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43-511: The engine was originally designated the AS907 , which was changed in 2004 to HTF7000; the AS907 designation is still used for legal and regulatory use. By October 2016, 2.6 million hours had been logged by 1,400 in service engines and it has a 99.9% dispatch reliability rate. Average fuel consumption is about 950 lb. per hour for a 7,765 lbf engine on a G280 , to be compared to 875 lb. per hour for

86-418: A health care professional to share their information with another healthcare professional, even one giving them care—but are advised, where appropriate, about the dangers of this course of action, due to possible drug interactions. However, in a few limited instances, a healthcare worker can share personal information without consent if it is in the public interest. These instances are set out in guidance from

129-409: A 4,420 lbf TFE731 on a G150 . More than 3.5 million flight hours have been logged till October 2017, and the 2,000th engine should be delivered in 2018. Honeywell maintenance program is $ 447 for two engines per hour. Borescope inspections extends time between overhaul and some engines have remained installed for up to 10,000 hr. It has line replaceable components installed with hand tools and

172-570: A Fault-Error-Chain is understood it is possible to construct means to break these chains and thereby increase the dependability of a system. Four means have been identified so far: Fault Prevention deals with preventing faults being introduced into a system. This can be accomplished by use of development methodologies and good implementation techniques. Fault Removal can be sub-divided into two sub-categories: Removal During Development and Removal During Use. Removal during development requires verification so that faults can be detected and removed before

215-478: A composite term called Dependability and Security. Practically, applying security measures to the appliances of a system generally improves the dependability by limiting the number of externally originated errors. Threats are things that can affect a system and cause a drop in Dependability. There are three main terms that must be clearly understood: It is important to note that Failures are recorded at

258-429: A degraded level. Dependability means are intended to reduce the number of failures made visible to the end users of a system. Based on how faults appear or persist, they are classified as: Some works on dependability use structured information systems , e.g. with SOA , to introduce the attribute survivability , thus taking into account the degraded services that an Information System sustains or resumes after

301-401: A failure (which is an observable deviation from the specified behavior at the system boundary). Once a fault is activated an error is created. An error may act in the same way as a fault in that it can create further error conditions, therefore an error may propagate multiple times within a system boundary without causing an observable failure. If an error propagates outside the system boundary

344-400: A failure is said to occur. A failure is basically the point at which it can be said that a service is failing to meet its specification. Since the output data from one service may be fed into another, a failure in one service may propagate into another service as a fault so a chain can be formed of the form: Fault leading to Error leading to Failure leading to Error, etc. Since the mechanism of

387-423: A level of confidence, whilst Reliability can be measured as failures over time. Confidentiality , i.e. the absence of unauthorized disclosure of information is also used when addressing security. Security is a composite of Confidentiality , Integrity , and Availability . Security is sometimes classed as an attribute but the current view is to aggregate it together with dependability and treat Dependability as

430-435: A non-maskable failure. The flexibility of current frameworks encourage system architects to enable reconfiguration mechanisms that refocus the available, safe resources to support the most critical services rather than over-provisioning to build failure-proof system. With the generalisation of networked information systems, accessibility was introduced to give greater importance to users' experience. To take into account

473-635: A number of prominent international conferences, notably the International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks , the International Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems and the International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering . Traditionally, dependability for a system incorporates availability , reliability , maintainability but since the 1980s, safety and security have been added to measures of dependability. Attributes are qualities of

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516-415: A patient's consent to share personal confidential information is assumed. When personal confidential information is shared between healthcare workers, consent is taken as implied. If a patient doesn't want a healthcare worker to share confidential health information, they need to make this clear and discuss the matter with healthcare staff. Patients have the right, in most situations, to refuse permission for

559-528: A relatively non-negotiable tenet of medical practice. Confidentiality is standard in the United States by HIPAA laws, specifically the Privacy Rule, and various state laws, some more rigorous than HIPAA. However, numerous exceptions to the rules have been carved out over the years. For example, many American states require physicians to report gunshot wounds to the police and impaired drivers to

602-618: A role in synthesizing the technical community's progress in the field and organizes two workshops each year to disseminate the results. Dependability can be broken down into three elements: Some sources hold that word was coined in the nineteen-teens in Dodge Brothers automobile print advertising. But the word predates that period, with the Oxford English Dictionary finding its first use in 1901. As interest in fault tolerance and system reliability increased in

645-446: A system is put into production. Once systems have been put into production a system is needed to record failures and remove them via a maintenance cycle. Fault Forecasting predicts likely faults so that they can be removed or their effects can be circumvented. Fault Tolerance deals with putting mechanisms in place that will allow a system to still deliver the required service in the presence of faults, although that service may be at

