Hauptwerk is a computer program from Milan Digital Audio that allows the playback or live performance of pipe organ music using MIDI and recorded sound samples.
60-800: The name "Hauptwerk" is German for the " great manual " of an organ, from Haupt- (meaning ‘main’) and Werk (literally meaning ‘work’, but in this instance meaning a complete organ pipe cabinet and all its included ranks). The German pronunciation of "Hauptwerk" is [ˈhaʊ̯ptˌvɛʁk] . Hauptwerk was originally developed and launched in 2002 by Martin Dyde, who, starting 2006, continued to develop it under Crumhorn Labs Ltd. In September 2008, Crumhorn Labs and Hauptwerk were acquired by Brett Milan of Milan Digital Audio LLC. Released 2002 Released 2006 Released November 2007 Released April 2011 Released December 2019 Released November 2020 Hauptwerk produces an audio signal in response to input received via
120-445: A built-in hub that connects to the physical USB cable. USB device communication is based on pipes (logical channels). A pipe connects the host controller to a logical entity within a device, called an endpoint . Because pipes correspond to endpoints, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Each USB device can have up to 32 endpoints (16 in and 16 out ), though it is rare to have so many. Endpoints are defined and numbered by
180-525: A custom organ. One can select certain ranks from one organ and from another and combine them to create a personal and unique organ, while also adding enhanced features and voicing which the original sample sets do not offer. Examples include: Hauptwerk was copy protected using the HASP USB token (dongle) from Aladdin Knowledge Systems . The USB token was used to control the functionality of
240-682: A new coding schema (128b/132b symbols, 10 Gbit/s; also known as Gen 2 ); for some time marketed as SuperSpeed+ ( SS+ ). The USB 3.2 specification added a second lane to the Enhanced SuperSpeed System besides other enhancements so that the SuperSpeedPlus USB system part implements the Gen 1×2 , Gen 2×1, and Gen 2×2 operation modes. However, the SuperSpeed USB part of the system still implements
300-501: A note or range of notes. This latter feature is useful in making the organ more realistic. For example, the echo of a pipe after a short period differs from that of a pipe that has been sounding for longer. Hauptwerk selects from multiple release samples based on the duration of the note. Tremulant effects are possible using LFO sample files to dynamically modify the sound, avoiding the need to create individual tremulant note sample files. An organist moving an expression pedal affects both
360-541: A performer can produce the sounds of an entire orchestra through the use of all available manuals in conjunction with the pedalboard and the various registration controls. Despite the superficial resemblance to piano keyboards, organ manuals require a very different style of playing. Organ keys often require less force to depress than piano keys; however, the keys on mechanical instruments can be very heavy ( St Sulpice Paris , St Ouen Rouen , St Etienne Caen , etc.). When depressed, an organ key continues to sound its note at
420-538: A standard to replace virtually all common ports on computers, mobile devices, peripherals, power supplies, and manifold other small electronics. In the current standard, the USB-C connector replaces the many various connectors for power (up to 240 W), displays (e.g. DisplayPort, HDMI), and many other uses, as well as all previous USB connectors. As of 2024, USB consists of four generations of specifications: USB 1. x , USB 2.0 , USB 3. x , and USB4 . USB4 enhances
480-489: A stop out (that is, turn on a stop) or push it in (turning off this stop); in contrast, Hammond organs typically have drawbars, so that the player can control how much of each " pipe rank " (e.g., 16 ft, 8 ft, 4 ft 2 ft, etc.) they wish to use. Synthesizers can program separate manuals to emulate sounds of various orchestral sections or instruments, using imitative digital sounds or sampling of real instruments, or using entirely synthesized sounds. On digital synthesizer instruments
540-634: A tethered connection (that is: no plug or receptacle at the peripheral end). There was no known miniature type A connector until USB 2.0 (revision 1.01) introduced one. USB 2.0 was released in April 2000, adding a higher maximum signaling rate of 480 Mbit/s (maximum theoretical data throughput 53 MByte/s ) named High Speed or High Bandwidth , in addition to the USB ;1. x Full Speed signaling rate of 12 Mbit/s (maximum theoretical data throughput 1.2 MByte/s). Modifications to
600-508: Is full-duplex ; all earlier implementations, USB 1.0-2.0, are all half-duplex, arbitrated by the host. Low-power and high-power devices remain operational with this standard, but devices implementing SuperSpeed can provide increased current of between 150 mA and 900 mA, by discrete steps of 150 mA. USB 3.0 also introduced the USB Attached SCSI protocol (UASP) , which provides generally faster transfer speeds than
