33-401: The Hominini (hominins) form a taxonomic tribe of the subfamily Homininae (hominines). They comprise two extant genera: Homo ( humans ) and Pan ( chimpanzees and bonobos ), but in standard usage exclude the genus Gorilla ( gorillas ), which is grouped separately within subfamily Homininae. The term Hominini was originally introduced by Camille Arambourg (1948), who combined
66-457: A tribe is a taxonomic rank above genus , but below family and subfamily . It is sometimes subdivided into subtribes . By convention, all taxa ranked above species are capitalized, including both tribe and subtribe. In zoology , the standard ending for the name of a zoological tribe is "-ini". Examples include the tribes Caprini (goat-antelopes), Hominini (hominins), Bombini (bumblebees), and Thunnini (tunas). The tribe Hominini
99-434: A "proto-human" or "pre-human" lineage separate from Pan appears to have been a process of complex speciation - hybridization rather than a clean split, taking place over the period of anywhere between 13 Mya (close to the age of the tribe Hominini itself) and some 4 Mya. Different chromosomes appear to have split at different times, with broad-scale hybridization activity occurring between the two emerging lineages as late as
132-457: A sister group of Old World monkeys in the catarrhines , which are a sister group of New World monkeys. Therefore, cladistically , apes, catarrhines and related contemporary extinct groups, such as Parapithecidae , are monkeys as well, for any consistent definition of "monkey". "Old World monkey" may also legitimately be taken to be meant to include all the catarrhines, including apes and extinct species such as Aegyptopithecus , in which case
165-416: A tubular ectotympanic (ear bone), and eight, not twelve, premolars in catarrhines, giving them a dental formula of: 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.3 Several Old World monkeys have anatomical oddities. For example, the colobus monkeys have stubs for thumbs to assist with their arboreal movement, the proboscis monkey has an extraordinary nose, while the snub-nosed monkeys have almost no nose at all. The penis of
198-558: A water source. Gestation in the Old World monkeys lasts between five and seven months. Births are usually single, although, as with humans, twins occur occasionally. The young are born relatively well-developed, and are able to cling onto their mother's fur with their hands from birth. Compared with most other mammals, they take a long time to reach sexual maturity, with four to six years being typical of most species. In most species, daughters remain with their mothers for life, so that
231-585: Is Sivapithecus , consisting of several species from 12.5 million to 8.5 million years ago. It differs from orangutans in dentition and postcranial morphology. In the following cladogram, the approximate time the clades radiated newer clades is indicated in millions of years ago (Mya). Hylobatidae (gibbons) Ponginae (orangutans) Gorillini (gorillas) Panina (chimpanzees) Ardipithecus (†) Praeanthropus (†) Australopithecus/ Paranthropus robustus (†2) Australopithecus garhi (†2.5) Homo (humans) Both Sahelanthropus and Orrorin existed during
264-408: Is divided into subtribes by some scientists; subtribe Hominina then comprises "humans". The standard ending for the name of a zoological subtribe is "-ina". In botany , the standard ending for the name of a botanical tribe is "-eae". Examples include the tribes Acalypheae and Hyacintheae . The tribe Hyacintheae is divided into subtribes, including the subtribe Massoniinae. The standard ending for
297-503: Is included in the subtribe Hominina (see below ). The alternative convention uses "hominin" to exclude members of Panina: for Homo; or for human and australopithecine species. This alternative convention is referenced in e.g. Coyne (2009) and in Dunbar (2014). Potts (2010) in addition uses the name Hominini in a different sense, as excluding Pan , and uses "hominins" for this, while a separate tribe (rather than subtribe) for chimpanzees
330-459: Is introduced, under the name Panini. In this recent convention, contra Arambourg, the term "hominin" is applied to Homo , Australopithecus , Ardipithecus , and others that arose after the split from the line that led to chimpanzees (see cladogram below); that is, they distinguish fossil members on the human side of the split, as "hominins", from those on the chimpanzee side, as "not hominins" (or "non-hominin hominids "). This cladogram shows
363-518: Is taken to exclude Pan , Panini ("panins") may refer to the tribe containing Pan as its only genus. Or perhaps place Pan with other dryopithecine genera, making the whole tribe or subtribe of Panini or Panina together. Minority dissenting nomenclatures include Gorilla in Hominini and Pan in Homo (Goodman et al. 1998), or both Pan and Gorilla in Homo (Watson et al. 2001). By convention,
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#1732764864709396-650: Is the talapoin , with a head and body 34–37 centimetres (13–15 in) in length, and weighing between 0.7 and 1.3 kilograms (1.5 and 2.9 lb). The largest is the male mandrill, around 70 centimetres (28 in) in length, and weighing up to 50 kilograms (110 lb) Old World monkeys have a variety of facial features; some have snouts , some are flat-nosed, and many exhibit coloration. Most have tails, but they are not prehensile . Old World monkeys are native to Africa and Asia today, inhabiting numerous environments: tropical rain forests , savannas , shrublands , and mountainous terrain. They inhabited much of Europe in
