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24-686: The aqueduct diverts water from the Colorado River at the Bill Williams Wildlife Refuge south portion of Lake Havasu near Parker into central and southern Arizona. CAP is managed and operated by the Central Arizona Water Conservation District (CAWCD). It was shepherded through Congress by Carl Hayden . The CAP delivers Colorado River water, either directly or by exchange, into central and Southern Arizona . The project

48-474: A 10 m high section to cross a 300 m wide valley, to carry water to their capital city, Nineveh . Bridges were a distinctive feature of Roman aqueducts , which were built in all parts of the Roman Empire , from Germany to Africa, and especially in the city of Rome, where they supplied water to public baths and for drinking. Roman aqueducts set a standard of engineering that was not surpassed for more than

72-516: A different mineral mixture and flow pattern from the aquifer water, stirring up and dislodging rust and biofilm in municipal water mains and house pipes. By the end of 1993, the city of Tucson paid about $ 145,000 to install filters in 925 homes, lost about $ 200,000 in revenues by adjusting water bills, and paid about $ 450,000 in damages claimed by homeowners for ruined pipes, water heaters, and other appliances. The city returned some houses to groundwater , but problems remained. Zinc orthophosphate

96-452: A lack of demand for the water, lack of repayment capability by the users, and environmental constraints. In addition to its water supply benefits, the project also provides substantial benefits from flood control , outdoor recreation, fish and wildlife conservation, and sediment control . It also produces an unintended swale , further increasing local biodiversity. The project was subdivided, for administration and construction purposes, into

120-595: A thousand years. Navigable aqueducts, also called water bridges, are water-filled bridges to allow vessels on a waterway to cross ravines or valleys. During the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, navigable aqueducts were constructed as part of the boom in canal-building. A notable revolving aqueduct has been made on the Bridgewater Canal . This allowed vessels to cross at high and low levels while conserving water that would be lost in

144-474: Is 1,617 feet (493 m). The shorelines are in the ecotone (transition zone) of the higher Mojave Desert to the lower Sonoran Desert and its Californian Colorado Desert ecoregions . The Havasu National Wildlife Refuge is located at the upper end and upriver. Lake Havasu State Park is along the eastern shore in Arizona. The Bill Williams River National Wildlife Refuge extends southeastward up

168-405: Is lifted by up to 2,900 feet by 14 pumps using 2.5 million MWh of electricity each year [285 MW], making CAP the largest power user in Arizona. Lake Pleasant is used as a buffer. The canal loses approximately 16,000 acre-feet (5.2 billion gallons) of water each year to evaporation. It loses 9,000 acre-feet (2.9 billion gallons) annually from water seeping or leaking through the concrete. The CAP

192-458: The entire watercourse , as well as the bridge. Large navigable aqueducts are used as transport links for boats or ships. Aqueducts must span a crossing at the same level as the watercourses on each end. The word is derived from the Latin aqua ("water") and ducere ("to lead"), therefore meaning "to lead water". A modern version of an aqueduct is a pipeline bridge . They may take

216-921: The riparian zone of the Bill Williams River canyon from the southeastern end of the reservoir and dam. Lake Havasu is well known for its recreational fishing and boating, which bring in about a million visitors a year. Fishing tournaments are often held on the lake, where bass are the main catch. Fish list : Largemouth bass , Smallmouth bass , Striped bass , Carp , Catfish (Channel) , Catfish (Flathead) , Crappie , Razorback sucker , Redear Sunfish , Sunfish (Cetrarchidae) . White sturgeon were stocked in Lake Havasu in 1967 and 1968 from stock obtained from San Pablo Bay, California. While some dead sturgeon were found downstream from Havasu (probably killed during passage over dams), living fish have not been recorded, but may still exist along

240-613: The CAP in the late 1960s. According to the Arizona Republic , Senator Barry Goldwater , Senator Hayden , Representative Morris Udall , US Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall and other Arizona leaders teamed up on the successful passage of what was McFarland's intended legislation that became the CAP, "probably the state's most celebrated bipartisan achievement of the 20th century." This act provided for

264-933: The Granite Reef, Orme, Salt-Gila, Gila River , Tucson , Indian Distribution, and Colorado River divisions. During project construction, the Orme Division was reformulated and renamed the Regulatory Storage Division. Upon completion, the Granite Reef Division was renamed the Hayden-Rhodes Aqueduct, and the Salt-Gila Division was renamed the Fannin-McFarland Aqueduct. The 456 billion gallons (1.4 million acre feet) of water

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288-604: The Phoenix area, includes three tunnels totaling 8.2 miles. The CAP partly funded the Brock Reservoir project with $ 28.6 million. In return for its contribution, Arizona has been awarded 100,000 acre-feet (120,000,000 m) of water per year since 2016. The CAP project brought river water to Tucson successfully, but the initial implementation was called a "debacle" by the Tucson Weekly . The river water had