660-402: Is made using two connectors: a receptacle and a plug . Pictures show only receptacles: The Universal Serial Bus was developed to simplify and improve the interface between personal computers and peripheral devices, such as cell phones, computer accessories, and monitors, when compared with previously existing standard or ad hoc proprietary interfaces. From the computer user's perspective,
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#1732783985668720-414: Is that of dynamic control. Unlike the case of piano keys, the force with which the organist depresses the key has no relation to the note's resonance; instead, the organist controls the volume through use of the expression pedals . While the piano note, then, can only decay, the organ note may increase in volume or undergo other dynamic changes. Some modern electronic instruments allow for volume to vary with
780-433: Is then used to modify the sampled sound. Randomization is used to modify certain aspects of the audio output. The pitch of individual pipes can be randomly modified when a sample is loaded into memory. If multiple loop points are provided, in the sustain section of a sample, these are selected randomly. Additionally, Hauptwerk simulates some other effects, such as wind turbulence, using randomization during playback. Since
840-445: Is used instead of the word "keyboard" when referring to any hand-operated keyboard on a keyboard instrument that has a pedalboard (a keyboard on which notes are played with the feet), such as an organ; or when referring to one of the keyboards on an instrument that has more than one hand-operated keyboard, such as a two- or three-manual harpsichord. (On instruments that have neither a pedalboard nor more than one hand-operated keyboard,
900-979: The organ console (or "keydesk"). The layout of a manual is roughly the same as a piano keyboard, with long, usually ivory or light-colored keys for the natural notes of the Western musical scale , and shorter, usually ebony or dark-colored keys for the five sharps and flats . A typical, full-size organ manual consists of five octaves , or 61 keys. Piano keyboards, by contrast, normally have 88 keys; some electric pianos and digital pianos have fewer keys, such as 61 or 73 keys. Some smaller electronic organs may have manuals of four octaves or less (25, 49, 44, or even 37 keys). Changes in registration through use of drawknobs, stop tabs, or other mechanisms to control organ stops allow such instruments to achieve an aggregate range well in excess of pianos and other keyboard instruments even with manuals of shorter pitch range and smaller size. On smaller electronic organs and synthesizers,
960-495: The 5, 10, and 20 Gbit/s capabilities as SuperSpeed USB 5Gbps , SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps , and SuperSpeed USB 20 Gbps , respectively. In 2023, they were replaced again, removing "SuperSpeed" , with USB 5Gbps , USB 10Gbps , and USB 20Gbps . With new Packaging and Port logos. The USB4 specification was released on 29 August 2019 by the USB Implementers Forum. The USB4 2.0 specification
1020-545: The BOT (Bulk-Only-Transfer) protocol. USB 3.1 , released in July 2013 has two variants. The first one preserves USB 3.0's SuperSpeed architecture and protocol and its operation mode is newly named USB 3.1 Gen 1 , and the second version introduces a distinctively new SuperSpeedPlus architecture and protocol with a second operation mode named as USB 3.1 Gen 2 (marketed as SuperSpeed+ USB ). SuperSpeed+ doubles
1080-526: The Hauptwerk, Rückpositiv, Brustwerk and Oberwerk, while in Dutch, common divisions are Hoofdwerk, Rugwerk, Borstwerk and Bovenwerk. Finally, theatre organs are usually composed of Great, Accompaniment, Solo, Bombarde and Orchestral divisions. Organ builders choose different divisions to accommodate the type of music played, the space in which the organ is installed, as well as the desired character and tone of
1140-586: The Salisbury Cathedral pipe organ was temporarily unavailable, because of maintenance work scheduled to last one month. During this time, a console based on Hauptwerk was used to provide organ music for cathedral services. According to an article on the Salisbury Cathedral website: "Over the past few weeks we have used the organs from Metz Cathedral, France, St Georgenkirche, Roetha, Germany, and Our Lady of Mt. Carmel, Chicago, IL., USA". The article continues: "Volume I of our very own Father Willis Organ
1200-501: The SuperSpeed USB Developers Conference. USB 3.0 adds a new architecture and protocol named SuperSpeed , with associated backward-compatible plugs, receptacles, and cables. SuperSpeed plugs and receptacles are identified with a distinct logo and blue inserts in standard format receptacles. The SuperSpeed architecture provides for an operation mode at a rate of 5.0 Gbit/s, in addition to
