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28-515: The refuge will cover 11,200 acres of land in Illinois and Wisconsin, which will complement 23,000 acres already acquired for public use or under environmental protection as of 2011. Existing parklands adjacent to the proposed refuge's boundaries include several McHenry County Conservation District areas. "Hackmatack" is term of Native American origin for the American tamarack or Larix laricina ,

56-566: A 72-acre plot in northern McHenry County, in February 2013. The acquisition was made for $ 511,000. Acquisition of the land by a public-sector body triggered the completion of the legal act of creating the new refuge. In 2018, the first 86 acres of the refuge opened in Wisconsin. The acquisition of a 985-acre land parcel, Tamarack Farms, was announced on March 21, 2024. A former hunting club and retreat center adjacent to Richmond, Illinois ,

84-494: A coarse grainy surface texture. It is also grown as an ornamental tree in gardens in cold regions. Several dwarf cultivars have been created that are available commercially. Tamarack is commonly used for bonsai . Tamarack poles were used in corduroy roads because of their resistance to rot. Tamarack posts were used before 1917 in Alberta to mark the northeast corner of sections surveyed within townships. They were used by

112-544: A conifer formerly abundant in regional wetlands. 109 separate threatened or endangered species, including 49 species of birds, are listed within the area being studied for the proposed refuge designation. Examples of endangered fauna that find a home within the boundaries of the proposed refuge include the Blanding's turtle . The Hackmatack wetlands were a traditional home to the Potawatomi tribe of Native Americans of

140-481: A disease known as larch canker which is particularly harmful to the tamarack larch, killing both young and mature trees. Rust is the only common foliage disease amongst Tamaracks, and causes minimal damage to the trees. The needle-cast fungus (Hypodermella laricis) is also a cause for concern in Tamaracks. Tamarack forms extensive pure stands in the boreal region of Canada and in northern Minnesota . In

168-453: A treatment for arthritis , cold and general aches and pains. Wildlife use the tree for food and nesting. Porcupines eat the inner bark, snowshoe hares feeds on tamarack seedlings, and red squirrels eat the seeds. Birds that frequent tamaracks during the summer include the white-throated sparrow, song sparrow, veery, common yellowthroat, and Nashville warbler. Tamarack is very intolerant of shade. Although it can tolerate some shade during

196-521: A vast number of shrubs associated with Tamarack due to their range, some of the common ones are dwarf and swamp birch ( Betula glandulosa and Betula pumila ), willows ( Salix spp.), speckled alder ( Alnus rugosa ), and red-osier dogwood ( Cornus stolonifera ) bog Labrador tea ( Ledum groenlandicum ), bog-rosemary ( Andromeda glaucophylla ), leather leaf ( Chamaedaphne calyculata ), blueberries and huckleberries ( Vaccinium spp.) and small cranberry ( Vaccinium oxycoccos ). Characteristically

224-401: Is not abundant on the limestone areas of eastern Ontario . Tamarack is generally the first forest tree to grow on filled-lake bogs. In the lake states, tamarack may appear first in the sedge mat, sphagnum moss, or not until the bog shrub stage. Farther north, it is the pioneer tree in the bog shrub stage. Tamarack is fairly well adapted to reproduce successfully on burns, so it is one of

252-584: The Arctic tree line at the edge of the tundra . Trees in these severe climatic conditions are smaller than farther south, often only 3 m (10 ft) tall. They can tolerate a wide range of soil conditions but grow most commonly in swamps , bogs , or muskegs , in wet to moist organic soils such as sphagnum , peat , and woody peat. They are also found on mineral soils that range from heavy clay to coarse sand; thus texture does not seem to be limiting. Although tamarack can grow well on calcareous soils, it

