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93-652: Hauz Khas Complex in Hauz Khas , South Delhi houses a water tank, an Islamic seminary , a mosque , a tomb , and pavilions built around an urbanized village with medieval history traced to the 13th century of Delhi Sultanate reign. It was part of Siri , the second medieval city of India of the Delhi Sultanate of Alauddin Khalji Dynasty (1296–1316). The etymology of the name Hauz Khas in Persian

186-406: A biofilter and/or can remove a range of pollutants (such as organic matter, nutrients , pathogens , heavy metals ) from the water. Constructed wetlands are designed to remove water pollutants such as suspended solids, organic matter and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). All types of pathogens (i.e., bacteria, viruses, protozoans and helminths ) are expected to be removed to some extent in

279-529: A habitat for native and migratory wildlife , although that is not their main purpose. Subsurface flow constructed wetlands are designed to have either horizontal flow or vertical flow of water through the gravel and sand bed. Vertical flow systems have a smaller space requirement than horizontal flow systems. Many terms are used to denote constructed wetlands, such as reed beds , soil infiltration beds, treatment wetlands, engineered wetlands, man-made or artificial wetlands. A biofilter has some similarities with

372-437: A septic tank for primary treatment (or other types of systems) in order to separate the solids from the liquid effluent. Some constructed wetland designs however do not use upfront primary treatment. In subsurface flow constructed wetlands the flow of wastewater occurs between the roots of the plants and there is no water surfacing (it is kept below gravel). As a result, the system is more efficient, does not attract mosquitoes,

465-456: A blend of Indian and Islamic architecture . Another new feature not seen at any other monument in Delhi, built at the entrance to the tomb from the south, is the stone railings (see picture). There are four graves inside the tomb, one is of Feruz Shah and two others are of The Hauz Khas village which was known in the medieval period for the amazing buildings built around the reservoir drew

558-523: A constructed wetland used for water treatment. Constructed wetlands are of two basic types: subsurface flow and surface flow wetlands. Constructed wetlands are one example of nature-based solutions and of phytoremediation . Constructed wetland systems are highly controlled environments that intend to mimic the occurrences of soil, flora, and microorganisms in natural wetlands to aid in treating wastewater. They are constructed with flow regimes, micro-biotic composition, and suitable plants in order to produce

651-541: A constructed wetland, but is usually without plants. The term of constructed wetlands can also be used to describe restored and recultivated land that was destroyed in the past through draining and converting into farmland, or mining. A constructed wetland is an engineered sequence of water bodies designed to treat wastewater or storm water runoff . Vegetation in a wetland provides a substrate (roots, stems, and leaves) upon which microorganisms can grow as they break down organic materials. This community of microorganisms

744-399: A constructed wetland. Subsurface wetlands provide greater pathogen removal than surface wetlands. There are two main types of constructed wetlands: subsurface flow and surface flow. The planted vegetation plays an important role in contaminant removal. The filter bed, consisting usually of sand and gravel , has an equally important role to play. Some constructed wetlands may also serve as

837-471: A constructed wetland; however, greater pathogen removal is expected to occur in a subsurface wetland. In a free water surface flow wetland one can expect 1 to 2 log10 reduction of pathogens; however, bacteria and virus removal may be less than 1 log10 reduction in systems that are heavily planted with vegetation. This is because constructed wetlands typically include vegetation which assists in removing other pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore,

930-415: A corporation. Although still in progress, the project has already started operation, and for the first time since its inception, clean water now flows into the lake. EVOLVE Engineering is made up of two professional engineers who are also helping the local authorities improve their management of the lake and ensure that the lake water quality continues to improve. The notable structures built by Firuz Shah on

1023-498: A courtyard with a rectangular plan, are seen to the west of the three pavilions which are built of double columns. The pavilions and the courtyard are conjectured to have been used as part of the madrasa in the past. Another striking structure in the garden, opposite to the Feruz Shah's tomb on the southern side, is a small eight pillared Chatri seen in the garden which has large cantilevered beams that supported flat eaves all round

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1116-595: A large congregation of Islamic scholars and students to the Madrasa for Islamic education. A very well researched essay titled "A Medieval Center of Learning in India: The Hauz Khas Madrasa in Delhi" authored by Anthony Welch of the University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , refers to this site as "far and away the finest spot in Delhi not in the ingenuity of its construction and

1209-402: A loss of treatment capacity through too much suspended solids, sludge or fats. Subsurface flow wetlands require the following maintenance tasks: regular checking of the pretreatment process, of pumps when they are used, of influent loads and distribution on the filter bed. Subsurface wetlands are less hospitable to mosquitoes compared to surface flow wetlands, as there is no water exposed to

