died at Hohenwerfen on 15 June 1088 and is buried in the church of Admont Abbey. His feast day is 15 June. He is shown as a bishop with a Greek cross and a unicorn . In 1629 the process of canonization was begun, but was effectively put on hold due to

728-527: Was politically unstable, after in 1481 Emperor Frederick III of Habsburg had granted its citizens the privilege to elect its own council and mayor, which was the cause of a protracted struggle with the ruling archbishops. In 1511, Leonhard ended the unrest: He invited the mayor and councillors for a gala dinner, had them imprisoned and forced them to renounce their rights. He proceeded to cement his position with nepotism , nominating relatives in key positions; he however had to accept Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg ,

756-446: Was richly decorated and indicates that the fortress served the archbishops not only as a refuge in times of crisis, but frequently also as a residence up to the 16th century. In order to gain more space, Archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach had four massive marble pillars constructed on the right-hand outer wall and had a loggia added on. As in the other rooms the ceiling is coffered, each coffer being adorned with gold buttons symbolising

784-766: Was selected as main motif for the Austrian Nonnberg Abbey commemorative coin minted on April 5, 2006. This was the first coin of the series "Great Abbeys of Austria". It shows the Benedictine convent of Nonnberg Abbey . In the hilltop on the background, the fortress and the Kajetaner church can be seen. Also in 1977 the Austrian Mint issued a coin for the 900th anniversary of Hohensalzburg Fortress. The fortress consists of various wings and courtyard. The Prince-Bishop's apartments are located in

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