1260-454: The USB 2.0 bus operating in parallel. The USB 3.0 specification defined a new architecture and protocol named SuperSpeed (aka SuperSpeed USB , marketed as SS ), which included a new lane for a new signal coding scheme (8b/10b symbols, 5 Gbit/s; later also known as Gen 1 ) providing full-duplex data transfers that physically required five additional wires and pins, while preserving
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#17327839856681320-416: The USB interface improves ease of use in several ways: The USB standard also provides multiple benefits for hardware manufacturers and software developers, specifically in the relative ease of implementation: As with all standards, USB possesses multiple limitations to its design: For a product developer, using USB requires the implementation of a complex protocol and implies an "intelligent" controller in
1380-401: The USB specification have been made via engineering change notices (ECNs). The most important of these ECNs are included into the USB 2.0 specification package available from USB.org: The USB 3.0 specification was released on 12 November 2008, with its management transferring from USB 3.0 Promoter Group to the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) and announced on 17 November 2008 at
1440-547: The USB 2.0 architecture and protocols and therefore keeping the original four pins/wires for the USB 2.0 backward-compatibility resulting in 9 wires (with 9 or 10 pins at connector interfaces; ID-pin is not wired) in total. The USB 3.1 specification introduced an Enhanced SuperSpeed System – while preserving the SuperSpeed architecture and protocol ( SuperSpeed USB ) – with an additional SuperSpeedPlus architecture and protocol (aka SuperSpeedPlus USB ) adding
1500-862: The data transfer and power delivery functionality with ... a connection-oriented, tunneling architecture designed to combine multiple protocols onto a single physical interface so that the total speed and performance of the USB4 Fabric can be dynamically shared. USB4 particularly supports the tunneling of the Thunderbolt 3 protocols, namely PCI Express (PCIe, load/store interface) and DisplayPort (display interface). USB4 also adds host-to-host interfaces. Each specification sub-version supports different signaling rates from 1.5 and 12 Mbit/s total in USB 1.0 to 80 Gbit/s (in each direction) in USB4. USB also provides power to peripheral devices;
1560-506: The development of USB in 1995: Compaq , DEC , IBM , Intel , Microsoft , NEC , and Nortel . The goal was to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs by replacing the multitude of connectors at the back of PCs, addressing the usability issues of existing interfaces, and simplifying software configuration of all devices connected to USB, as well as permitting greater data transfer rates for external devices and plug and play features. Ajay Bhatt and his team worked on
1620-402: The device during initialization (the period after physical connection called "enumeration") and so are relatively permanent, whereas pipes may be opened and closed. There are two types of pipe: stream and message. When a host starts a data transfer, it sends a TOKEN packet containing an endpoint specified with a tuple of (device_address, endpoint_number) . If the transfer is from the host to
1680-452: The endpoint, the host sends an OUT packet (a specialization of a TOKEN packet) with the desired device address and endpoint number. If the data transfer is from the device to the host, the host sends an IN packet instead. If the destination endpoint is a uni-directional endpoint whose manufacturer's designated direction does not match the TOKEN packet (e.g. the manufacturer's designated direction
1740-432: The following ECNs: A USB system consists of a host with one or more downstream facing ports (DFP), and multiple peripherals, forming a tiered- star topology . Additional USB hubs may be included, allowing up to five tiers. A USB host may have multiple controllers, each with one or more ports. Up to 127 devices may be connected to a single host controller. USB devices are linked in series through hubs. The hub built into
1800-410: The force applied to the key and permit the organist to sustain the note and alter both its attack and decay in a variety of ways. For example, Hammond organs often have an expression pedal, which enables the performer to increase or decrease the volume of a note, chord, or passage. All of these variables mean that both the technique of organ playing and the resulting music are quite different from those of