1302-456: A new Citadel (palace) in his new city of Firuzabad. Feruz died at the age of ninety due to infirmities caused by three years of illness between 1385 and 1388. On his death, his grandson Ghiya Suddin was proclaimed as his successor to the throne. During his enlightened rule Feroz abolished many vexatious taxes , brought in changes in the laws on capital punishment , introduced regulations in administration and discouraged lavish living styles. But

1395-493: A similar ways as in sewage treatment plants, except that no external, energy-intensive addition of air (oxygen) is needed. It is a two-step process, consisting of nitrification followed by denitrification . The nitrogen cycle is completed as follows: ammonia in the wastewater is converted to ammonium ions; the aerobic bacterium Nitrosomonas sp. oxidizes ammonium to nitrite; the bacterium Nitrobacter sp. then converts nitrite to nitrate. Under anaerobic conditions, nitrate

1488-492: A thick mat of roots and rhizomes upon which biofilms form. In most cases, the bottom is lined with either a polymer geomembrane , concrete or clay (when there is appropriate clay type) in order to protect the water table and surrounding grounds. The substrate can be either gravel —generally limestone or pumice/volcanic rock, depending on local availability, sand or a mixture of various sizes of media (for vertical flow constructed wetlands). Constructed wetlands can be used after

1581-402: A variety of different wastewaters, such as household wastewater, agricultural, paper mill wastewater, mining runoff , tannery or meat processing wastes, storm water . The quality of the effluent is determined by the design and should be customized for the intended reuse application (like irrigation or toilet flushing) or the disposal method. Depending on the type of constructed wetlands,

1674-406: A vertical flow constructed wetland is preferable to a horizontal because of an unsaturated upper layer and a shorter retention time, although vertical flow systems are more dependent on an external energy source. Evapotranspiration (as is rainfall) is taken into account in designing a horizontal flow system. The effluent can have a yellowish or brownish colour if domestic wastewater or blackwater

1767-461: A vertical or a horizontal flow regime are also common and can be integrated into urban areas as they require relatively little space. The main three broad types of constructed wetlands include: The former types are placed in a basin with a substrate to provide a surface area upon which large amounts of waste degrading biofilms form, while the latter relies on a flooded treatment basin upon which aquatic plants are held in flotation till they develop

1860-584: Is 16 kilometres (9.9 mi). Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station lies 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) away. The Hauz Khas Metro Station ( Yellow and Magenta Lines ) is situated towards the Outer Ring Road. The Hauz Khas Bus Stand is also situated towards the Outer Ring Road. Hauz Khas houses engineering and management colleges like the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade . Hauz Khas also houses

1953-484: Is a beautifully landscaped lush green park where spotted Deers , peacocks , rabbits , guinea pigs and variety of birds around the tank could be seen. A light and sound show narrating the historicity of the complex is organized by the Tourism Department in the evenings. The Ministry of Tourism of Government of India is in the process of setting up India's first night bazaar at Hauz Khas to be called

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2046-506: Is a historic habitation around the region of the Hauz Khas Complex , dating to much before establishment of South Delhi city. It existed as an urban village at the edge of the larger Hauz Khas area, developed by DLF after the 1960s. The village area started getting modernized in the mid-1980s when designer boutiques of fashion designer like Bina Ramani, started moving in. Then, in the late 1990s restaurants started coming up in

2139-595: Is an independent small private colony inside Hauz Khas, neighboured by Padmini Enclave. Hauz Khas has some of the largest green areas in Delhi, namely Deer Park and Rose garden . It is near the two major hospitals in Delhi, AIIMS and Safdarjung Hospital . As Hauz Khas now is administered as a district, it is also known as a reference for other areas like Mayfair Gardens, Padmini Enclave, Safdarjung Enclave, Hauz Khas Village, Kalu Sarai, IIT-Delhi, Shahpur Jat, Asiad Village, Katwaria Sarai and institutional areas like on Sirifort Road and Aurobindo Marg. Hauz Khas village

2232-473: Is derived from the words ‘Hauz’: "water tank" (or lake) and ‘Khas’:"royal"- the "Royal tank". The large water tank or reservoir was first built by Allauddin Khilji (the plaque displayed at the site records this fact) to supply water to the inhabitants of Siri. The tank was de–silted during the reign of Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1351–88). Several buildings ( Mosque and madrasa ) and tombs were built overlooking