280-502: The larch casebearer , however recently the outbreaks of larch casebearer have been less severe. There are some other insects that can harm Tamaracks, including spruce budworm ( Choristoneura fumiferana ); the larch-bud moth ( Zeiraphera improbana ); the spruce spider mite ( Oligonychus ununguis ); the larch-shoot moth ( Argyresthia laricella ); and the eastern larch beetle ( Dendroctonus simplex ). Healthy trees are left mostly unaffected by eastern larch beetles. Defoliation by

308-611: The United States , who utilized them for fishing , waterfowl hunting , and the gathering of plants used as food and medicine. During the rapid population growth of the 20th century, many of the wetlands within the Hackmatack ecosystem were drained and altered for residential development, while others, such as Volo Bog State Natural Area near Fox Lake, Illinois , were preserved. In October 2010, USFWS held four meetings, two each in Illinois and Wisconsin, to discuss plans for

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336-532: The autumn, leaving the shoots bare until the next spring. The needles are produced in clusters on long woody spur shoots. The cones are the smallest of any larch, only 1–2.3 cm ( 3 ⁄ 8 – 7 ⁄ 8  in) long, with 12-25 seed scales; they are bright red, turning brown and opening to release the seeds when mature, 4 to 6 months after pollination . Key characteristics: Tamaracks are very cold tolerant, able to survive temperatures down to at least −62 °C (−80 °F), and commonly occurs at

364-577: The better organic soil sites in the northern forest region, the most common associates are the northern white-cedar ( Thuja occidentalis ), balsam fir, black ash ( Fraxinus nigra ), and red maple ( Acer rubrum ). In Alaska , quaking aspen and tamarack are almost never found together. Additional common associates are American elm ( Ulmus americana ), balsam poplar ( Populus balsamifera ), jack pine ( Pinus banksiana ), paper birch ( Betula papyrifera ), Kenai birch ( B. papyrifera var. kenaica ), and yellow birch ( B. alleghaniensis ). There are

392-840: The common pioneers on sites in the boreal forest immediately after a fire. The central Alaskan population, separated from the eastern Yukon populations by a gap of about 700 kilometres (430 mi), is treated as a distinct variety Larix laricina var. alaskensis by some botanists, though others argue that it is not sufficiently distinct to be distinguished. Tamaracks are easily susceptible to fires, as they have shallow roots and thin bark. The tamarack's shallow root system also leaves it susceptible to being knocked over by high-speed winds. It has also been discovered that abnormally high water levels often kill tamarack stands. Flooding, mainly caused by beaver dams and newly constructed roads, can kill off stands and damage adventitious roots. Tamaracks are targeted by many species of insects. One of

420-579: The first several years, it must become dominant to survive. When mixed with other species, it must be in the over story. The tree is a good self-pruner, and boles of 25- to 30-year-old trees may be clear for one-half or two-thirds their length. Because tamarack is very shade-intolerant, it does not become established in its own shade. Consequently, the more tolerant black spruce eventually succeeds tamarack on poor bog sites, whereas northern white-cedar, balsam fir, and swamp hardwoods succeed tamarack on good swamp sites. Recurring sawfly outbreaks throughout

448-500: The herbaceous cover includes sedges (Carex spp.), cottongrass (Eriophorum spp.), three-leaved false Solomonseal ( Maianthemum trifolium ), marsh cinquefoil ( Potentilla palustris ), marsh-marigold ( Caltha palustris ), and bogbean ( Menyanthes trifoliata ). The wood is tough and durable, but also flexible in thin strips, and was used by the Algonquian people for making snowshoes and other products where toughness

476-564: The larch casebearer makes infestation of the eastern larch beetle more likely. Only one of the many pathogens that affect Tamarack causing diseases serious enough to have an economic impact on its culture, is the Lachnellula willkommii fungus. It is a relatively new pathogen in Canada, first recorded in 1980 and originating in Europe. The fungus causes the formation of large cankers and