1860-448: The host controller is called the root hub . A USB device may consist of several logical sub-devices that are referred to as device functions . A composite device may provide several functions, for example, a webcam (video device function) with a built-in microphone (audio device function). An alternative to this is a compound device , in which the host assigns each logical device a distinct address and all logical devices connect to
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1920-527: The instrument. Various other controls, such as stops, pistons, and registration presets are usually located adjacent to the manuals to allow the organist ready access to them while playing. This further increases the instrument's versatility, as a piston or other preset function can cause multiple stops to be pulled out or pushed in automatically. This is of particular benefit in pieces where a number of stops have to be pulled out or pushed in between sections. Devices known as couplers are sometimes available to link
1980-455: The key. The exception is some modern electronic instruments and relatively contemporary upgrades to theatre pipe organ consoles, which may have a knee lever which sustains the previous chords or notes. The knee lever enables an organist to hold a chord or note during a fermata or cadence , thus freeing their hands to turn a page in the sheet music, change stops, conduct a choir or orchestra, or shift hands to another manual. Another difference
2040-964: The latest versions of the standard extend the power delivery limits for battery charging and devices requiring up to 240 watts ( USB Power Delivery (USB-PD) ). Over the years, USB(-PD) has been adopted as the standard power supply and charging format for many mobile devices, such as mobile phones, reducing the need for proprietary chargers. USB was designed to standardize the connection of peripherals to personal computers, both to exchange data and to supply electric power. It has largely replaced interfaces such as serial ports and parallel ports and has become commonplace on various devices. Peripherals connected via USB include computer keyboards and mice, video cameras, printers, portable media players, mobile (portable) digital telephones, disk drives, and network adapters. USB connectors have been increasingly replacing other types of charging cables for portable devices. USB connector interfaces are classified into three types:
2100-495: The launch of Hauptwerk, a number of independent companies have recorded organs and made these available for use with Hauptwerk. By March 2009 more than 50 organs had been recorded. These include some notable organs in many different countries including: In March 2009, Milan Digital Audio announced that permission had been granted to record the Father Willis organ at Salisbury Cathedral , UK. Beginning February 23, 2010,
2160-492: The manual MIDI keyboard . This input may originate from an external MIDI keyboard or from a MIDI sequencing program . An organ is constructed using a set of recorded sample files in conjunction with an XML configuration file that defines organ parameters, such as ranks, stops, manuals, coupling and organ images for display in Hauptwerk's user interface. The audio output is based on recorded samples which are then modified by several different technologies. The recorded samples of
2220-506: The manuals may span fewer octaves, and they may also be offset, with the lower one an octave to the left of the upper one. This arrangement encourages the organist to play the melody line on the upper manual while playing the harmony line, chords or bassline on the lower manual. On pipe organs each manual plays a specific subset of the organ's stops , and electric organs (e.g., Hammond organ ) can emulate this style of play. Hammond organs differ from pipe organs in that pipe organs can only pull
2280-580: The manuals, so that the stops (and pipes) normally played on one can be played from another. USB Universal Serial Bus ( USB ) is an industry standard that allows data exchange and delivery of power between many types of electronics. It specifies its architecture, in particular its physical interface , and communication protocols for data transfer and power delivery to and from hosts , such as personal computers , to and from peripheral devices , e.g. displays, keyboards, and mass storage devices, and to and from intermediate hubs , which multiply
2340-614: The many various legacy Type-A (upstream) and Type-B (downstream) connectors found on hosts , hubs , and peripheral devices , and the modern Type-C ( USB-C ) connector, which replaces the many legacy connectors as the only applicable connector for USB4. The Type-A and Type-B connectors came in Standard, Mini, and Micro sizes. The standard format was the largest and was mainly used for desktop and larger peripheral equipment. The Mini-USB connectors (Mini-A, Mini-B, Mini-AB) were introduced for mobile devices. Still, they were quickly replaced by