2325-563: Is fundamental not only to designing wetland systems but to understanding the fate of chemicals once they enter the wetland. Theoretically, wastewater treatment within a constructed wetland occurs as it passes through the wetland medium and the plant rhizosphere . A thin film around each root hair is aerobic due to the leakage of oxygen from the rhizomes , roots , and rootlets. Aerobic and anaerobic micro-organisms facilitate decomposition of organic matter. Microbial nitrification and subsequent denitrification releases nitrogen as gas to

2418-497: Is home to historical monuments and has easy access to the Delhi Metro , making it a preferred location for many visitors to India and domestic middle-class visitors from other Indian states. The area attracts young tourists with numerous hip hostels and cafes . The domestic terminal of Indira Gandhi International Airport (Terminal 1) is 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from Hauz Khas while the international terminal (Terminal 3)

2511-409: Is known as the periphyton . The periphyton and natural chemical processes are responsible for approximately 90 percent of pollutant removal and waste breakdown. The plants remove about seven to ten percent of pollutants, and act as a carbon source for the microbes when they decay. Different species of aquatic plants have different rates of heavy metal uptake, a consideration for plant selection in

2604-430: Is less odorous and less sensitive to winter conditions. Also, less area is needed to purify water. A downside to the system are the intakes, which can clog or bioclog easily, although some larger sized gravel will often solve this problem. Subsurface flow wetlands can be further classified as horizontal flow or vertical flow constructed wetlands. In the vertical flow constructed wetland, the effluent moves vertically from

2697-484: Is named after an ancient water reservoir by the same name, now part of the extensive Hauz Khas Complex . In Urdu language , 'Hauz' means "water tank" (or lake) and 'Khas' means "royal", giving it the meaning — the "Royal tank". The large water tank or reservoir was first built by Alauddin Khalji (r. 1296–1316) (the plaque displayed at the site records this fact) to supply water to the inhabitants of Siri Fort . It

2790-511: Is posing threat to the monument and forest area of the region . Through a case filed by environmental and social activist Pankaj Sharma in National Green Tribunal of India, it was found that more than 50 restaurants in the locality were spilling waste in the forest lands and posing threat to flora and fauna of the region. The restaurants were forced to close down for 4 days and conditionally allowed to open on promise of following

2883-419: Is reduced to relatively harmless nitrogen gas that enters the atmosphere. Nitrification is the biological conversion of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds from a reduced state to a more oxidized state, based on the action of two different bacteria types. Nitrification is strictly an aerobic process in which the end product is nitrate ( NO 3 ). The process of nitrification oxidizes ammonium (from

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2976-512: Is replicated on the western doorway of the tomb leading to the open pavilion on the west. The ceiling in the dome depicts a circular gold medallion with Quranic inscriptions in Naksh characters. Foliated crenellations are seen on the outer faces of the base of the tomb. Interesting features seen on the northern and southern sides of the tomb, considered typical of the Tuglaq period layout, are

3069-422: Is surrounded by Green Park , SDA ( Sri Aurobindo Marg ) to the west, Gulmohar Park (Balbir Saxena Marg) towards the north, Sarvapriya Vihar ( Outer Ring Road ) towards the south and Asiad Village (August Kranti Marg) and Siri Fort to the east. Hauz Khas is also home to various diplomatic missions such as the ones of Albania , Iraq , Guinea Bissau , Burundi , and North Macedonia . Historically Hauz Khas

3162-409: Is the biological filtration through a biofilm of aerobic or facultative bacteria . Coarse sand in the filter bed provides a surfaces for microbial growth and supports the adsorption and filtration processes. For those microorganisms the oxygen supply needs to be sufficient. Especially in warm and dry climates the effects of evapotranspiration and precipitation are significant. In cases of water loss,

3255-515: Is the domed tomb for himself. The tomb which is very austere in appearance, is located at the intersection of the two arms of the L–;shaped building which constitutes the madrasa. Entry to the tomb is through a passage in the south leading to the doorway. The passage wall is raised on a plinth which depicts the shape of a fourteen-faced polyhedron built in stones. Three horizontal units laid over eight vertical posts that are chamfered constitute

3348-422: Is their operational robustness which is particularly important in developing countries. The fact that constructed wetlands do not produce secondary sludge ( sewage sludge ) is another advantage as there is no need for sewage sludge treatment . However, primary sludge from primary settling tanks does get produced and needs to be removed and treated. The costs of subsurface flow constructed wetlands mainly depend on

3441-522: Is thought to cause methemoglobinemia in infants, which decreases the blood's oxygen transport ability. Moreover, excess input of N from point and non-point sources to surface water promotes eutrophication in rivers, lakes, estuaries, and coastal oceans which causes several problems in aquatic ecosystems e.g. toxic algal blooms, oxygen depletion in water, fish mortality, loss of aquatic biodiversity. Ammonia removal occurs in constructed wetlands – if they are designed to achieve biological nutrient removal – in