312-664: The US Secretary of the Interior to enter into an agreement with non-federal interests, whereby the US federal government acquired the right to 24.3 percent of the power produced at the non-federal Navajo Generating Station , Navajo Project. The agreement also includes the delivery of power and energy over the transmission facilities to delivery points within the Central Arizona Project service area. Construction of

336-486: The eastern shore of Lake Havasu. Arizona State Parks operates Lake Havasu State Park and Cattail Cove State Park on the eastern shore of the lake. The northern part of the lake is included in the Havasu National Wildlife Refuge . Havasu Springs Resort, a BLM concession, operates on the south edge of Lake Havasu. Black Meadow Landing, another BLM concession, operates on the wast bank of

360-605: The form of tunnels, networks of surface channels and canals, covered clay pipes or monumental bridges. Although particularly associated with the Romans , aqueducts were likely first used by the Minoans around 2000 BCE. The Minoans had developed what was then an extremely advanced irrigation system , including several aqueducts. In the seventh century BCE, the Assyrians built an 80 km long limestone aqueduct, which included

384-548: The operation of locks . Lake Havasu Lake Havasu ( / ˈ h ɑː v ə s uː / ) is a large reservoir formed by Parker Dam on the Colorado River , on the border between San Bernardino County, California , and Mohave County, Arizona . Lake Havasu City sits on the Arizonan side of the lake with its Californian counterpart of Havasu Lake directly across the lake. The reservoir has an available capacity of 619,400 acre-feet (0.7640 km ). The concrete arch dam

408-740: The project began in 1973 with the award of a contract for the Havasu Intake Channel Dike and excavation for the Havasu Pumping Plant (later renamed as the Mark Wilmer Pumping Plant) on the shores of Lake Havasu . Construction of the other project features, such as the New Waddell Dam , followed. The backbone aqueduct system, which runs about 336 miles (541 km) from Lake Havasu to a terminus 14 miles (23 km) southwest of Tucson,

432-722: The river. Mark Wilmer Pumping Plant pumps water into the Central Arizona Project Aqueduct . Whitsett Pumping Plant is located on the lake, and lifts the water 291 feet (89 m) for the Colorado River Aqueduct . Gene Pumping Plant, south of Gene Wash Reservoir, is west-southwest of Parker Dam and gives the water an additional boost of 303 feet (92 m). The Colorado River Aqueduct has three more pumping plants: Iron Mountain (144 feet (44 m)), Eagle Mountain (438 feet (134 m)), and Julian Hinds (441 feet (134 m)). The total lift

456-516: The southern end of Lake Havasu near Parker Dam. Sturgeon have been known to grow upwards of 20 feet (6.1 meters) and can live in excess of 100 years and many in and around Lake Havasu continue in their efforts to catch a glimpse of the majestic animal. The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has developed a safe eating advisory for Lake Havasu based on levels of mercury found in fish caught from this water body. The Bureau of Land Management operates 73 campsites on

480-651: Was added to coat the pipes and prevent the rust from dislodging, but the return to groundwater removed the zinc orthophosphate. The solution was a US Environmental Protection Agency -funded "blended" water system, including automatically monitoring water quality throughout Tucson, and a website to report the water quality to the public without intervention by the Tucson Water Department. Aqueduct (bridge) Aqueducts are bridges constructed to convey watercourses across gaps such as valleys or ravines. The term aqueduct may also be used to refer to

504-529: Was built by the United States Bureau of Reclamation between 1934 and 1938. The lake's primary purpose is to store water for pumping into two aqueducts . Prior to the dam construction, the area was home to the Mojave people . The lake was named (in 1939) after the Mojave word for blue . In the early 19th century, it was frequented by beaver trappers. Spaniards also began to mine the areas along

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528-503: Was created by the Colorado River Basin Project Act of 1968, signed by US President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 30, 1968. Senator Ernest McFarland , along with Senator Carl Hayden , lobbied for the Central Arizona Project (CAP) aimed at providing Arizona's share of the Colorado River to the state. McFarland's efforts failed as senator; however, they laid a critical foundation for the eventual passage of

552-544: Was declared substantially complete in 1993. The new and modified dams constructed as part of the project were declared substantially complete in 1994. All of the non-Native American agricultural water distribution systems were completed in the late 1980s, as were most of the municipal water delivery systems. Several Native American distribution systems remain to be built; it is estimated that full development of these systems could require another 10 to 20 years. The Hayden-Rhodes Aqueduct, which carries water from Lake Havasu to

576-616: Was envisioned to provide water to nearly one million acres (405,000 hectares ) of irrigated agricultural land areas in Maricopa , Pinal , and Pima counties, as well as municipal water for several Arizona communities, including the metropolitan areas of Phoenix and Tucson . Authorization also was included for development of facilities to deliver water to Catron , Hidalgo , and Grant counties in New Mexico , but these facilities have not been constructed because of cost considerations,

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