2400-596: The maximum signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s (later marketed as SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps by the USB 3.2 specification), while reducing line encoding overhead to just 3% by changing the encoding scheme to 128b/132b . USB 3.2 , released in September 2017, preserves existing USB 3.1 SuperSpeed and SuperSpeedPlus architectures and protocols and their respective operation modes, but introduces two additional SuperSpeedPlus operation modes ( USB 3.2 Gen 1×2 and USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 ) with
2460-508: The new USB-C Fabric with signaling rates of 10 and 20 Gbit/s (raw data rates of 1212 and 2424 MB/s). The increase in bandwidth is a result of two-lane operation over existing wires that were originally intended for flip-flop capabilities of the USB-C connector. Starting with the USB 3.2 specification, USB-IF introduced a new naming scheme. To help companies with the branding of the different operation modes, USB-IF recommended branding
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2520-452: The number of a host's ports. Introduced in 1996, USB was originally designed to standardize the connection of peripherals to computers, replacing various interfaces such as serial ports , parallel ports , game ports , and ADB ports. Early versions of USB became commonplace on a wide range of devices, such as keyboards, mice, cameras, printers, scanners, flash drives, smartphones, game consoles, and power banks. USB has since evolved into
2580-537: The one-lane Gen 1×1 operation mode. Therefore, two-lane operations, namely USB 3.2 Gen 1× 2 (10 Gbit/s) and Gen 2× 2 (20 Gbit/s), are only possible with Full-Featured USB-C. As of 2023, they are somewhat rarely implemented; Intel, however, started to include them in its 11th-generation SoC processor models, but Apple never provided them. On the other hand, USB 3.2 Gen 1(×1) (5 Gbit/s) and Gen 2(×1) (10 Gbit/s) have been quite common for some years. Each USB connection
2640-528: The optional functionality as Thunderbolt 4 products. USB4 2.0 with 80 Gbit/s speeds was to be revealed in November 2022. Further technical details were to be released at two USB developer days scheduled for November 2022. The USB4 specification states that the following technologies shall be supported by USB4: Because of the previous confusing naming schemes, USB-IF decided to change it once again. As of 2 September 2022, marketing names follow
2700-418: The original pipes are divided into three main sections: start (attack), middle (sustain), and end (release or echo). When a note is played, the attack sample is played, followed by a loop of the sustain section. Start, end, and release loop points are stored in the recorded sample file. When the note is released, the release or echo section of the sample is used, or specific release sample files can be defined for
2760-532: The peripheral device. Developers of USB devices intended for public sale generally must obtain a USB ID, which requires that they pay a fee to the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF). Developers of products that use the USB specification must sign an agreement with the USB-IF. Use of the USB logos on the product requires annual fees and membership in the organization. A group of seven companies began
2820-533: The piano. Nevertheless, the trained pianist may play a basic organ repertoire with little difficulty, although more advanced organ music will require specialized training and practice, as the musician has to learn to play on multiple manuals, set stops and other controls while performing, and play the pedal keyboard with the feet. One of the key types of electromechanical organs, the Hammond B-3 , has two manuals. Each manual has drawbars which are used to control
2880-584: The registration for each manuals. Different manuals on pipe organs are usually used to play stops from a variety of divisions , which group together a series of different tones. Divisions are usually standardised within pipe organs belonging to certain regions; in the English school of organ building, common divisions include the Great, Swell, Choir, Solo and Echo, while French organs commonly include Grand Orgue, Positif, Récit and Echo. German organ divisions include
2940-412: The same volume until the organist releases the key, unlike a piano key, whose note gradually fades away as the string vibrations fade away. On the other hand, while the pianist may allow the piano notes to continue to sound for a few moments after lifting their hands from the keys by depressing the sustain pedal, most organs have no corresponding control; the note invariably ceases when the organist releases