3534-732: Is treated. Treated greywater usually does not tend to have a colour. Concerning pathogen levels, treated greywater meets the standards of pathogen levels for safe discharge to surface water. Treated domestic wastewater might need a tertiary treatment, depending on the intended reuse application. Plantings of reedbeds are popular in European constructed subsurface flow wetlands, although at least twenty other plant species are usable. Many fast growing timer plants can be used, as well for example as Musa spp., Juncus spp., cattails ( Typha spp.) and sedges . Overloading peaks should not cause performance problems while continuous overloading lead to

3627-466: Is typically the major limiting nutrient. Under undisturbed natural conditions, phosphorus is in short supply. The natural scarcity of phosphorus is demonstrated by the explosive growth of algae in water receiving heavy discharges of phosphorus-rich wastes. Because phosphorus does not have an atmospheric component, unlike nitrogen, the phosphorus cycle can be characterized as closed. The removal and storage of phosphorus from wastewater can only occur within

3720-606: The Prophet The madrasa was well tended with liberal donations from the Royalty. Timur , the Mongol ruler, who invaded Delhi, defeated Mohammed Shah Tughlaq in 1398 and plundered Delhi, had camped at this venue. Expressed in his own words, his impressions of the tank and buildings around Hauz Khas were vividly described as: When I reached [the city’s] gates, I carefully reconnoitered its towers and walls, and then returned to

3813-403: The atmosphere . Phosphorus is coprecipitated with iron , aluminium , and calcium compounds located in the root-bed medium. Suspended solids filter out as they settle in the water column in surface flow wetlands or are physically filtered out by the medium within subsurface flow wetlands. Harmful bacteria , fungi , and viruses are reduced by filtration and adsorption by biofilms on

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3906-423: The "Eco Night Bazaar". The objective is to provide organically grown foodgrains, seeds of rare plants, handmade paper products and a safe place to watch cultural festivals. Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation (DTDC) has also proposed setting up an open-air theatre to present cultural fests, folk dances and plays. Eco–friendly shopping kiosk made in bamboo with a bamboo bridge to cross

3999-492: The India's most prestigious institutes situated in the neighbourhood including Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi , Indian Institute of Foreign Trade , National Institute of Fashion Technology , Jawaharlal Nehru University , Indian Statistical Institute and All India Institute of Medical Sciences . Recently Hauz Khas Village came under environmental lens for massive illegal constructions that have come up in recent past and

4092-519: The academic purpose to which it was put but also in the real magic of the place". The present status of the village also retains not only the old charm of the place but has enhanced its aesthetic appeal through the well manicured green parks planted with ornamental trees all around with walk ways, and the sophisticated "gentrified" market and residential complexes which have sprung up around the old village. The tank itself has been reduced in size and well landscaped with water fountains. Welch, elaborating on

4185-693: The admission tests of Indian Institutes of Technology and All India Institute of Medical Sciences , and prestigious exams like Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana , National Talent Search Examination , International Mathematics Olympiad , and other competitive tests conducted in India . It also houses Institute of Home Economics , which is a college of University of Delhi . St. Anthony's senior secondary school Fastbooktrip, Institute of Home Economics, Gaudiya Math, Panchshila Club, Chor Minar , IDGAH, DDA Sarvpriya Vihar Park Constructed wetland Similar to natural wetlands, constructed wetlands also act as

4278-673: The area, today it has around 50 restaurants, bars, pubs and cafes. The success of Hauz Khas village has led to the development of Shahpur Jat and Lado Sarai as fashion and design markets also in the South Delhi area. Historical Places like the Hauz Khas Complex which consists of the Hauz Khas Lake or Royal Tank, a mosque and a tomb , all from the time of the Khalji dynasty . Neeli Masjid and Chor Minar , where

4371-545: The basis of inscriptions are inferred to be graves . A cluster of three hemispherical domes, a large one of 5.5 m (18.0 ft) diameter and two smaller ones of 4.5 m (14.8 ft) diameter, portray exquisite architectural features of foliated motifs on the drums with kalasa motifs on top of the domes. Each pavilion is raised on a plinth of about 0.8 m (2.6 ft) and is supported by square shaped wide columns with entablature which have decorative capitals that support beams with projecting canopies . Ruins of