429-675: The Barbary macaques of Gibraltar . Most Old World monkeys are at least partially omnivorous , but all prefer plant matter, which forms the bulk of their diet. Leaf monkeys are the most vegetarian, subsisting primarily on leaves, and eating only a small number of insects, while the other species are highly opportunistic, primarily eating fruit, but also consuming almost any food items available, such as flowers, leaves, bulbs and rhizomes , insects, snails, and even small vertebrates. The Barbary macaque 's diet consists mostly of leaves and roots, though it will also eat insects and uses cedar trees as
462-647: The Cercopithecinae , which are mainly African, but include the diverse genus of macaques , which are Asian and North African, and the Colobinae , which includes most of the Asian genera, but also the African colobus monkeys. The Linnaean classification beginning with the superfamily is: The distinction between apes and monkeys is complicated by the traditional paraphyly of monkeys : Apes emerged as
495-507: The clade of superfamily Hominoidea and its descendant clades, focused on the division of Hominini (omitting detail on clades not ancestral to Hominini). The family Hominidae ("hominids") comprises the tribes Ponginae (including orangutans ), Gorillini (including gorillas ) and Hominini, the latter two forming the subfamily of Homininae. Hominini is divided into Panina ( chimpanzees ) and Australopithecina (australopithecines). The Hominina ( humans ) are usually held to have emerged within
528-439: The colobus monkeys , to fully terrestrial forms, such as the baboons. The smallest is the talapoin , with a head and body 34–37 cm in length, and weighing between 0.7 and 1.3 kilograms, while the largest is the male mandrill (the females of the species being significantly smaller), at around 70 cm in length, and weighing up to 50 kilograms. Most Old World monkeys have tails (the family name means "tailed ape"), unlike
561-680: The family Cercopithecidae ( / ˌ s ɜːr k oʊ p ɪ ˈ θ ɛ s ɪ d iː / ). Twenty-four genera and 138 species are recognized, making it the largest primate family. Old World monkey genera include baboons (genus Papio ), red colobus (genus Piliocolobus ), and macaques (genus Macaca ). Common names for other Old World monkeys include the talapoin , guenon , colobus , douc (douc langur, genus Pygathrix ), vervet , gelada , mangabey (a group of genera), langur , mandrill , drill , surili ( Presbytis ), patas , and proboscis monkey . Phylogenetically, they are more closely related to apes than to New World monkeys , with
594-691: The Australopithecina (which would roughly correspond to the alternative definition of Hominini according to the alternative definition which excludes Pan ). Genetic analysis combined with fossil evidence indicates that hominoids diverged from the Old World monkeys about 25 million years ago (Mya), near the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. The most recent common ancestors (MRCA) of the subfamilies Homininae and Ponginae lived about 15 million years ago. The best-known fossil genus of Ponginae
627-532: The Old World monkeys and apes diverging from a common ancestor between 25 million and 30 million years ago. This clade , containing the Old World monkeys and the apes, diverged from a common ancestor with the New World monkeys around 45 to 55 million years ago. The individual species of Old World monkey are more closely related to each other than to apes or any other grouping, with a common ancestor around 14 million years ago. The smallest Old World monkey
660-402: The X chromosome in the ancestral populations prior to the chimpanzee–human last common ancestor (CHLCA). Most DNA studies find that humans and Pan are 99% identical, but one study found only 94% commonality, with some of the difference occurring in non-coding DNA . It is most likely that the australopithecines, dating from 4.4 to 3 Mya, evolved into the earliest members of genus Homo . In
693-432: The adjectival term "hominin" (or nominalized "hominins") refers to the tribe Hominini, whereas the members of the subtribe Hominina (and thus all archaic human species) are referred to as "homininan" ("homininans"). This follows the proposal by Mann and Weiss (1996), which presents tribe Hominini as including both Pan and Homo , placed in separate subtribes. The genus Pan is referred to subtribe Panina , and genus Homo
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#1732764864709726-593: The apes, Cercopithecoidea and Aegyptopithecus as well as (under an even more expanded definition) even the Platyrrhini emerged within the Old World monkeys. Historically, monkeys from the "Old World" (Afro-Arabia), somehow drifted to the "New World" some 40 million years ago, forming the "New World monkeys" (platyrrhines). Apes would emerge later within the Afro-Arabia group. Old World monkeys are medium to large in size, and range from arboreal forms, such as