504-428: The most prominent damaging insects is larch sawfly , which is non-native. It causes damage across its range and causes defoliation which can kill the trees within 6 to 9 years. To lessen the problem, parasites have been imported to kill the larch sawflies in parts of Minnesota and Manitoba. Another serious defoliator is the larch casebearer ( Coleophora laricella ) . All tamaracks are susceptible to being killed by

532-424: The open, and the seedlings require practically full light to survive and grow well. Tamarack is also usually wind-firm enough for the seed-tree system to succeed. Satisfactory reestablishment of tamarack, however, often requires some kind of site preparation, such as slash disposal and herbicide spraying. The names tamarack and hackmatack appear to derive from Algonquian but have undergone contamination with

560-476: The parcel includes wetland and oak savanna suitable for inclusion in the Wildlife Refuge. Larix laricina Larix laricina , commonly known as the tamarack , hackmatack , eastern larch , black larch , red larch , or American larch , is a species of larch native to Canada , from eastern Yukon and Inuvik , Northwest Territories east to Newfoundland , and also south into

588-690: The proposed refuge. In addition, the USFWS continued to accept public comments on the proposed refuge into 2011. The USFWS stated that they expected to release a draft environmental assessment of the proposal in late spring 2011. Following this comment procedure, the USFWS designated the proposed refuge for approval in August 2012. The refuge will not be officially established until legal interest in lands are acquired, through purchase or donation. The legal interest may encompass anything from fee simple ownership to conservation easement. Purchase of land interest

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616-464: The range of tamarack have probably sped the usual succession to black spruce or other associates. Various tests on planting and natural reproduction indicate that competing vegetation hinders tamarack establishment. The shade-intolerance of tamarack dictates the use of even-aged management. Some adaptation of clear cutting or seed-tree cutting is generally considered the best silvicultural system because tamarack seeds apparently germinate better in

644-485: The rest of its United States range and in the Maritime Provinces , tamarack is found locally in both pure and mixed stands. Black spruce ( Picea mariana ) is usually tamarack's main associate in mixed stands on all sites. Other commonly associated overgrowth species include balsam fir ( Abies balsamea ), white spruce ( Picea glauca ), and quaking aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) in the boreal region. In

672-449: The surveyors because at that time the very rot-resistant wood was readily available in the bush and was light to carry. Their rot resistance was also why they were often used in early water distribution systems. The aboriginal peoples of Canada's northwest regions used the inner bark as a poultice to treat cuts, infected wounds, frostbite , boils and hemorrhoids. The outer bark and roots are also said to have been used with another plant as

700-535: The upper northeastern United States from Minnesota to Cranesville Swamp , West Virginia ; there is also an isolated population in central Alaska . Larix laricina is a small to medium-size boreal deciduous conifer tree reaching 15–23 m (49–75 ft) tall, with a trunk up to 60 cm (24 in) diameter. The bark of mature trees is reddish, the young trees are gray with smooth bark. The leaves are needle-like, 2.5 cm (1 in) long, light blue-green, turning bright yellow before they fall in

728-571: The word tacamahac , from Nahuatl , so the precise words that underlie them are unclear. The word akemantak meaning "wood used for snowshoes" has been cited as a name for the species, but the Proto-Algonquian *a·kema·xkwa this appears to represent was the name for the white ash . Conifer cone Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include

756-462: Was made dependent upon congressional approval and appropriation of funds. Lands in Lake County, Illinois , Kenosha County, Wisconsin , and Racine County, Wisconsin were considered for inclusion in the new refuge, but were left outside its boundaries in the August 2012 announcement. The State of Illinois announced acquisition of the first parcel land designated for inclusion in the new refuge,

784-480: Was required. The natural crooks located in the stumps and roots are also preferred for creating knees in wooden boats. Currently, the wood is used principally for pulpwood , but also for posts, poles, rough lumber, and fuelwood; it is not a major commercial timber species. Tamarack wood is also used as kickboards in horse stables. Older log homes built in the 19th century sometimes incorporated tamarack along with other species like red or white oak. The hewn logs have

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