4464-402: The ceremonial steps provided at the ground level that connect to the larger steps leading into the reservoir. The tomb, a square chamber, is made of local quartzite rubble with a surface plaster finish that sparkled in white colour when completed. The door, pillars and lintels were made of grey quartzites while red sandstone was used for carvings of the battlements. The door way depicts

4557-477: The common way of reporting removal efficiencies as percentages: 1 log10 removal is equivalent to a removal efficiency of 90%; 2 log10 = 99%; 3 log10 = 99.9%; 4 log10 = 99.99% and so on. Constructed wetland systems can be surface flow systems with only free-floating macrophytes , floating-leaved macrophytes, or submerged macrophytes; however, typical free water surface systems are usually constructed with emergent macrophytes. Subsurface flow-constructed wetlands with

4650-431: The constructed wetland itself. Phosphorus may be sequestered within a wetland system by: Aquatic vegetation may play an important role in phosphorus removal and, if harvested, extend the life of a system by postponing phosphorus saturation of the sediments. Plants create a unique environment at the biofilm's attachment surface. Certain plants transport oxygen which is released at the biofilm/root interface, adding oxygen to

4743-406: The costs of sand with which the bed has to be filled. Another factor is the cost of land. Surface flow wetlands, also known as free water surface constructed wetlands, can be used for tertiary treatment or polishing of effluent from wastewater treatment plants. They are also suitable to treat stormwater drainage. Surface flow constructed wetlands always have horizontal flow of wastewater across

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4836-504: The eastern and northern side of the reservoir consisted of the Madrasa (Islamic School of Learning – a theological college), the small Mosque, the Main tomb for himself and six domed pavilions in its precincts, which were all built between 1352 and 1354 A.D. Established in 1352, the Madrasa was one of the leading institutions of Islamic learning in the Delhi Sultanate. It was also considered

4929-432: The effluent needs to first pass a primary treatment which effectively removes solids. Such a primary treatment can consist of sand and grit removal, grease trap, compost filter, septic tank , Imhoff tank , anaerobic baffled reactor or upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The following treatment is based on different biological and physical processes like filtration, adsorption or nitrification. Most important

5022-433: The end of each monsoon season was reported to be 0.8 M. Now the tank size has substantially reduced due to encroachment and siltation but is well maintained in its present state (pictured). Feruz Shah who ruled from his new city called Firozabad (now known as Feroz Shah Kotla , the fifth city of Delhi, was an enlightened ruler. He was known for "his keen sense of historical precedent, statements of dynastic legitimacy and

5115-404: The environmental protection norms. Hauz Khas is close to Green Park and Safdarjung Development Area and is well connected by road and Metro rail to all city centers. The complex is open for visitors all days of the week from 10 AM to 6 PM. In 2019, the monument was declared to be a ticketed site and a small ticketing counter was established for visitors. The Deer Park at the entry to the tank

5208-528: The fashion college National Institute of Fashion Technology . Hauz Khas also contains private schools such as Laxman Public School and General Raj's School and a school run by the Aurobindo society Mother's International School with Sahoday Senior Secondary School . Due to the nearby location of the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi , the area of Kalu Sarai has developed into an educational hub, with many private cram schools , for helping students pass

5301-619: The form of octagonal and square chhatris are also seen, which are reported to be possibly tombs of teachers of the Madrasa. It is recorded that the first Director of the Madarasa was one Jalal al-Din Rumi who knew fourteen sciences, could recite the Quran according to the seven known methods of recitation and had complete mastery over the five standard collections of the Traditions of

5394-439: The gravel or sand media in subsurface flow and vertical flow systems. The dominant forms of nitrogen in wetlands that are of importance to wastewater treatment include organic nitrogen , ammonia , ammonium , nitrate and nitrite . Total nitrogen refers to all nitrogen species . Wastewater nitrogen removal is important because of ammonia's toxicity to fish if discharged into watercourses. Excessive nitrates in drinking water

5487-400: The heads of executed thieves (chor) would be put on display in the earlier days, lie inside the colony. Nearby landmarks include Siri Fort Auditorium , Siri Fort Sports Complex , HUDCO Place and Yusuf Sarai Community Centre. Hauz Khas is witnessing the growth of trendy shops and lodgings. It is now becoming the center for domestic and international tourists and backpackers. The area also

5580-399: The help of a corporate sponsor. Two constructed wetlands were built, one to filter the incoming water flow and one to filter the existing water body, as well as numerous floating wetland islands that were adopted by members of the public. Together they form the largest constructed wetland system in Delhi and are unique in that they were entirely funded by and built by individual citizens and