688-476: A system. These can be assessed to determine its overall dependability using Qualitative or Quantitative measures. Avizienis et al. define the following Dependability Attributes: As these definitions suggested, only Availability and Reliability are quantifiable by direct measurements whilst others are more subjective. For instance Safety cannot be measured directly via metrics but is a subjective assessment that requires judgmental information to be applied to give

731-651: A version of this discretionary disclosure rule under Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 1.6 (or its equivalent). A few jurisdictions have made this traditionally discretionary duty mandatory. For example, see the New Jersey and Virginia Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 1.6. In some jurisdictions, the lawyer must try to convince the client to conform his or her conduct to the boundaries of the law before disclosing any otherwise confidential information. These exceptions generally do not cover crimes that have already occurred, even in extreme cases where murderers have confessed

774-488: Is about to, provide the patient directly with healthcare to make sure they get the best possible treatment. They only share information that is relevant to their care in that instance, and with consent. There are two ways to give consent: explicit consent or implied consent . Explicit consent is when a patient clearly communicates to a healthcare worker, verbally or in writing or in some other way, that relevant confidential information can be shared. Implied consent means that

817-411: Is designed for condition-based maintenance . Data from FAA. Related development Comparable engines Related lists Dependability In systems engineering , dependability is a measure of a system's availability , reliability , maintainability , and in some cases, other characteristics such as durability , safety and security . In real-time computing , dependability

860-471: Is determined by the use of negative and positive freedom. Some legal jurisdictions recognise a category of commercial confidentiality whereby a business may withhold information on the basis of perceived harm to "commercial interests". For example, Coca-Cola 's main syrup formula remains a trade secret . Confidentiality agreements that "seal" litigation settlements are not uncommon, but this can leave regulators and society ignorant of public hazards. In

903-548: Is the ability to provide services that can be trusted within a time-period. The service guarantees must hold even when the system is subject to attacks or natural failures. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), via its Technical Committee TC 56 develops and maintains international standards that provide systematic methods and tools for dependability assessment and management of equipment, services, and systems throughout their life cycles. The IFIP Working Group 10.4 on "Dependable Computing and Fault Tolerance" plays

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946-530: The EU Directive 2001/20/EC , inspectors appointed by the Member States have to maintain confidentiality whenever they gain access to confidential information as a result of the good clinical practice inspections in accordance with applicable national and international requirements. A typical patient declaration might read: I have been informed of the benefit that I gain from the protection and

989-500: The Saltman case on page 215, must "have the necessary quality of confidence about it." Secondly, that information must have been imparted in circumstances importing an obligation of confidence. Thirdly, there must be an unauthorised use of that information to the detriment of the party communicating it. The 1896 case featuring the royal accoucheur Dr William Smoult Playfair showed the difference between lay and medical views. Playfair

1032-510: The therapeutic alliance , as it promotes an environment of trust. There are important exceptions to confidentiality, namely where it conflicts with the clinician's duty to warn or duty to protect . This includes instances of suicidal behavior or homicidal plans, child abuse , elder abuse and dependent adult abuse . Information shared by a client with a therapist is considered as privileged communication , however in certain cases and based on certain provinces and states they are negated, it

1075-485: The 1960s and 1970s, dependability came to be a measure of [x] as measures of reliability came to encompass additional measures like safety and integrity. In the early 1980s, Jean-Claude Laprie thus chose dependability as the term to encompass studies of fault tolerance and system reliability without the extension of meaning inherent in reliability . The field of dependability has evolved from these beginnings to be an internationally active field of research fostered by

1118-557: The California Rules of Professional Conduct to conform to the new exception in the revised statute. Recent legislation in the UK curtails the confidentiality professionals like lawyers and accountants can maintain at the expense of the state. Accountants, for example, are required to disclose to the state any suspicions of fraudulent accounting and, even, the legitimate use of tax saving schemes if those schemes are not already known to

1161-556: The Department of Motor Vehicles. Confidentiality is also challenged in cases involving the diagnosis of a sexually transmitted disease in a patient who refuses to reveal the diagnosis to a spouse, and in the termination of a pregnancy in an underage patient, without the knowledge of the patient's parents. Many states in the U.S. have laws governing parental notification in underage abortion. Confidentiality can be protected in medical research via certificates of confidentiality . Due to

1204-571: The General Medical Council, which is the regulatory body for doctors. Sometimes the healthcare worker has to provide the information – if required by law or in response to a court order. The National AIDS Trust has written a guide for people living with HIV to confidentiality in the NHS. The ethical principle of confidentiality requires that information shared by a client with a therapist isn't shared without consent, and that

1247-501: The U.S. state of Washington, for example, journalists discovered that about two dozen medical malpractice cases had been improperly sealed by judges, leading to improperly weak discipline by the state Department of Health. In the 1990s and early 2000s, the Catholic sexual abuse scandal involved a number of confidentiality agreements with victims. Some states have passed laws that limit confidentiality. For example, in 1990 Florida passed