3000-481: The single Hauptwerk program which was licensed in three editions: The USB token was also used by some companies to enforce license conditions of individual sample sets. This may apply to the release of historic recordings with restrictions on the customization and re-use of the sounds. Since the release of Hauptwerk version 5, Hauptwerk has used the licensing platform iLok by Pace Anti Piracy. There are now only two editions: Manual (music) The word " manual "
3060-542: The standard at Intel; the first integrated circuits supporting USB were produced by Intel in 1995. Released in January 1996, USB 1.0 specified signaling rates of 1.5 Mbit/s ( Low Bandwidth or Low Speed ) and 12 Mbit/s ( Full Speed ). It did not allow for extension cables, due to timing and power limitations. Few USB devices made it to the market until USB 1.1 was released in August 1998. USB 1.1
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#17327839856683120-481: The syntax "USB x Gbps", where x is the speed of transfer in Gbit/s. Overview of the updated names and logos can be seen in the adjacent table. The operation modes USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 and USB4 Gen 2×2 – or: USB 3.2 Gen 2×1 and USB4 Gen 2×1 – are not interchangeable or compatible; all participating controllers must operate with the same mode. This version incorporates
3180-415: The thinner Micro-USB connectors (Micro-A, Micro-B, Micro-AB). The Type-C connector, also known as USB-C, is not exclusive to USB, is the only current standard for USB, is required for USB4, and is required by other standards, including modern DisplayPort and Thunderbolt. It is reversible and can support various functionalities and protocols, including USB; some are mandatory, and many are optional, depending on
3240-489: The three existing operation modes. Its efficiency is dependent on a number of factors including physical symbol encoding and link-level overhead. At a 5 Gbit/s signaling rate with 8b/10b encoding , each byte needs 10 bits to transmit, so the raw throughput is 500 MB/s. When flow control, packet framing and protocol overhead are considered, it is realistic for about two thirds of the raw throughput, or 330 MB/s to transmit to an application. SuperSpeed's architecture
3300-468: The type of hardware: host, peripheral device, or hub. USB specifications provide backward compatibility, usually resulting in decreased signaling rates, maximal power offered, and other capabilities. The USB 1.1 specification replaces USB 1.0. The USB 2.0 specification is backward-compatible with USB 1.0/1.1. The USB 3.2 specification replaces USB 3.1 (and USB 3.0) while including the USB 2.0 specification. USB4 "functionally replaces" USB 3.2 while retaining
3360-426: The volume and frequency envelope of the affected pipes. Hauptwerk adjusts both of these parameters using information provided within the sample-set. This adjustment is based on measurements taken from the original instrument. The wind pressure of an organ pipe affects its volume, pitch, and character. Hauptwerk uses fluid dynamics to model the movement of air through the various parts of a pipe-organ. This information
3420-510: The word "manual" is not a synonym for "keyboard".) Music written to be played only on the manuals (and not using the pedals) can be designated by the word manualiter (first attested in 1511, but particularly common in the 17th and 18th centuries). Organs and synthesizers can, and usually do, have more than one manual; most home instruments have two manuals, while most larger organs have two or three. Elaborate pipe organs and theater organs can have four or more manuals. The manuals are set into
3480-495: Was released by Milan Digital Audio just days before my organ was installed into the cathedral which has allowed me to use 28 of the 65 stops of the Father Willis organ in its natural acoustic. It is believed to be the first time a sampled instrument has been used in its own building for services!" The custom organ design module allows Hauptwerk users to create custom organs by mixing two or more existing sample sets to create
3540-524: Was released on 1 September 2022 by the USB Implementers Forum. USB4 is based on the Thunderbolt 3 protocol. It supports 40 Gbit/s throughput, is compatible with Thunderbolt 3, and backward compatible with USB 3.2 and USB 2.0. The architecture defines a method to share a single high-speed link with multiple end device types dynamically that best serves the transfer of data by type and application. During CES 2020 , USB-IF and Intel stated their intention to allow USB4 products that support all
3600-434: Was the earliest revision that was widely adopted and led to what Microsoft designated the " Legacy-free PC ". Neither USB 1.0 nor 1.1 specified a design for any connector smaller than the standard type A or type B. Though many designs for a miniaturized type B connector appeared on many peripherals, conformity to the USB 1. x standard was hampered by treating peripherals that had miniature connectors as though they had
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