5673-595: The importance of sunlight exposure in removing viruses and bacteria is minimized in these systems. Removal in a properly designed and operated free water surface flow wetland is reported to be less than 1 to 2 log10 for bacteria, less than 1 to 2 log10 for viruses, 1 to 2 log10 for protozoa, and 1 to 2 log10 for helminths. In subsurface flow wetlands, the expected removal of pathogens is reported to be 1 to 3 log10 for bacteria, 1 to 2 log10 for viruses, 2 log10 for protozoa, and 2 log10 for helminths. The log10 removal efficiencies reported here can also be understood in terms of

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5766-439: The increased efficiency a vertical flow subsurface constructed wetland requires only about 3 square metres (32 sq ft) of space per person equivalent , down to 1.5 square metres in hot climates. The "French System" combines primary and secondary treatment of raw wastewater. The effluent passes various filter beds whose grain size is getting progressively smaller (from gravel to sand). Subsurface flow wetlands can treat

5859-648: The intermediary by product, N 2 O , are gases that re-enter the atmosphere. Constructed wetlands have been used to remove ammonia and other nitrogenous compounds from contaminated mine water , including cyanide and nitrate. Phosphorus occurs naturally in both organic and inorganic forms. The analytical measure of biologically available orthophosphates is referred to as soluble reactive phosphorus (SR-P). Dissolved organic phosphorus and insoluble forms of organic and inorganic phosphorus are generally not biologically available until transformed into soluble inorganic forms. In freshwater aquatic ecosystems phosphorus

5952-571: The lake are also planned. Hauz Khas Hauz Khas is a neighborhood in South Delhi , its heart being the historic Hauz Khas Complex . Well known in medieval times, the Hauz Khas village has buildings built around the reservoir. There are remnants of Islamic architecture roughly colored by splotches of urban culture. It is centrally located and offers both rural Hauz Khas Village and urban Hauz Khas Enclave, Market environments. Hauz Khas

6045-409: The lake. An outside source has also been tapped by feeding the water from the treatment plant at Sanjay Van into the lake. Unfortunately, in spite of the plans, a mixture of partially treated and raw sewage ended up flowing into the lake, creating a water body that was more similar to an oxidation pond than a lake. The water turned green from the amount of algae that grew and a foul smell permeated around

6138-417: The large Tomb of Firuz Shah (pictured). At the northern end there is a small mosque. Between the mosque and the tomb two storied pavilions exist now on the northern side and similar pavilions on the eastern side, overlooking the lake, which were used as madrasa. The two arms are interconnected through small domed gateways passing through the tomb at the center. The North–South arm with balconies overlooking

6231-561: The largest and best equipped Islamic seminary anywhere in the world . There were three main Madrasa's in Delhi during Firuz Shah's time. One of them was the Firuz Shahi madrasa at Hauz Khas. After the sacking of Baghdad , Delhi became the most important place in the world for Islamic education. The village surrounding the Madarsa was also called Tarababad (city of joy) in view of its affluent and culturally rich status, which provided

6324-663: The most efficient treatment process. Constructed wetlands can be used to treat raw sewage, storm water, agricultural and industrial effluent . Constructed wetlands mimic the functions of natural wetlands to capture stormwater, reduce nutrient loads, and create diverse wildlife habitat. Constructed wetlands are used for wastewater treatment or for greywater treatment. Many regulatory agencies list treatment wetlands as one of their recommended " best management practices " for controlling urban runoff . Physical, chemical, and biological processes combine in wetlands to remove contaminants from wastewater. An understanding of these processes

6417-429: The most important credit that is bestowed on him is for the large number of public works executed during his reign namely, 50 dams for irrigation across rivers, 40 mosques, 30 colleges , 100 caravanserais , 100 hospitals , 100 public baths , 150 bridges, apart from many other monuments of aesthetic beauty and entertainment. Among the notable buildings of historical importance that he built within Hauz Khas precincts

6510-679: The needed supporting sustenance supply system to the Madrasa. The madrasa structure has an innovative design. It was built in L-Shape as one contiguous structure on the south and east edges of the reservoir complex. One arm of the L-shape structure runs in the North–;South direction measuring 76 m (249.3 ft) and the other arm runs in the East–;West direction measuring 138 m (452.8 ft). The two arms are pivoted at

6603-427: The north has an opening which has height equal to two–thirds the height of the tomb. The width of the gate is equal to one-third of tombs' width. The entrance hall has fifteen bays and terminates in another doorway which is identical to the gateway at the entrance. This second doorway leads to the tomb chamber and cenotaph , which are accessed from the gateway through the L–shaped corridor. Similar arrangement