759-415: The basic social group among Old World monkeys is a matrilineal troop. Males leave the group on reaching adolescence, and find a new troop to join. In many species, only a single adult male lives with each group, driving off all rivals, but others are more tolerant, establishing hierarchical relationships between dominant and subordinate males. Group sizes are highly variable, even within species, depending on
792-425: The categories of Hominina and Simiina pursuant to Gray 's classifications (1825). Traditionally, chimpanzees , gorillas and orangutans were grouped together, excluding humans, as pongids . Since Gray's classifications, evidence accumulating from genetic phylogeny confirmed that humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas are more closely related to each other than to the orangutan. The orangutans were reassigned to
825-464: The estimated duration of the ancestral chimpanzee–human speciation events, within the range of eight to four million years ago (Mya). Very few fossil specimens have been found that can be considered directly ancestral to genus Pan . News of the first fossil chimpanzee, found in Kenya, was published in 2005. However, it is dated to very recent times—between 545 and 284 thousand years ago. The divergence of
858-585: The family Hominidae ( great apes ), which already included humans; and the gorillas were grouped as a separate tribe (Gorillini) of the subfamily Homininae. Still, details of this reassignment remain contested, and of publishing since (on tribe Hominini), not every source excludes gorillas and not every source includes chimpanzees. Humans are the only extant species in the Australopithecine branch (subtribe), which also contains many extinct close relatives of humans. Concerning membership, when Hominini
891-535: The male mandrill is crimson and the scrotum is lilac ; the face is also brightly colored. The coloration is more pronounced in dominant males. The Old World monkeys are native to Africa and Asia today, inhabiting numerous environments: tropical rain forests , savannas , shrublands , and mountainous terrain. They inhabited much of Europe during the Neogene period; today the only survivors in Europe are
924-457: The name of a botanical subtribe is "-inae". In bacteriology , the form of tribe names is as in botany, e.g., Pseudomonadeae, based on the genus name Pseudomonas . An unfamiliar taxonomic rank cannot necessarily be identified as a tribe merely by the presence of one of the standard suffixes: Accordingly, working within animals alone, subfamily -inae , tribe -ini, and subtribe -ina are unique suffixes to their specific taxonomic ranks. At
957-463: The other extreme, working within algae alone, -eae suffixes class -phyceae , suborder -ineae , family -aceae , subfamily -oideae , and tribe -eae . The longer suffixes themselves suffixed with -eae must first be eliminated before recognizing an unfamiliar -eae designation as belonging to rank tribe. Old World monkey Cercopithecinae – 13 genera Colobinae – 10 genera sister: Hominoidea Old World monkeys are primates in
990-653: The past; today, the only survivors in Europe are the Barbary macaques of Gibraltar . Whether they were native to Gibraltar or were brought by humans is unknown. Some Old World monkeys are arboreal , such as the colobus monkeys; others are terrestrial , such as the baboons . Most are at least partially omnivorous , but all prefer plant matter, which forms the bulk of their diets. Most are highly opportunistic, primarily eating fruit, but also consuming almost any food item available, such as flowers, leaves, bulbs and rhizomes , insects, snails, small mammals, and garbage and handouts from humans. Two subfamilies are recognized,
1023-420: The period 6.3 to 5.4 Mya, according to Patterson et al. (2006), This research group noted that one hypothetical late hybridization period was based in particular on the similarity of X chromosomes in the proto-humans and stem chimpanzees, suggesting that the final divergence was even as recent as 4 Mya. Wakeley (2008) rejected these hypotheses; he suggested alternative explanations, including selection pressure on
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1056-549: The tailless apes. The tails of Old World monkeys are not prehensile , unlike those of the New World monkeys (platyrrhines). The distinction of catarrhines from platyrrhines depends on the structure of the rhinarium , and the distinction of Old World monkeys from apes depends on dentition (the number of teeth is the same in both, but they are shaped differently). In platyrrhines, the nostrils face sideways, while in catarrhines, they face downward. Other distinctions include both
1089-704: The year 2000, the discovery of Orrorin tugenensis , dated as early as 6.2 Mya, briefly challenged critical elements of that hypothesis, as it suggested that Homo did not in fact derive from australopithecine ancestors. All the listed fossil genera are evaluated for two traits that could identify them as hominins: Some, including Paranthropus , Ardipithecus , and Australopithecus , are broadly thought to be ancestral and closely related to Homo ; others, especially earlier genera, including Sahelanthropus (and perhaps Orrorin ), are supported by one community of scientists but doubted by another. Extant species are in bold. Tribe (biology) In biology ,
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