1290-961: The United Kingdom information about an individual's HIV status is kept confidential within the National Health Service . This is based in law, in the NHS Constitution, and in key NHS rules and procedures. It is also outlined in every NHS employee's contract of employment and in professional standards set by regulatory bodies. The National AIDS Trust's Confidentiality in the NHS: Your Information, Your Rights outlines these rights. All registered healthcare professionals must abide by these standards and if they are found to have breached confidentiality, they can face disciplinary action. A healthcare worker shares confidential information with someone else who is, or

1333-490: The course of providing medical care. The rule dates back to at least the Hippocratic Oath , which reads in part: Whatever, in connection with my professional service, or not in connection with it, I see or hear, in the life of men, which ought not to be spoken of abroad, I will not divulge, as reckoning that all such should be kept secret. Traditionally, medical ethics has viewed the duty of confidentiality as

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1376-533: The distribution of certain types of information . By law, lawyers are often required to keep confidential anything on the representation of a client. The duty of confidentiality is much broader than the attorney–client evidentiary privilege , which only covers communications between the attorney and the client. Both the privilege and the duty serve the purpose of encouraging clients to speak frankly about their cases. This way, lawyers can carry out their duty to provide clients with zealous representation. Otherwise,

1419-406: The lawyer has reason to believe that the client may kill or seriously injure someone, may cause substantial injury to the financial interest or property of another, or is using (or seeking to use) the lawyer's services to perpetrate a crime or fraud. In such situations the lawyer has the discretion, but not the obligation, to disclose information designed to prevent the planned action. Most states have

1462-415: The level of performance, the measurement of performability is defined as "quantifying how well the object system performs in the presence of faults over a specified period of time". More regionally focused conferences: Confidentiality Confidentiality involves a set of rules or a promise usually executed through confidentiality agreements that limits the access to or places restrictions on

1505-409: The location of missing bodies to their lawyers but the police are still looking for those bodies. The U.S. Supreme Court and many state supreme courts have affirmed the right of a lawyer to withhold information in such situations. Otherwise, it would be impossible for any criminal defendant to obtain a zealous defense. California is famous for having one of the strongest duties of confidentiality in

1548-428: The opposing side may be able to surprise the lawyer in court with something he did not know about his client, which may weaken the client's position. Also, a distrustful client might hide a relevant fact he thinks is incriminating, but that a skilled lawyer could turn to the client's advantage (for example, by raising affirmative defenses like self-defense). However, most jurisdictions have exceptions for situations where

1591-497: The purposes described above and in the event of a medical emergency or if required by the law. My data will be processed electronically to determine the outcome of this study, and to provide it to the health authorities. My data may be transferred to other countries (such as the USA). For these purposes the sponsor has to protect my personal information even in countries whose data privacy laws are less strict than those of this country. In

1634-538: The rights granted by the European Union Data Protection Directive and other national laws on the protection of my personal data. I agree that the representatives of the sponsor or possibly the health authorities can have access to my medical records. My participation in the study will be treated as confidential. I will not be referred to by my name in any report of the study. My identity will not be disclosed to any person, except for

1677-402: The sharing of information would be guided by ETHIC Model: Examining professional values, after thinking about ethical standards of the certifying association, hypothesize about different courses of action and possible consequences, identifying how it and to whom will it be beneficial per professional standards, and after consulting with supervisor and colleagues. Confidentiality principle bolsters

1720-412: The system boundary. They are basically Errors that have propagated to the system boundary and have become observable. Faults, Errors and Failures operate according to a mechanism. This mechanism is sometimes known as a Fault-Error-Failure chain. As a general rule a fault, when activated, can lead to an error (which is an invalid state) and the invalid state generated by an error may lead to another error or

1763-454: The tax authorities. The "three traditional requirements of the cause of action for breach of confidence" were identified by Megarry J in Coco v A N Clark (Engineers) Ltd (1968) in the following terms: In my judgment, three elements are normally required if, apart from contract, a case of breach of confidence is to succeed. First, the information itself, in the words of Lord Greene, M.R. in

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1806-450: The world; its lawyers must protect client confidences at "every peril to himself [or herself]" under former California Business and Professions Code section 6068(e). Until an amendment in 2004 (which turned subsection (e) into subsection (e)(1) and added subsection (e)(2) to section 6068), California lawyers were not even permitted to disclose that a client was about to commit murder or assault. The Supreme Court of California promptly amended

1849-628: Was consulted by Linda Kitson; he ascertained that she had been pregnant while separated from her husband. He informed his wife, a relative of Kitson's, in order that she protect herself and their daughters from moral contagion. Kitson sued, and the case gained public notoriety, with huge damages awarded against the doctor. Confidentiality is commonly applied to conversations between doctors and patients. Legal protections prevent physicians from revealing certain discussions with patients, even under oath in court. This physician-patient privilege only applies to secrets shared between physician and patient during

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