6696-508: The park and surrounding areas. Various attempts were made to remedy the problems and there were temporary minor improvements from time to time, but none were fully successful and the lake languished in this condition until 2018. The lake finally saw a permanent change in water quality in 2019 when a citizen initiative was started by EVOLVE Engineering and the Hauz Khas Urban Wetlands were created with public donations and with

6789-472: The place is correct but his ascribing construction of the tank to Firuz Shah was a misconception. The madrasa is flanked by the reservoir in the northern front and by a garden on its southern side at the second floor level. The entry to the garden is from the eastern gate which paases through the Hauz Khas village. The garden houses six impressive pavilions. The pavilions with domes are in different shapes and sizes ( rectangular , octagonal and hexagonal ) and on

6882-602: The planted layer down through the substrate and out (requiring air pumps to aerate the bed). In the horizontal flow constructed wetland the effluent moves horizontally via gravity, parallel to the surface, with no surface water thus avoiding mosquito breeding. Vertical flow constructed wetlands are considered to be more efficient with less area required compared to horizontal flow constructed wetlands. However, they need to be interval-loaded and their design requires more know-how while horizontal flow constructed wetlands can receive wastewater continuously and are easier to build. Due to

6975-407: The plinth. Squinches and muqarnas are seen in the solid interior walls of the tomb and these provide the basic support to the octagonal spherical dome of the tomb. The dome with a square plan – 14.8 m (48.6 ft) in length and height – has a diameter of 8.8 m (28.9 ft). The maximum height of the tomb is on its face overlooking the reservoir. The domed gateway on

7068-489: The power of monumental architecture". He is credited with construction of new monuments (several mosques and palaces) in innovative architectural styles, irrigation works and renovating/restoring old monuments such as the Qutub Minar , Sultan Ghari and Suraj Kund , and also erecting two inscribed Ashokan Pillars , which he had transported from Ambala and Meerut in Delhi. At Hauz Khas, he raised several monuments on

7161-406: The prayer hall, which is open to the sky. The qibla wall seen clearly from the reservoir side has five mihrabs . The avant–garde setting of the central mihrab with a domed chhatri ( cupola ) with open sides is seen in the form of a pavilion projecting into the reservoir. The other mihrabs are set, on either side of the main mihrab, in the walls with grilled windows. Firuz Shah, who established

7254-489: The present status of the place, has said: "A centre of Musical culture in the 14th century, the village at the Hauz Khas had regained this erstwhile role in an unexpected guise." The village structure that gloriously existed in the medieval period was modernised in the mid 1980s presenting an upscale ambience attracting tourists from all parts of the world. The village complex is surrounded by Safdarjung Enclave , Green Park , South Extension , Greater Kailash . There are some of

7347-729: The removal of dissolved metals and metalloids . Although these contaminants are prevalent in mine drainage, they are also found in stormwater , landfill leachate and other sources (e.g., leachate or FDG washwater at coal-fired power plants ), for which treatment wetlands have been constructed for mines. Constructed wetlands can also be used for treatment of acid mine drainage from coal mines. Constructed wetlands are not designed for pathogen removal, but have been designed to remove other water quality constituents such as suspended solids, organic matter (biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand) and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). All types of pathogens are expected to be removed in

7440-426: The reservoir is a two storied building with three towers of varying sizes. Ornamental brackets cover the upper storied balconies while the lower stories have corbelled support. Roof overhangs or eaves (chajjas) are seen now only in the upper stories though it is said that they existed on both stories when it was built. From each floor of the Madrasa, staircases are provided to go down to the lake. Many cenotaphs , in

7533-517: The roots of the plants, rather than vertical flow. They require a relatively large area to purify water compared to subsurface flow constructed wetlands and may have increased smell and lower performance in winter. Surface flow wetlands have a similar appearance to ponds for wastewater treatment (such as " waste stabilization ponds ") but are in the technical literature not classified as ponds. Pathogens are destroyed by natural decay, predation from higher organisms, sedimentation and UV irradiation since

7626-500: The side of the Hauz Khas. This is a reservoir, which was constructed by Sultan Feruz Shah, and is faced all round with stone and stucco . Each side of the reservoir is more than a bows–shot long, and there are buildings placed around it. This tank is filled by rains in the rainy season, and it supports the people of the city with water throughout the year. The tomb of Sultan Firuz Shah stands on its bank While his description of

7719-454: The small dome. The northern end of the madrasa is secured to a small mosque. The qibla of the Mosque projects towards the reservoir by about 9.5 m (31.2 ft). A domed gateway from the south east provides entry into three rooms of size 5.3 m (17.4 ft) x 2.4 m (7.9 ft) whose utility is not traced. A C-shaped layout of a double row of pillars on a raised podium forms

7812-522: The southern and eastern banks of the reservoir. Recent lake restoration efforts In efforts made in the past by the Delhi Development Authority to develop Hauz Khas village, the inlets to the reservoir were blocked and consequently the lake had gone dry for several years. To rectify the situation, a plan was implemented in 2004 to store storm water generated at the southern ridge of Delhi behind an embankment and then divert it into

7905-709: The surface. Mosquitos can be a problem in surface flow constructed wetlands. Subsurface flow systems have the advantage of requiring less land area for water treatment than surface flow. However, surface flow wetlands can be more suitable for wildlife habitat. For urban applications the area requirement of a subsurface flow constructed wetland might be a limiting factor compared to conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants . High rate aerobic treatment processes like activated sludge plants, trickling filters, rotating discs, submerged aerated filters or membrane bioreactor plants require less space. The advantage of subsurface flow constructed wetlands compared to those technologies

7998-667: The tomb, ascended the throne in 1351 (inherited from his cousin Muhammad) when he was middle aged, as the third ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty and ruled till 1388. He was considered a well–liked ruler. His wife was a Hindu lady and his trusted Prime Minister , Khan-i-Jahan Junana Shah was a Hindu convert. Firuz Shah assisted by his Prime Minister was responsible for building several unique monuments (mosques, tombs, pavilions), hunting lodges and irrigation projects (reservoirs) in his domains, apart from establishing and constructing

8091-500: The wastewater passes through a gravel and more rarely sand medium on which plants are rooted. A gravel medium (generally limestone or volcanic rock lavastone ) can be used as well (the use of lavastone will allow for a surface reduction of about 20% over limestone) is mainly deployed in horizontal flow systems though it does not work as efficiently as sand (but sand will clog more readily). Constructed subsurface flow wetlands are meant as secondary treatment systems which means that

8184-413: The wastewater) to nitrite ( NO 2 ), and then nitrite is oxidized to nitrate ( NO 3 ). Denitrification is the biochemical reduction of oxidized nitrogen anions, nitrate and nitrite to produce the gaseous products nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide ( N 2 O ) and nitrogen gas ( N 2 ), with concomitant oxidation of organic matter. The end product, N 2 , and to a lesser extent

8277-466: The water tank or lake. Firuz Shah's tomb pivots the L–shaped building complex which overlooks the tank. In the 1980s, Hauz Khas Village, studded with domed tombs of Muslim royalty from the 14th to 16th centuries, was developed as an upper class residential commercial area in the metropolis of South Delhi , India. It is now a relatively expensive tourist commercial area with numerous art galleries, upscale boutiques and restaurants. The water tank

8370-451: The wetland system. Plants also increase soil or other root-bed medium hydraulic conductivity. As roots and rhizomes grow they are thought to disturb and loosen the medium, increasing its porosity, which may allow more effective fluid movement in the rhizosphere. When roots decay they leave behind ports and channels known as macropores which are effective in channeling water through the soil. Constructed wetlands have been used extensively for

8463-617: Was built during Alauddin Khilji‘s reign (1296–1316) in the second city of Delhi to meet the water supply needs of the newly built fort at Siri and was originally known as Hauz-i-Alai after Khilji. But Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1351–88) of the Tughlaq dynasty re-excavated the silted tank and cleared the clogged inlet channels. The tank was originally of about 50 ha (123.6 acres) area with dimensions of 600 m (1,968.5 ft) width and 700 m (2,296.6 ft) length with 4 m (13.1 ft) depth of water. When built, its storage capacity at

8556-463: Was developed during the 1960s by DLF (company) (Delhi Land & Finance Ltd.) as Hauz Khas Enclave. Later it was made a district of South Delhi encompassing some more neighboring areas. Hauz Khas (Enclave) as known, consists of A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,K,L,M,P,Q,R,X,Y,Z Blocks. E block is the Main market here and lies in the middle of the colony. It includes a multi-level parking lot. G block and Aurobindo Market are other markets close by. Mayfair Gardens

8649-588: Was known as Hauz-e-Alai and is the place where Khusro Khan of Delhi Sultanate was defeated by Ghazi Malik (Governor of Dipalpur) in 1320. Hauz Khas is witnessing the growth of trendy shops and lodgings. It is now becoming the center for domestic and international tourists and backpackers. The area also is home to historical monuments and has easy access to the Delhi Metro , making it a preferred location for many visitors to India and domestic middle-class visitors from other Indian states. The area attracts young tourists with numerous hostels and cafes . Hauz Khas

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